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First Olympic Games
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Adopted Phoenician Alphabet - 700 B.C.E.

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Adopted Phoenician Alphabet - 700 B.C.E.

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The Ancient Greeks adopted the Phoenican alphabet
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Trade was greatly facilitated by the construction of specialized merchant ships - 600 B.C.E. 

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Trade was greatly facilitated by the construction of specialized merchant ships - 600 B.C.E. 

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Trade was greatly facilitated by the construction of specialised merchant ships
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Construction of Parthenon, the largest and most lavish temple the Greek mainland had ever seen
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Roman Invasion of “Greece” -       146 B.C.E.

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Roman Invasion of “Greece” -       146 B.C.E.

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Roman Invasion of "Greece"
link to article and link to video

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Oldest Written Record of Homer’s Epics - 300 C.E.

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Oldest Written Record of Homer’s Epics - 300 C.E.

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Oldest Written Record of Homer's Epics
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Established capital at Cuzco (Peru) - 1200 C.E.

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Established capital at Cuzco (Peru) - 1200 C.E.

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Cuzco became the Inca's administrative, political and military center.

Cuzco valley in the mountains of Peru is the cradle of Incan civilization, and its geographical location and natural resources influence the culture.

Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/

History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/

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Vast network of roads, including rock tunnels and vine-supported suspension bridges, were constructed throughout the empire. Irrigation systems, terrace farming and land management practices promoted food production. Intricate textiles were used for maps, suspension bridges, calendars, burial cloths, and a book keeping system called quipu.

There was no known written language, though quipu (complex textile patterns with knots) may have been an alternative.

Economy was agricultural with corn and llamas being prominent. Instead of having a monetary tax system, citizens provided labor for the state.

Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/

History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/

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Topa Inca Yupanqui has a peaceful transition to throne - 1471 C.E.

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Topa Inca Yupanqui has a peaceful transition to throne - 1471 C.E.

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Peaceful transition of power is a sign of an advanced civilization.

Military was strong and expansion continued, and new and improved state administrative practices were put into place. Colonized territories were allowed to keep their own religions and languages in addition to following state rules.

Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/

History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/

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This event initiated Civil War between the Southern and Northern  territories of the Incan Empire, due to dispute over succession to the throne. Religious divination protocol wasn't followed which caused the rift. Divination was expected to be practiced for all major decisions. Machu Picchu was a sacred religious site were religious divination likely would have taken place since it was also a royal estate. The architecture of Machu Picchu highlighted the Inca's masonry technique where stones were cut to fit perfectly together without mortar.

Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/

History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/

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Inca state starts falling to the Spaniards - 1532 C.E.

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Inca state starts falling to the Spaniards - 1532 C.E.

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Civil War (and smallpox) put the Inca empire at risk of hostile takeover, which the Spaniards acted on, taking over the Inca state. The Inca religion of multiple gods began to be replaced by the religion of the Spaniards. The creator god of the Inca was Viracocha, creator of earth, man, and animals. The Sun God, Inti, was top deity in the Inca pantheon.

Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/

History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/

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Vitcos becomes last remaining Inca state - 1535 C.E.

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Vitcos becomes last remaining Inca state - 1535 C.E.

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The Incan ruler made attacks on Spanish settlements, yet was beaten back and retreated to the remote mountainous area of Vitcos.

Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/

History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/

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Testimony of the Lupaca to the Spaniards - 1567 C.E.

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Testimony of the Lupaca to the Spaniards - 1567 C.E.

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The Spaniards interviewed the Lupaca people to learn how Inca civilization was structured. They learned that soldiers were exempt from farming, road building, and other state tasks. State tasks were many and varied, including construction of roads, bridges, and temples. Temples were an example of Huacas, or sacred sites. Huacas were both man-made monuments and natural features such as a hilltop or rock formation.

Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/

History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/

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Last remaining Inca state fell to the Spaniards - 1572 C.E.

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Last remaining Inca state fell to the Spaniards - 1572 C.E.

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The previously conquering and colonizing empire, the Inca's, became the conquered. The last Inca emperor, Tupac Amaru, was executed by the Spaniards.

The Spaniards, impressed by the Inca textiles and their carefully designed labor system, carried aspects of Inca culture forward.

Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/

History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/