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A detailed image of the structure (size and shape) of tissues, organs, and bones. Also shows the presence of disease.

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A person lies still in an MRI machine, which surrounds the body with a magnetic field and emits radio waves. Hydrogen atoms in the water of tissues and bones absorb and then release the energy from the radio waves. A computer maps and measures these changes to create an image. Changes in the size of tissues (such as from diseases like cancer that cause tumors) can increase the amount of water in different parts of the body, which can be detected by MRI scans.

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MRI scans of the brain have shown that people who have been using drugs for a long time have a smaller prefrontal cortex than people who have not been using drugs. The prefrontal cortex is the area where decision making occurs.

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Areas of the brain that are active during a task.

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A person lies in an MRI machine while doing an activity such as looking at an image, hearing a sound, laughing at something funny, or completing a puzzle. The areas of the brain that are active during the behavior have increases in blood flow and blood oxygen levels. A computer analyzes these changes to map brain function.

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In studies where adolescents played a game to earn rewards, their brain scans showed higher activity in the area of the brain that processes motivation and pleasure compared with the area of the brain that guides thoughtful decision making (the prefrontal cortex). Scientists think this imbalance in activated brain regions may lead teens to focus more on the possible rewards of a decision than on any drawbacks. This could increase a person’s risk for using drugs.

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The brain and body at the cellular level.

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PET scans use radioactive chemicals, called radiotracers, that are injected into the body. The radiotracers go to different areas depending on the chemical that is used. The PET machine detects the radiotracers and computer programs use colors to show their location.

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Dopamine is the brain chemical that helps us feel pleasure. By following radiotracers for dopamine receptors, PET scans have shown that using drugs heavily reduces the number of these receptors. Fewer receptors indicates less dopamine activity in the brain. This finding helps explain why people addicted to drugs experience less pleasure from everyday activities. They begin to crave the drug to get their dopamine activity back up to normal.

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Brain wave patterns.

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The practice of placing electrodes on a subject’s scalp in order to non-invasively measure the electrical activity of the brain. This process is used to determine if someone has a issue with their brain. Usually, the EEG is used to try and locate the causes of seizures, but it can be used to try and find the causes of other issues like comas, tumors, confusion, strokes, and memory problems.

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Researchers in a sleep lab spend the semester recording the EEG activity of both insomniac and normal subjects in order to learn more about sleep disorders.

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x-ray of the outer brain structure

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During a CT scan the subject lies on a table that slides in and out of a hollow, cylindrical apparatus. An x-ray source rides on a ring around the inside of the tube, with its beam aimed at the subjects head. After passing through the head, the beam is sampled by one of the many detectors that line the machine’s circumference. Images made using x-rays depend on the absorption of the beam by the tissue it passes through. Bone and hard tissue absorb x-rays well, air and water absorb very little and soft tissue is somewhere in between. Thus, CT scans reveal the gross features of the brain but do not resolve its structure well.

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Neuroscientists/biologists would use a CT scan to detect a brain tumor.