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The English explorer Captain James Cook became the first European to fly to the Hawaiian Islands on January 18, 1778, when he sailed past Oahu Island. Two days later, in honor of John Montague, who was the Earl of Sandwich and one of his patrons, he landed at Waimea on the island of Kauai and called the group of islands the Sandwich Islands. The Hawaiians are accused of having added religious importance to the Europeans' first stay on their islands. There was no doubt about this phenomenon during Cook's second visit. Kealakekua Bay was considered the holy harbor of Lono, the god of fertility of the Hawaiians, and the locals participated in a festival dedicated to Lono at the time of Cook's arrival.By hurling rocks, the Hawaiians greeted Cook and his men; they then stole a tiny Discovery cutter vessel. After a minor Hawaiian chief was shot to death and a mob of Hawaiians descended on Cook's party, negotiations with King Kalaniopuu for the return of the cutter failed. The captain and his men shot at the furious Hawaiians, but soon they were outnumbered, and only a few of them managed to do so.

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The Constitution of 1840 was the first fully written constitution for the Hawaiian Kingdom. The need for a constitution was originally intended as a manner of laws set forth to control the Native Hawaiian population with a Western style and legal framework, giving less severe punishments, such as being exiled, than was the traditional custom until the 1840s. Christianity had failed to change many behaviors of the Hawaiian population, even with the support of the ali'i families. Adultery and many other sexual relations became forbidden. Hawaiians were arrested and sentenced to severe punishments that were not well organized. The exiled had little food and could easily swim away from the islands and the prison at Honolulu Fort. The issue became worse as fewer pardons from the ali'i were available, and the overall sentencing then became much more severe for the native population.

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The Paulet Affair was the five month occupation of the Hawaiian Islands by British naval officer Captain Lord George. Captain Lord George Paulet, in command of HMS Carysfort, sailed to Honolulu. Richard Charlton complained of unfair treatment of the British, and Paulet was ordered by Richard Thomas to investigate. On February 25th, he occupied Honolulu and placed himself as provisional government. The Hawaiian flag was brought down and the Union Jack run up in its place. Kamehameha was king but in name only. Admiral Thomas less than six months arrived and restored Hawaii's kingdom.

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The Kuleana Act of 1850, proposed by the King in Privy Council passed by the Hawaii legislature created a system for private land ownership in seven parts. Section 1 recognized ownership of government plots occupied and improved by families. Section 2 expanded title to other types of land. Section 3 defined land boundaries and the ability to exchange portions of land.

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The Mahele was followed in 1850 by the Kuleana Act which established fee simple ownership of land. Historical land tenants were required to document their claims to specific parcels in order to gain permanent title. Once granted, a kuleana plot was entirely independent of the traditional ahupua'a in which it was situated and it could also be sold at parties with no historical ties to the area.

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A free trade agreement signed and ratified in 1875 that is generally known as the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. The treaty gave free access to the United States market for sugar and other products grown in the Kingdom of Hawaii starting in September 1876. In return, the US gained lands in the area known as Puʻu Loa for what became known as the Pearl Harbor naval base. The treaty led to large investment by Americans in sugarcane plantations in Hawaii.

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The 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom was a legal document prepared by anti-monarchists to strip the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, initiating a transfer of power to American, European and native Hawaiian elites. It became known as the Bayonet Constitution for the use of intimidation by the armed militia which forced King Kalākaua to sign it or be deposed.

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On January 17, in the year 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was illegally overthrown. After a group of 13 Caucasian businessmen and lawyers staged a coup d'état against Queen Liliuokalani and her government. The group called themselves the Committee of Safety — six citizens of the Kingdom and seven foreign residents of Hawaii (five Americans, one Scotsman, and one German). Their ultimate goal was annexation to the United States. It would be five years, however, until that goal was achieved.The plan to overtake Hawaii’s monarchy had been brewing for decades. It flared up during the reign of Queen Liliuokalani, Kalakaua’s sister who succeeded him as monarch on Jan. 29, 1891, after the king’s death.

