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1. What are the causes of gender inequality based on each feminist perspective.

-Liberal feminists believe that ignorance and socialisation are the primary causes of gender inequality. They do not consider the social system to be inherently patriarchal.

-Marxist feminists believe that capitalism is the primary source of women's oppression. Women were perceived to be in a disadvantageous position as a result of the emergence of private property and their lack of ownership of the means of production.

-Radical feminists believe that society and its institutions are patriarchal, with men dominating and ruling the majority of society and its institutions, and women being the ruling class.

2. How gender inequality could be resolved based on each perspective? Provide examples.

LIBERAL FEMINISM

They hold a "March of Progress" perspective on gender relations. This means they believe men and women are becoming more equal over time and that this trend will continue.
eg.
The Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts came into force at the end of 1975. These Acts were intended to eliminate discrimination against women in pay and in employment

MARXIST FEMINISM
Marxist feminism analyzes the ways in which women are exploited through capitalism and the individual ownership of private property.
eg.
the solutions to gender inequality are economic in nature, addressing Capitalism in order to address Patriarchy.

RADICAL FEMINISM

Radical feminists firmly believe that we must transform the entire basis of society towards a celebration of feminine values and virtues.

3. What are the critiques of each feminist view? Explain.

Feminism questions the patriarchal gender system and challenges the dominance of men in society. There are many schools of feminism, such as liberal feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, multicultural feminism, and global feminism. While the focus and advocacy of these schools differ, they all aim to expose and challenge male-centred gender systems and advance the social status of women.

4.Which feminist perspective would you support? Why?

We support liberalism because its basic ideas are reason, fairness, equality of opportunity and freedom of choice. It is very important for men and women to have equal opportunities at this time. Women can strive for more opportunities and strive to create unlimited possibilities.

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1.  Liberal feminists believe that the main causes of gender inequality are ignorance and socialisation. They do not believe that social institutions are patriarchal in nature.

Marxist feminists believe that the main cause of oppression of women is capitalism. The weak position of women was seen as the result of the emergence of private property and their lack of ownership of the means of production

Radical feminists believe that society and its institutions are patriarchal ， most of them dominated and ruled by men ，and who are the ruling class and women the dominant class.

2. Liberal Feminist: They believe that we have achieved legal gender equality and that only minor changes need to be made like challenging gender stereotypes and better work flexibility for mothers. Marxist Feminism: They emphasise the economic aspect of patriarchy. Soft solutions include paying mothers for childcare while stronger solutions include introducing communism. Radical Feminism: They believe in separating males and females and setting up a matrimonial system. They seek to establish a different kind of family structure.

3. For liberal feminism, there are three major critiques: one, it fail to recognise the gender inequality that exists within the system itself; two, it focuses only on the oppression on middle-class, white women; three, its solution are too soft to be effective in eliminating gender inequality. For marxist/socialist feminism, the main criticism is that gender inequality existed before capitalism came around and lingered on even in communist states. Lastly,  critics directed their attacks at radical feminism ironically for its radicalness. That heterosexuality is still the most common type of sexual orientation negates the notion of political lesbianism or separatism.

4. I  will support the  Liberal feminists ， Many places are still in a patriarchal mindset, which I think is very feudal and is caused by ignorance.

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1. The fundamental causes of gender inequality, according to liberal feminists, are ignorance and socialisation. They do not think that patriarchy is inherent in social systems. They take a "March of Progress" approach to gender relations. This indicates that they feel men and women are growing more equal over time, and that this tendency will continue.
Marxist feminists contend that capitalism is the root of women's oppression. Women's disadvantage is considered as a result of the creation of private property and their lack of control over the means of production.

Radical Feminists consider society and its institutions to be patriarchal, with males dominating and governing the majority of them. Men are the ruling class, while women are the subject class. Gender imbalances are the outcome of males oppressing women, and men have benefitted disproportionately from women's servitude. Women are a marginalised group.

2. Liberal feminists do not desire revolutionary change; rather, they wish to see adjustments within the present framework. Liberal feminists' principal goal is to create equal chances — for example, the Sex Discrimination Act and the Equal Pay Act.

The answers to gender inequality, according to Marxist feminists, are economic: we must combat capitalism in order to combat patriarchy. Stronger remedies include the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of Communism. Softer ones include compensating women for childcare and housework, thereby putting an economic value on what is still predominantly women's labour. They are more sensitive to the distinctions between women from upper-class and lower-class households. Working-class women and men have a lot of room for cooperation, according to Marxist feminists, and both can work together.

The conventional nuclear family is seen as particularly oppressive by radical feminists, who call for its elimination and the formation of alternative family forms and sexual connections.

Separatism — women-only communes – and matrifocal (female-centered) families are two of the Radical Feminists' recommended alternatives. Because heterosexual partnerships are seen as "sleeping with the enemy," some people practise political Lesbianism and political celibacy.

