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-gaseous substances w/ low atomic no.
-low Z allows for photons to pass through (decreases beam attenuation)
- Air: readily absorbed by body. Causes gas emboli in bloodstream. (okay to inject into synovial joints or into GI track)
-O2: readily absorbed by body. Causes gas emboli.
-C02 & NO are readily absorbed by body and safe to use.

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- High Z. increased beam attenuation= brighter image.

-Delivered Parenteral or enteral (Meglumine & Diatrizoate sodium= used for oral or rectal admin during GI tract exams in place of barium
-Classified by Chemical structure & Osmolality
-contraindications: perforations: Extravasation
-all have higher osmolality than saline & blood plasma.

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-LOCM: 300-484 mOsm/kg water
- 3 Iodine atoms to each position (2,4,6), 1 benzene ring.
-3:1, 3 iodine atoms per molecule to 1 osmotically active particle (won't dissociate) = a media of 3.0.
-Larger molecule = more viscus=Lower osmolality= less toxic= Low osmotic effects
-More water soluble (hydrophilic)
-More water soluble in blood plasma
-No ionic breakdown, LACK SALTS!!
-remove cation (salt), replace with glucose
-Less toxic at cellular level/ more tolerable
- can be warmed to decrease viscosity
-ex: Optiray, Visipaque AKA iodixanol

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-used in GI exams
-delivered Enterally
-not metabolized by the body.
-High Z. increased beam attenuation= brighter image.
-Contraindications: perforations= Ba Pari

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-Monomers: 1 triiodinated benzene ring w/ 3 iodine atoms per molecule attached at positions 2,4,6
-will disassociate in blood into 2 active osmotic particles (-anion, +cation) = highly osmolar increases adverse reactions.
- low molecular weight= less viscus, more toxic, Highly osmotic
-3:2  3 iodine to 2 particles = 1.5 media
-1 benzene ring labeled 1-6.
pos. 1.) neg. acid group that forms salts & where dissociation happens.
pos. 2,4,6.) are triiodinated
pos 3 &5.) side groups that determine class of osmolality.

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-Dimers: Large molecule composed of 2 identical simpler molecules (2 benzene rings. same basic carbon structure. labeled (1-6).

1 acid group and 6 Iodine atoms per molecule)
-6:2 means 3:1 = 3:0 media

-Low osmotic effects b/c more Viscous (higher molecular weight)
-High contrast due to number of iodine atoms per molecule (have 6)
-will still disassociate in the blood but the dimer's large structure makes for less side effects.
-ex: Ioxaglate meglumine, ioxaglate sodium/Hexabrix

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-Diatizoate Sodium: 3:2  dissociates into anion =3iodine atoms
and sodium: osmotically active cation.
-Metrizamide:3 iodine atoms, no cation or anion

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Meglumine & Diatrizoate sodium

-Some absorbed through mucosa and excreted through kidneys

-Most passed through rectum

-if Ba is not contraindicated, Ba is preferred as Meglumine, Diatrizoate sodium is highly osmotic and will draw fluid and dilutes iodine= bad contrast can lead to adverse reactions like dehydration vomiting, diarrhea.

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                                      Molecular Structure Comparison 

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                                      Molecular Structure Comparison 