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The first major offensives of World War I began in August 1914.  In the east, Russian troops invaded Germany. In the Battle of Tannenberg, which lasted from August 26 to 30, Russia suffered a crushing defeat, losing almost an entire army. However, the Germans were unable to extend their victory

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The first use of trench during World War I was in the First Battle of the Marne from September 6 to September 12, 1914. French and British troops stopped the German advance that had threatened to take over France. On September 10, 1914, the Germans began a retreat and dug trenches. This battle, in which both sides were locked in their trenches, led to a stalemate, with neither side gaining or losing much ground. It lasted for most of the war.

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Another major battle was the Gallipoli Campaign, waged from February 1915 until January 1916. British and French troops led this operation against Turkey to relieve pressure on the Russians. It ended in victory for the Allies but with terrible casualties, especially for the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom lost more than 200,000 soldiers.

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Battle of Jutland in 1916, fought off the coast of Denmark, Germany initially led a strong attack, which forced the British to retreat. German forces followed them, and the battle continued. Eventually, the British managed to surround German ships and both sides retreated after a desperate torpedo attack from the Germans.

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The British used tanks successfully for the first time at the Battle of Cambrai on November 20, 1917. The terrain on this battlefield in northern France sloped downward, making tanks particularly effective at tearing through defenses. This battle also saw advances in airplane warfare. One new type of aircraft was specially designed to conduct ground attacks. It featured two machine guns that fired downward as the plane flew low over trenches.

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American and French troops followed up with a series of offensives that  forced the greatly weakened German army to retreat. By the fall of 1918, Allied forces had liberated much of Belgium and France and were poised to invade Germany itself.  Revolts in German cities led to the Kaiser’s departure from Germany and a new government. World War I ended on November 11, 1918.