3. One critique of the liberal feminist perspective is that it is ethnocentric, reflecting exclusively white, middle-class women's experiences.

Women's subjugation inside the home happened before capitalism and in communist states, according to one criticism of Marxist feminism.

For radical feminism, it ignores women's advancement in many areas, such as work, fertility control, and divorce. Separatism is improbable owing to heterosexual attraction, which is impractical.

4.
I relatively support liberal feminism because it tends to rely on the state to gain equality—to see the state as the protector of individual rights.

Liberal feminists, for example, support affirmative action legislation requiring employers and educational institutions to make special attempts to include women in the pool of applicants, on the assumption that past and current discrimination may simply overlook many qualified women applicants.

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1. Advocates of cultural feminism argue that the main causes of women's oppression are social constructions and manifestations of gender identity. So a lot of it has to do with how we view femininity and masculinity, and how gender norms are so ingrained that they affect society as a whole.

The main focus of liberal feminism is equal opportunities for both sexes. In particular, they were concerned with legal equality, and legislation would protect women's rights to equal opportunities in areas such as education, work and voting rights.

Marxist feminism originated from the ideology of Karl Marx. The theory argues that the oppression of women is related to capitalism because the capitalist system operates on the basis of patriarchal control.

2. For Liberal Feminist, they want changes to take place within the existing structure ( like a more flexible working hours for mothers, challenging gender stereotypes in subject choice and in children’s’ books.)

For Marxist Feminists, the solutions to gender inequality are economic by tackling Capitalism to tackle Patriarchy. ( solutions include paying women for childcare and housework, thus putting an economic value on what is still largely women’s work, stronger solutions include the abolition of Capitalism and the ushering in of Communism.)

For Radical Feminists, the solution to solve gender inequality include separatism as women only communes, and matrifocal (female centred) households. Some also practise political Lesbianism and political celibacy as they view heterosexual relationships as “sleeping with the enemy.” They also run refuges for women who are the victims of male violence.

3. Liberal feminism not only overlooks the connections between people, racial and class inequities whilst simultaneously focusing on individual rights, but it also emphasises change within the existing system.

As for radical feminism, it promotes a completely implausible view on society, ignoring the progress other women have made to secure a place in society and identifying men as the suppressors of women, is albeit, radical, irrational and very misguided.

On the other hand, Marxist feminism is overly deterministic, automatically assuming everyone everyone will passively accept Marxism/Socialism without a fight or struggling. It also ignores the importance of family diversity in capitalism, and most importantly Marxism was originally a masculine perspective that fundamentally ignores the inequalities between the genders, casually ignoring the real cause of gender issues such as female oppresion.

4.Feminism holds that men and women have equal rights, and having gender roles and the notion that a female or a male should behave differently depending on their gender can harm both men and women.I would personally support liberal feminism. Since Liberal feminists do not call for revolution: they believe that incremental changes are best. Women now have equal opportunities to enter the workforce and politics due to the eradication of the major barriers to gender equality within the last century.

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1.The causes for gender inequality for liberal feminism is ignorance and socialisation. For Marxist feminism, the main cause of gender inequality is capitalism.Radical Feminism argues that the main cause of gender inequality is patriarchy.
2.Solutions:

1.Break gender stereotypes in the home

2.Use de-gendered language

3.Encourage gender-neutral activities

The United States has made remarkable progress in promoting gender equality over the last century. Women gained the right to vote, fathers became more involved in the family, and more people and institutions recognized that there were other gender identities beyond the gender binary.

Yet gender inequality persists. Women make up only a quarter of the seats in Congress, only a handful of states have established paid paternity leave, and some have even passed laws that discriminate against the transgender community.

3.Liberal feminist= it is ethnocentric, meaning that it only really reflects the experiences of white, middle class women.

Marxist feminism= women’s oppression within the family existed before capitalism and in communist societies.

Radical feminism= Ignores the progress that women have made in many areas e.g. work, controlling fertility, divorce. And it is too unrealistic, due to heterosexual

4.Liberal feminism believes that in a fair society, every member should be given the opportunity to realize their potential, and men and women should have equal opportunities to compete. Liberal feminism focuses on unjust legal and educational systems that reject women's personal interests and choices, and advocates correcting these injustices. They placed particular emphasis on women's right to education. They argue that women appear mentally inferior because they do not have the same educational opportunities as men. Once women gain the same opportunities as men, all problems are solved. Liberal feminism rejects the traditional philosophical idea of women, that women are intellectually inferior to men, that they have specific objects and methods.

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Q3.

As time passed, the earnings gap between men and women steadily closed. One of the main reasons for the persistent pay gap between men and women is the fact that men tend to be employed in different occupations and sectors, while women typically work in lower paying positions and industries. To understand gender segregation in the workplace, we need to understand the job-application process for equally skilled men and women. The effects of gender role beliefs often result in the application in different kinds of jobs. Take major banks for example, they offer some of the highest salaries, however, have a stunningly poor record in promoting gender parity.

Q4.

Men

Least education required: Truck driver

A truck driver transports goods from one point to another. He is also responsible for maintaining the truck, verifying packages, and loading cargo. To land a job as a commercial truck driver, you need a high school diploma and a Commercial Driver’s License.

Most education required: Lawyers

It is generally known that the highest level of schooling available is the doctoral or professional degree. As such, careers that require this level of schooling typically require the most education. One example of this kind of career is a lawyer. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, it typically takes 7 years of schooling to obtain a law degree, specifically 4 years at an undergraduate program and 3 years of law school.

Women

Least education required: Childcare workers

Female workforce: 94 percent

Requirements: High school diploma or equivalent

Typically, no formal education is required, but sometimes positions call for an early childhood education degree depending on the place of employment.

Most education required: Speech language pathologists

Female workforce: 96 percent

Requirements: Master's degree

Speech language pathologists typically need a master's degree and state license before they can start practicing.

Q5.

Gender in-equity in the workplace can be inherent in recruitment processes, particularly in male-dominated industries. Despite efforts to improve gender equality in the workplace, women still earn considerably less than their male colleagues and remain under-represented at senior level. Indeed, the global pay gap between the genders stood 50% last year, according tot the world economic Forum.

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group 3 (Faheem Ahmed, Lingxia Chen, Meiyi Wang Meiyi Wang,Xinnan Fan , Xinyao Wang)

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group 3 (Faheem Ahmed, Lingxia Chen, Meiyi Wang Meiyi Wang,Xinnan Fan , Xinyao Wang)

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(1)     97.77 % Highest proportion of females likely to do Nursery nurses and assistants

807,172 Highest total female workforce good at Sales and retail assistants 99.19 % Highest proportion of males good at Vehicle technicians, mechanics and electricians 498,236 Highest total male workforce likely to do Sales and retail assistants.

2.Sales and retail assistants，These jobs are more likely to be done by women, as the highest total female workforce is 807,172, compared to 498,236 for men, so it is clear that women do a little more face-to-face work

3.Glassdoor data showed that men applied for jobs with base salaries averaging $13,635 higher than the ones women applied for, making for an 18.3% pay gap.

4.nurses and assistant 97.77% for female and for men vehicles technicians, mechanics and electricians 99.19%
for men 2.23 and women vehicles technicians, mechanical and technicians 0.81%

5.The table shows that women do most of the clerical work and men do more of the mechanical work, so gender equality in the workplace depends on how equality is defined, and it is true that women are not as productive in more physically demanding workplaces, just as not all men have the patience to stay in the office.

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1.Which type of jobs are more likely to be conducted by men? Which ones are more likely to be done by women?

Women: Nursery nurses and assistants

Men: Vehicle technicians, mechanics and electricians

2.Which type of jobs are more likely to involve face to face interaction with customers? Are these type of jobs are more likely to be done by men or women?

Women: Sales and retail assistants 807,172

Men: Sales and retail assistants 498,236

Woman>Men

3.Highly-paid positions are more likely to be occupied by men. Why?

As time passed, the earnings gap between men and women steadily closed. One of the main reasons for the persistent pay gap between men and women is the fact that men tend to be employed in different occupations and sectors, while women typically work In lower paying positions and industries. To understand gender segregation in the workplace, we need to understand the job-application process for equally skilled men and women. The effects of gender role beliefs often result in the application in different kinds of jobs. Take major banks, for example, they offer some of the highest salaries, however have a stunningly poor record in promoting gender parity.

4.Which type of jobs require the most/least amount of education, and, of those, which ones are more likely to be done by women and which ones are more likely to be done by men.

Engineering industries need more education, such as electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, IT engineers, etc. Occupations like butcher and farm， cook usually do not require a high education. Both types of jobs are more likely to be done by men

5.What do your findings tell us about gender equality in the workplace in contemporary societies?

Gender inequality in the workplace can take on many different forms. The gender pay gap is perhaps the most universally cited example. Equally visible, gender balance at the board and executive level is highly unequal between men and women, with an even starker disparity when looking at women of colour in top-level roles.
Women also report higher levels of gender-based discrimination, as well as increased levels of harassment in the workplace. These inequalities have direct and indirect implications for the financial security, safety, advancement and wellbeing of communities.

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1. Jobs that require more physical labour and are physically taxing (construction worker, trucker, soldier, sewage cleaner) or jobs that are considered to be professional and require technical expertise (engineer, technician, carpenter) are more likely to be done by men. Professions that are considered to be "good", such as doctors or lawyers are also more likely to be done by men.

Jobs that are typically considered to be more "delicate and gentle", such as taking care of children (daycare caretaker) or medical (dental) assistant, are more likely done by women. Jobs that require more patience towards people (kindergarten?preschool/elementary school teacher, receptionist, secretary) are also jobs which their workforce are more likely dominated by women.

2. In my opinion, as a well-educated woman, she must pay attention to the following three directions when choosing a career: the first direction is intelligent and creative. The so-called intelligent creative type is not the same as using brain workers (commonly known as white collar), most of us are brain workers, but we are more using wisdom/knowledge, this is our tool, we do create wealth, but not wisdom and knowledge. People like us can be called brain workers. They use less complex knowledge and work, do repetitive tasks, and are under pressure for time, resources, or collaboration.

The second direction is artistic creation.

Artistic creation is clear, all kinds of singing, dancing, painting, sculpture and so on and so on. There are even artisans, people who put an artistic touch or style into ordinary products, people who give advice on how to dress, and so on.

The third direction is emotional creation.

In addition to the above two types, there is also another type. They may not have profound knowledge, nor the ability to discover and shape beauty, but they are naturally emotional, and people can feel love and warmth strongly when they get along with them.

3. One of the reasons men tend to occupy jobs that are more physically demanding and less pleasant, namely, plumbers (98.7%), carpenters (98.07%), and vehicle technicians (99.19%), which are also jobs that offers higher salaries.

4. Police officers, commercial pilot, electrical powerline installer/repairers, and Elevator installer/repairers are jobs that require the least amount of education and are more likely to be exercised by men.

Jobs like doctors, lawyers, scientists, and teachers require the most amount of education and are also dominated by men.

5. According to Barroso and Brown (2021), in 2020 women in America earned 84% of what men earned, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. Based on this estimate, it would take an extra 42 days of work for women to earn what men did in 2020.

As has been the case in recent decades, the 2020 wage gap was smaller for workers ages 25 to 34 than for all workers 16 and older. Women ages 25 to 34 earned 93 cents for every dollar a man in the same age group earned on average. In 1980, women ages 25 to 34 earned 33 cents less than their male counterparts, compared with 7 cents in 2020. The estimated 16-cent gender pay gap among all workers in 2020 was down from 36 cents in 1980.

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1. Most of the females were nursery nurses and assistants there was 97.77%  which has the highest proportion of females. On the other side, there were 99.19% of males worked as vehicle technicians, mechanics, and electricians.

2. Many jobs require face-to-face communication with customers, such as catering, waiters, bank counters, front desk consultation, doctors etc. Women are seen in most face-to-face jobs in everyday life.

3. In the modern society, gender gaps are still existing in the most influential and best-paid jobs where highly paid positions are more likely to be occupied by men. men and women tend to work in different occupations and sectors, with men in consistently higher-paying positions and industries. Major banks, for example which offer some of the highest salaries available. Women’s preferred to have better work-life balance that their lower identification with stereotypically masculine jobs and their lower expectations of job offer success in such stereotypically masculine jobs

4.Skilled occupations often do not require much education. This type of profession requires the accumulation of experience and hands-on ability. For example, cooks and farmers. This is often done by men. Transactional occupations, on the other hand, are very demanding in education. For example, company employees and teachers. Among them, the proportion of women will be higher than that of men. It may be that women's personalities will communicate better.

5. According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2020 , it will take another 100 years to achieve gender equality based on the current rate of progress. In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic and economic crisis, efforts will have to be doubled if we are to avoid losing another 10 years to achieve gender equality? Based on past experience, economic slowdowns not only disproportionately affect women, but also trigger gender equality topics to slip down governmental and corporate agendas. Women represent 39% of the global workforce but accounted for 54% of job losses as of May 2020.

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1.Nursery nurses and assistants are usually conducted by females, while Vehicle technicians, mechanics and electricians are usually conducted by males.

2.Jobs like nursery nurses and assistants involve face to face interactions that are usually done by females as they are usually considered as more nurturing and caring than males.
3. Higher paid jobs are mostly done by males because they are more likely to be associated with jobs like being a technician or mechanics, where specific qualified degrees are needed in order to do the job.
4.Jobs that require the most amount of education are ones that are centred around mental labour while the least are those that are about service or physical labour.  However, while doctors, lawyers, scientists, and teachers all require specialized training that prepares them for work in their fields which required more amount of education. Police officers, Commercial pilots, Gaming managers, Electrical powerline installers and repairers are examples of jobs that required less education but can still be highly paid. Men usually occupy the extreme ends of both spectrum because while they often held to extreme expectations, those expectations can also sometimes be the cause of their failure if they fail to meet a certain standard.
5. Women are less likely than men to apply to finance and consulting jobs, which offered the highest incomes among different jobs, and are more likely to apply to general management positions. This norm can be the cause of the gap between men and women in the workplace.