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Kamehameha The Great - (Kamehameha I, original name Paiea, byname Kamehameha the Great, born November 1758?, Kohala district, Hawaii island—died May 8, 1819, Kailua)

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Kamehameha The Great - (Kamehameha I, original name Paiea, byname Kamehameha the Great, born November 1758?, Kohala district, Hawaii island—died May 8, 1819, Kailua)

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King Kamehameha was one of Hawaiian history's most striking figures, a monarch who, at a period of great cultural change, unified and ruled the islands. Accounts differ, but many agree that sometime between 1753 and 1761, probably in November 1758, Kamehameha (originally called Pai'ea) was born into a royal family in North Kohala. Kamehameha's mother was the daughter of the Kona chief, Kekuiapoiwa. Kamehameha's mother was the daughter of the Kona chief, Kekuiapoiwa. His father was possibly Keoua, the Kohala king. Legends equate his birth with storms and mysterious lights, events believed by Hawaiians to herald the birth of a great boss. Kamehameha was taken away and concealed soon after his birth, due to his predictions at birth and threats from warring clans. He spent his early years secluded in Waipio and, at the age of five, returned to Kailua. Until his father's death, he lived there with his parents, then proceeded to receive special training from his uncle, King Kalani'opu This training included game skills, combat, oral history, navigation, religious ceremonies, and other knowledge needed to become an ali-i-'ai-mokuuu (a district chief).

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Kamehameha the Second- (Kamehameha II (c. 1797 – July 14, 1824) His birth name was Liholiho and full name was Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu ʻIolani)

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Kamehameha the Second- (Kamehameha II (c. 1797 – July 14, 1824) His birth name was Liholiho and full name was Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu ʻIolani)

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For the Hawaiian people, Liholiho became an agent of transformation. However, the changes that Liholiho helped bring about, unlike his father, changed the very structure of society. Whereas Kamehameha the Great practiced his ancestors' religion and followed the strict rules of the kapu system, Liholiho would introduce drastic changes in Hawai'i that would alter everyday life and worship. Liholiho brought both the kapu system and the ritual system to an abrupt end shortly after Kamehameha's death in 1819. Liholiho tentatively permitted the first New England Protestant missionaries to settle in the Islands in 1820, with the help of his father's lawyer, John Young.

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Kamehameha the Third- (Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854)  (His full Hawaiian name is Keaweaweʻula Kīwalaʻō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa)

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Kamehameha the Third- (Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854)  (His full Hawaiian name is Keaweaweʻula Kīwalaʻō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa)

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When he succeeded to the throne at 10 years of age, he was initially under the regency of the favorite wife of Kamehameha I, Kaahumanu, who had been regent since Kamehameha II visited England in 1824 and died there. In 1824, she became known for her wise and beneficent law and converted to Christianity. After her death in 1832, the regency fell to Kinau's daughter, Kamehameha I. Kamehameha III assumed power in his own right.

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British Admiral Thomas landed at what is now called "Thomas Square" in Honolulu on July 31, 1843. He presented to King Kauikeaouli Kamehameha III a British royal declaration restoring power to the King. A rogue British warship had fired its guns on Honolulu five months earlier to demand payment of outstanding bills owed to British merchants by native chiefs.

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Kamehameha the Fourth- (Alekanetero ʻIolani Kalanikualiholiho Maka o ʻIouli Kūnuiākea o Kūkāʻilimoku)(Born February 9, 1834 – November 30, 1863)

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Kamehameha the Fourth- (Alekanetero ʻIolani Kalanikualiholiho Maka o ʻIouli Kūnuiākea o Kūkāʻilimoku)(Born February 9, 1834 – November 30, 1863)

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Kamehameha IV strove to curb the political influence of the Hawaiian Islands' American Protestant missionaries. He sponsored several social and economic reforms, committed to saving his people, who were quickly dying out because of illness. He founded on a solid basis the commercial and political ties of Hawaii with other nations and sought to balance the importance of each country for Hawaii.

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Kamehameha the Fifth- (Lota Kapuāiwa Kalanimakua Aliʻiōlani Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui) (Born December 11, 1830 – December 11, 1872)

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Kamehameha the Fifth- (Lota Kapuāiwa Kalanimakua Aliʻiōlani Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui) (Born December 11, 1830 – December 11, 1872)

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He immediately announced his intention to rule with a strong hand, refusing to take the oath to preserve the current, comparatively liberal constitution at his inauguration. He himself wrote and promulgated a new constitution (1864), which remained in effect for 23 years, after calling and dismissing a constitutional convention. He immediately announced his intention to rule with a strong hand, refusing to take the oath to preserve the current, comparatively liberal constitution at his inauguration. He himself wrote and promulgated a new constitution (1864), which remained in effect for 23 years, after calling and dismissing a constitutional convention. The legislature elected a cousin, William Charles Lunalilo, to succeed him.

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Lunalilo -  (William Charles Lunalilo) ( Born January 31, 1835 – February 3, 1874) 

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Lunalilo -  (William Charles Lunalilo) ( Born January 31, 1835 – February 3, 1874) 

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When Lunalilo assumed the king's duties, a major shift in the strategy of the government started to take shape. His predecessor, Kamehameha V, had spent his reign strengthening his office's powers and attempting to restore his grandfather's absolute monarchy, Kamehameha I. However, Lunalilo spent his reign trying to make the Hawaiian government more democratic.

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Sanford Dole was a lawyer and jurist from the Hawaiian Islands as a kingdom, protectorate, republic, and territory. A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii, Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture. After the overthrow of the monarchy, he served as the President of the Republic of Hawaii until his government secured Hawaii's annexation by the United States.

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Kalakaua- (David Laʻamea Kamananakapu Mahinulani Naloiaehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua) ( Born November 16, 1836 – January 20, 1891), sometimes called The Merrie Monarch ( Last  king)

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Kalakaua- (David Laʻamea Kamananakapu Mahinulani Naloiaehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua) ( Born November 16, 1836 – January 20, 1891), sometimes called The Merrie Monarch ( Last  king)

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The Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 brought great prosperity to the kingdom during his rule. Its renewal continued the prosperity but permitted Pearl Harbor to be used exclusively by the United States. In 1881, to promote the immigration of contract sugar plantation workers, he took a trip around the world. Kalākaua wanted Hawaiians outside their nation to expand their education. He developed a program sponsored by the government to sponsor eligible students to be sent abroad to further their education. Two of Kalākaua's ventures, the Kamehameha I statue and the Iolani Palace restoration, were costly endeavors, but today they are popular tourist attractions.

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An ardent imperialist, John L. Stevens was selected by President Benjamin Harrison to be U.S. Minister to the Hawaiian Islands, which were then independent (though under U.S. influence). In 1892, with Stevens’s support, a group of American businessmen in Hawaii formed an Annexation Club and plotted the overthrow of native Queen Liliuokalani and outright annexation to the United States.

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Lorrin Thurston was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman born and raised in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Thurston played a prominent role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom that replaced Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, dominated by American interests.

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Lili'uokalani- (Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha) ( Born September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917) (Last Hawaiian monarch)

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Lili'uokalani- (Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha) ( Born September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917) (Last Hawaiian monarch)

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On January 29, 1891, nine days after her brother's death, Lili'uokalani ascended to the throne. She sought to draft a new constitution during her reign that would restore the strength of the monarchy and the politically disenfranchised voters' rights. Pro-American forces in Hawaii, confronted by their efforts to abrogate the Bayonet Constitution, overthrew the monarchy on January 17, 1893. The overthrow was bolstered by the landing of US Marines under John L. Stevens to protect American interests, which rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself.