# data[].attributes.body
Jo Schmaltz Nelson

Mrs. Bhandari

Language Arts 7

14 February 2025

Sally Kirsten Ride Research Paper

Sally Kristen Ride is an amazing household name known for being the first American women in space and the third women to travel into space in general. However, what many people don’t know is that she was in a gay relationship for 27 years before she passed in 2012 due to pancreatic cancer (O’Shaugnessy). That’s what inspired me to write about her, because I always thought Ride was an amazing person in general, but I was ecstatic to learn she was part of the LGBTQ+ community like me! Dr. Ride is very inspiring to me as I am interested in the STEM field and as I mentioned, are part of the LGBTQ+ community too. She also had many other accomplishments such as multiple degrees and being one of the few women in the first astronaut training group allowing women. (Garcia).

Ride’s professional life was filled with many accomplishments and firsts! Ride’s most memorable and talked about accomplishment is her ride on the Challenger. After earning a bachelor’s degree in physics and English, a Ph.D. in astrophysics and a pilot’s license and completing NASA training, she was eligible to work on the Challenger as a mission specialist (Garcia).  She was launched into space and history on 18 June 1983. The mission consisted of many experiments and multiple satellite launches in the span of six days. The next year, 1984, Ride was onboard on another mission in the Challenger accompanied by Katheryn Sullivan who became the first women to complete a spacewalk. (Mark A. Garcia).  This was also the first time two women were in space together.  After Ride left NASA in 1987, she wasn’t done inspiring the world! She went on to write books, help young girls get interested in science and mathematics, and so much more! (O’Shaugnessy). Her professional life was a truly amazing and she was very important to physics and astrology.

She faced many struggles to get to the place where she paved a path for women and LGBTQ+ people in STEM. Firstly, she was obviously discriminated against based on her gender. Not evening mentioning the struggles that must have come with being one of the first NASA female training selections, she faced many sexist comments such as Johnny Carson joking that the flight would be delayed because Dr. Ride would need to find a bag to match her shoes on the “Tonight Show” (Eveleth). She was also considered the first openly gay astronaut. Though Ride wasn’t very public about her personal life before her obituary, she still must have faced challenges from those who she told and possibly from herself. Ride is an amazing example for women in STEM, young girls, and the LGBTQ+ community alike. She will always be remembered as the first American women in space and the first openly gay astronaut!

Works Cited

Eveleth, Rose. “How Sally Ride Was Even Tougher than Ripley in Alien.” Smithsonian Magazine, 24 July 2012, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-sally-ride-was-even-tougher-than-ripley-in-alien-6137787/. Accessed 14 Feb. 2025.

Garcia, Mark A. “Sally Ride – First American Woman in Space - NASA.” NASA, 18 June 2018, www.nasa.gov/history/sally-ride-first-american-woman-in-space/.

O’Shaugnessy, Tam. “From Girlhood Pals to Life Partners: Tam O’Shaughnessy Reflects on Her Relationship with Astronaut Sally Ride.” HuffPost, HuffPost, 7 Nov. 2017, www.huffpost.com/entry/from-girlhood-pals-to-life-partners-tam-oshaughnessy_b_5a01bc7ee4b05c84181665e5.

# data[].attributes.body
Aimee  Warren

Mrs.  Bhandari

7th  Grade  ELA

14  February  2025

Russel M. Nelson Research Paper

Russel  M.  Nelson  was  a  heart  surgeon.  He  is  currently  the  prophet  of  The  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints.  This  makes  him  interesting  to  me  because  he  was  such  a  successful  scientist  that  has  a  very  important  role  to  play  in  the  religion  that  I  believe  in.  He  was  a  super  successful  medical  researcher  and  has  earned  many  doctorate  degrees.  Some  of  these  include  the  honorary  degrees  of  Doctor  of  Science  from  Brigham  Young  University,  Doctor  of  Medical  Science  from  Utah  State  University,  and  many  more.

When  Nelson  was  a  child  he  and  his  family  struggled  financially.  He  grew  up  during  the  great  depression.  His  family  and  community  had  a  lot  of  economic  struggles.  For  example,  in  “100  Years  of  President  Nelson:  A  Timeline  of  a  Remarkable  Life”  by  Holly  Wallace it  says, “Many  families  around  the  world  faced  financial  struggles.  In  Utah,  communities  worked  together  to  support  one  another  through  cooperative  farming  and  local  church  efforts.”  This  shows  that  although  he  might  have  struggled  financially  as  a  child  he  was  still  able  to  do  amazing  things  later  on  because  of  the  support  of  the  community  and  church.

Nelson  has  made  a  great  contribution  to  Medical  Science.  He  helped  develop  the  heart-lung  machine  which  can  be  used  during  a surgery.  This  is  also  known  as  the  Cardiopulmonary  bypass  machine  it  will  do  the  job  of  your  heart  and  lungs  for  you  while  you  are  going  through  an  open-heart  surgery  or  traditional  surgery,  it  can  add  oxygen  to  your  blood,  subtract  carbon  dioxide  from  it,  and  the  pump  refreshed  blood  back  into  your  body.  He  then  used  that  to  perform  the  first  open-heart  surgery  ever  in  1955.  In  the  article  Russell  M.  Nelson  Biography,  it  says,  “He  was  part  of  the  research  team  that  built  the  heart-lung  machine  which  was  instrumental  during  the  first  ever  human  open-heart  surgery  using  mechanical  takeover  of  heart  and  lungs”  This  explains  some  of  the  great  ways  that  he  has  contributed  to  the  world  as  a  surgeon  and  his  accomplishments  in  medical  science.

Works  Cited

Wallace,  Holly.  “100  Years  of  President  Nelson:  A  Timeline  of  a  Remarkable  Life”  LDS  Daily,  7  September  2024.  100  Years  of  President  Nelson:  A  Timeline  of  a  Remarkable  Life  |  LDS  Daily.

“Russell M. Nelson Biography”  The famous people. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/russell-m-nelson-18602.php.

# data[].attributes.body
Warren Faxon

Mrs. Bhandari

Language Arts 7

14 February 2025

Who Makes Our Rollercoasters

The person I chose for the STEM sticker project is Donnelly Williams. I chose him because I think that it is cool how he found his job. He found his job because he had lost his previous job, and he came across a sign that said they were hiring people to build rollercoasters in Vancouver (Burns). He decided to try it and ever since then, he has been designing rollercoasters including the famous Hulk Coaster in Orlando Florida. Another thing is that I want to be a rollercoaster engineer, so this is an example of someone who is doing what I want to do when I’m older.

The adversity that Donnelly Wiliams faced was low social economic status. I say this because before he lost his job, he was working a low paying job at Staples even though he had a degree in mechanical engineering. In Goodness Exchange, Donnelly Wiliams says, I worked in the copy department of Staples putting the first aid labels onto medical supply kits. This means the before he worked on rollercoasters, he was working a low paying job at Staples and even got fired from it. This shows that Donnelly Wiliams struggle for opportunity was low social economic status.

Donnelly Wiliams is important to rollercoaster safety testing because, he tests the safety of the rides that B&M, a famous rollercoaster building company. He also helped build two famous rides, The Hulk Coaster and Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey. Roller Coaster Engineering says, “He helped test the safety of many rides including The Hulk Coaster and Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey” (26). This shows that if he hadn’t tested the safety on these rides then they might not have been built. In all, this means that without Donnely Wiliams, B&M might not have built some of its greatest rollercoasters.

Work Cited

“A Real Roller Coaster Engineer.” Roller Coaster Engineering, 2001, pp. 25-26.

Burns, Sam. Meet The Man Who Designs Rollercoasters. Goodness Exchange. 13 July 2020. https://goodness-exchange.com/roller-coasters-donnelly-williams/.

# data[].attributes.body
Aryana Gawthrop

Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade Language Arts

14 February 2025

Temple Grandin STEM Sticker Project

Temple Grandin is interesting me because she is an ethologist. An ethologist is a type of scientist who studies animal behavior, it is also a branch of zoology. I am interested in animal behaviors because I lost a pet to a neurological issue without warning. If I were to become an ethologist like her, I would like to discover the signs of that happening. Another reason is because Temple Grandin is autistic. This interests me because I have a family member who has autism. Temple Grandin is an example of the fact that even with a disability like autism, you can be successful and make amazing accomplishments.

The adversities that Temple Grandin overcame to gain her achievements are ableism and sexism because she is a woman with autism. In Britannica’s Temple Grandin article it states, “Grandin was unable to talk at age three and exhibited many behavioral problems; she was later diagnosed with autism.” This proves the fact that Temple Grandin had autism. Under an article titled, “About Temple Grandin” on Temple Grandin’s Official Website, it says, “When she was young, she was considered weird and teased and bullied in high school.” This supports my claim because it shows how she struggled with her disability at a young age. Finally, in the same article writes, “Dr. Grandin became a prominent author and speaker on both autism and animal behavior.  Today, she is a professor of Animal Science at Colorado State University. She also has a successful career consulting on both livestock handling equipment design and animal welfare.” My evidence shows that Temple Grandin overcame her disability and became successful.

Temple Grandin is important to science because she created a squeeze machine. Her squeeze machine is commonly used to relieve stress and anxiety for children and adults with autism. In Britannica’s Temple Grandin article it says, “While still in high school, she designed a “squeeze machine” to relieve her own nervous tension, modeling it on a chute fashioned to hold livestock in place during brandings, vaccinations, and other procedures.” In the same article it also says, “Improved versions of her machine were widely used not only in schools to soothe autistic children but also by autistic adults to comfort themselves.” This evidence supports my claim because it shows the inspiration behind why and how to make it her design. To sum everything up, Temple Grandin is interesting me because she is an ethologist, the adversities that Temple Grandin overcame to gain her achievements are ableism and sexism because she is a woman with autism, and finally Temple Grandin is important to science because she created a squeeze machine which helps to relieve stress and anxiety in children and adults with autism.

Works Cited

RDC Design Group. “Temple Grandin Ph. D” https://www.templegrandin.com

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Temple Grandin American Scientist and Industrial Designer” https://www.britannica.com/biography/Temple-Grandin

# data[].attributes.body
Reid Cottle

Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade ELA

14 February 2025

Florance Bascom Research Paper

I chose Florance Bascom for multiple reasons. Her field of STEM is geology, and I have become interested in geology recently. So, learning more about the important people in it is interesting to me. Secondly, she faced sexism which is one of the things I don’t like the most. Then finally, she showed great persistence by walking to most of her research sites. Florance Bascom is a geologist that faced many challenges and showed great perseverance that is why I chose Florance Bascom.

Florance Bascom faced sexism the most out of anything. I say so because she is considered to be one of the first women geologists (Britannica). Which means that other women trying to work in geology most likely weren’t able to or gave up beforehand. Also, according to the text “The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom” by the National Park service states, “that when she was studying at Johns Hopkins university, she had to sit behind the presentation screen as to not distract the male students.” Also, according to the text Daniel C. Gilman, the President of the university was opposed originally to letting women study in the school. This shows that as a woman, Florance Bascom was not able to have as many good learning opportunities as men

I think Florance Bascom is important to the STEM quality of persistence. She is important to persistence because according to the text she persisted in order to convince Daniel C. Gilman to let her in to the university (National Park Service). Also, according to the text after Bascom got her doctorate from Johns Hopkins University, Gilman sent her a letter saying that she has won her honors without any favoritism just as other people have (National Park Service). This shows that she worked hard on equal footing with her peers and didn’t give up along the way. This is why I think that Florance Bascom is important to not only the STEM quality of persistence but geology too.

Works Cited

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Florence Bascom". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Jul. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Florence-Bascom. Accessed 14 February 2025.

The National Park Service. “The Stone Lady” The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom, The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service)

# data[].attributes.body
Liam Urbaniak

Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade ELA

14 February 2025

David Hahn

When you think of a nuclear reactor what comes to mind? A massive machine that powers homes? Maybe Chernobyl, a famous meltdown that happened in 1986? But you didn’t think of tiny machine small enough to fit inside a potting shed. David Hahn, often called the “Nuclear Boy Scout,” because built a nuclear reactor at age 17 In his mom’s back yard. Sadly, not many people know about him. Hopefully this article inspires you to share his story.

David Hahn had a problematic childhood when talking about his family. Since most of the time his father was at work, that led David to grow a close relationship with his mother Patty. Because of this, he grew very close to conducting experiments of all kinds. Because of this, when he was given be a family friend, “A long out-of-print copy of The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments…In David’s case, the Golden Book provoked a more lasting and more powerful reaction,” (Silverstein – Ch1). In Hahn’s case, it shows that this book might have created a spark that led him to build his reactor. After investigators found his reactor, he was sentenced to 4 years in prison. Overall, his childhood played a big role on why he isn’t better known.

David Hahn cemented his history as one the most intelligent 17 year-olds of all time, and showed that just because of your age doesn’t mean you can’t do great things. Now if you are wondering how he got the fuel in an article from World Nuclear News it states, “A man from Michigan, David Hahn, has been accused of stealing smoke detectors containing americium.” This shows that he was really dedicated to his project and was focused on finishing it. He died at the age of 39, in 2016. Overall, David Hahn’s story is one the that deserves to be shared.

Works Cited

“‘Radioactive Boy Scout’ Arrested” World Nuclear News, 3 August 2007. https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Radioactive-Boy-Scout-arrested.

Silverstein, Ken. “The Radioactive Boy Scout” Manhattan, Random House, 2 March 2016. 16

# data[].attributes.body
Emma Klein

Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade ELA

14 February 2025

Jane Goodall Research Paper

Jane Goodall is a primatologist; a primatologist is someone who studies monkeys and chimps. She decided to live in the jungle with wild chimpanzees so that she could learn about them. She made many discoveries about chimps while living there. She reminds me of my cousin because when she was a young girl, she loved animals and my cousin loves animals. She was discriminated against because of her education. She didn’t have a regular scientific education, and other primatologists were skeptical of her. Her love of animals and all the challenges she faced made me think she would be an interesting choice.

Jane Goodall overcame being discriminated against because she didn’t have a college  education. ScienceAlert states, “Jane initially had no formal scientific education, a deficiency that meant her early work was viewed with skepticism by other primatologists.” This shows that because she didn’t have much of an education the other primatologists didn’t trust her as much as they trusted each other, but she still made many discoveries, and they eventually took her seriously. Jane Goodall faced discrimination because she didn’t have a standard education.

Jane Goodall is important to primatology because they made many important discoveries. National Geographic states that, while she studied chimps at Gombe Stream Nation Park, she made many discoveries including that chimps are omnivores when they were previously thought to be herbivores, chimps make and use tools (which was previously a trait used to describe humans). This shows her importance to primatology because she made discoveries that proved that previously made discoveries about chimps were wrong. In conclusion, Jane Goodall is important to primatology because she made three discoveries that proved other scientific discoveries false.

Works Cited

Appleton, Sarah. “Jane Goodall” National Geographic Society, December 3, 2024. Jane Goodall

ScienceAlert staff. “Who Is Jane Goodall?” ScienceAlert, Who Is Jane Goodall? : ScienceAlert

# data[].attributes.body
Anushka Sharma

Mrs. Maleyah Bhandari

Language Arts

15 February 2025

Kalpana Chawla: STEM Scientist

Kalpana Chawla was an Indian female aerospace engineer and astronaut. I chose this person because I am also of an Indian origin. She inspires me and other people like me to pursue what we have interest in. I also found this person interesting because of what her work was. I find space very interesting and the fact that she was one of the people to explore it is quite cool. She also worked on the development of the Robotic Situational Awareness Display, which just adds to the accomplishments she had in her lifetime (NASA, 2004).  Kalpana Chawla inspired me to achieve the things that I am interested in which makes her a great scientist to choose.

Kalpana Chawla overcame many adversities in her lifetime such as sexism and cultural differences. The career she wanted to be in happened to be a largely male-dominated field. In the text it states, professors tried to dissuade her when she selected aeronautical engineering because there were limited opportunities for girls in India in this path. Still, Chawla knew that this subject was for her (Tillman, 2022). Also, she had immigrated to the United States to continue her studies. There she had to overcome cultural differences and some biases. Kalpana Chawla faced sexism and cultural differences in her lifetime, but this did not stop her from making many contributions to her STEM discipline.

Kalpana Chawla is important to aeronautical engineering because of the many contributions that she has made. She worked with Robotic Situational Awareness Displays and tested space shuttle control software. She also had been selected as an astronaut and went on two Space Shuttle missions as a mission specialist. According to the National Air and Space Museum, “Chawla worked on the development of the Robotic Situational Awareness Display, a tool to help astronauts operate robotic arms. She also tested space shuttle control software. Chawla flew on two Space Shuttle missions as a mission specialist.” She received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal and Congressional Space Medal of Honor in recognition for her sacrifice. She has an asteroid named after her, along with a commercial cargo spacecraft that was launched to the International Space Station and Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus capsule. SPACE states,  Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus capsule was named the S.S. Kalpana Chawla, as it is the company’s policy to dedicate their Cygnus capsules to someone who has played a pivotal role in human spaceflight (Harvey, 2022).  Northrop Gruman officials wrote in a statement, “Chawla was selected in honor of her prominent place in history as the first woman of Indian descent to go to space.” This shows the influence Kalpana Chawla had on her STEM discipline and how it is important. Kalpana Chawla has faced many challenges, yet she persisted and made a big impact on the world.

Works Cited

Harvey,  Ailsa. “Kalpana Chawla: Biography & Columbia disaster” 10 February 2022.

https://www.space.com/17056-kalpana-chawla-biography

Margolis, Emily. “Kalpana Chawla: The First South Asian American Woman in Space” 01 February 2023.

https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/kalpana-chawla

# data[].attributes.body
Aleeah Howard

Mrs. Bhandari

7th grade ELA

14 February 2025

Katherine Johnson research paper

I admire Katherine Johnson, an African American mathematician known for being one of the many math brains that helped bring the Apollo 13 mission home. I have been drawn to her because my third and fifth grade teachers talked about her frequently, even makings us read a book about her, Counting on Katherine. Growing up part African American myself, I found great joy in seeing a woman of color take joy in math and space. I grew up watching space launches with my mom. I would always prepare special drinks and food and wear NASA branded clothing. I always enjoyed researching space and math, and that is why I chose Katherine Johnson to be my scientist.

Katherine Johnson faced obstacles in her personal and professional life due to both racial and gender discrimination. As an African American woman, she had to overcome societal barriers and biases to succeed. Growing up, she attended segregated schools and was discouraged from pursuing an education beyond that. In the workplace, she was often held back and unappreciated, denied both promotions and recognition for her work (Next biography). Despite these challenges, she persevered and became a trailblazer in mathematics, making significant contributions to her field even without the benefit of mentorship or support. Johnson became a trailblazer for women in the field, showing that it was possible to be a successful professional and a dedicated mother at the same time (Next biography).

Katherine Johnson's most significant contribution to the space program was providing critical calculations for the safe return of the Apollo 13 mission. In the words of NASA, "Apollo 13’s aborted mission to the Moon made use of her earlier research on backup parameters and charts, enabling the crew to safely return to Earth four days later" (Ostovar, 2017). This text suggests that Katherine Johnson's previous research on backup parameters was important to ensuring the safe return of the Apollo 13 crew. Johnson also helped calculate the trajectory for the Apollo 11 fight to the moon (Ostovar, 2017). Based on my research this is why Katherine Johnson is vital to the progressing for women in aerospace.

# data[].attributes.body
Noah M Negassi

7th grade Ela

Mrs. Bhandari

14 February 2025

Stephen Hawking was an amazing scientist who changed how we understand the universe. One of his most famous ideas is called Hawking radiation, which suggests that black holes can actually emit radiation instead of just sucking everything in. This was a big deal because it made scientists rethink how they look at black holes. He also studied the Big Bang and how our universe began, helping people learn more about space and time.

Besides his scientific work, Hawking was great at explaining complex ideas in a way everyone could understand. His book, "A Brief History of Time," became very popular because he made tough topics like black holes and time travel interesting for regular readers. He showed that science can be fun and fascinating, which inspired many people to explore their curiosity about the universe. His ability to share his knowledge helped many understand what science is all about.

Hawking's life was also a powerful story of bravery. After he was diagnosed with a serious disease that affected his body, he didn't give up. Instead, he used technology to help him communicate and continue his work. His story teaches us that even when facing challenges, we can pursue our dreams and make a difference in the world. Stephen Hawking will always be remembered as a brilliant scientist and an inspiration to many.

Work Cited

https://www.forbes.com/sites/marshallshepherd/2018/03/16/stephen-hawking-overcame-challenges-two-meteorologists-with-disabilities-have-too/

https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/stephen-hawking-had-als-55-years-how-did-he-do-n857006

# data[].attributes.body
Alex Reiff

Mrs. Bhandari

7th grade ELA

14 February 2025

Alan Turing research paper

Alan Turing is interesting to me because he was an engineer and mathematician and a logician. When I grow up, I want to make robots and be good at math like he was, he built the Turing machine which cracked the enigma cipher... The article from Britannica says, “Having returned from the United States to his fellowship at King’s College in the summer of 1938, Turing went on to join the Government Code and Cypher School, and, at the outbreak of war with Germany in September 1939, he moved to the organization’s wartime headquarters at Bletchy park, Buckinghamshire.” This shows what he did before and during the war. Biography.com also says, “English scientist Alan Turing was born Alan Mathison Turing on June 23, 1912, in Maida Vale, London, England. At a young age, he displayed signs of high intelligence, which some of his teachers recognized, but did not necessarily respect. When Turing attended the well-known independent Sherborne School at the age of 13, he became particularly interested in math and science.” This relates to at, a young age Alan Turing was a smart child and was interested in math because in here it tells us that Turing was smart. Alan Turing was probably one of the most interesting mathematician and engineers I know.

Alan Turing’s struggle was that he was gay and that was illegal to be gay in England at that time because it was thought as public indecency. The punishments were hormone treatment or death, and Alan Turing chose hormone treatment. He was later suspected of committing suicide. The article from Britannica says:

“Turing was elected a fellow of the royal society of London in March 1951, a high honor, yet his life was about to become very hard. In March 1952 he was convicted of ‘gross indecency’ -that is to say, homosexuality, a crime in Britain at that time—and he was sentenced to 12 months of hormone ‘therapy.’ Now with a criminal record, he would never

again, be able to work for Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the British government’s postwar code-breaking center…Turing was discovered dead in his bed, poisoned by cyanide. The official verdict was suicide, but no motive was established at the 1954 inquest. His death is often attributed to the hormone ‘treatment’ he received at the hands of the authorities following his trial for being gay.”

This shows his struggle for opportunity after the war. Biography.com also says “Homosexuality was illegal in the United Kingdom in the early 1950s, so when Turing admitted to police, called to his house after a January 1952 break-in, that he'd had a sexual relationship with the perpetrator, 19-year-old Arnold Murray, he was charged with gross indecency.” This relates to his struggles because it shows why he got arrested. Alan Turing’s struggle for opportunity was being gay which made it hard for him to get government work.

Alan Turing was important to the math community because, he built the Turing machine. This machine broke the enigma cipher, which was a code that the German’s used in world II 2 to transmit messages across the sea. He was born in London as a son of a civil servant, Turing was taught at a top private school. He entered the University of Cambridge to study mathematics in 1931. After graduating in 1934, he was elected to a fellowship at Kings College, in recognition of his research in probability theory. The article from Britannica says, “In 1936 Turing’s paper ‘On Computable Numbers, with an

Application to the Entscheidungsproblem ‘[decision program]’ was recommended for publication by the American mathematical logician Alonzo Church, who had published a paper that reached the same answer as Turing’s, using a different method.” This means that Turing was one of the most important people in the math community. Biography.com also says “During World War II, Turing was a leading participant in wartime codebreaking, particularly that of German ciphers. He worked at Bletchley Park, the GCCS wartime station, where he made five major advances in the field of cryptanalysis, including specifying the bombe, an electromechanical device used to help decipher German Enigma encrypted signals.” This relates that Alan Turing was important to the math and logician community because he furthered the math and logician community. Alan Turing was a very important person to the math community because he made the Turing machine.

Works cited

Copeland, B.J “Alan Turing” Britannica. Alan Turing born June 23, 1912, London, England—died June 7, 1954, Wilmslow, Cheshire. Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing

Editors from biography.com “Alan Turing” biography.com. https://www.biography.com/scientists/alan-turing

# data[].attributes.body
Jayden Clapper

Mrs. Bhandari

7th grade ELA

14 February 2025

MARIO MOLINA RESEARCH PAPER!

I chose Mario Molina because when I read the book, I found that Molina is my favorite scientist. Mario Molina caught my interest because as a kid Mario Molina was almost already a scientist he would mix and play with chemicals and mix them. I like that Mario Molina started at a young age mixing and playing with chemicals, so I thought that he is cool being able to do that at such a young age.

This person overcame several adversities to achieve their goals including racism. Racism was big to Mario Molina because he was a Mexican for most his life, so he got bullied at Switzerland when he went to school there. Then when Mario Molina became a scientist, he moved to California where he was a Mexican American now and he had lived in Mexico almost his whole life. The text states, “Molina worked in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena from 1982 to 1989, when he became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.” (The text also states, “Molina studied chemical engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (B.S., 1965) in Mexico City and received an advanced degree from the University of Freiburg (1967) in West Germany.” Mario Molina faced racism when he was in California and Switzerland.

This person is important to Chemistry because they are the first Mexican-born scientist to receive a Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the third Mexican-born person to receive a Nobel prize. According to V. Faye McNeil, “He played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, and was a co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in discovering the threat to the Earth's ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases.” This evidence supports the STEM discipline because this evidence shows that Mario Molina played a major role in a discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole and that he was a co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in chemistry because of his discovering that the threat to the Earth’s ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon gases. In conclusion, this person is important to Chemistry because they are the first Mexican-born scientist to get a Chemistry Nobel Prize and that he played a large part in discovering as a scientist.

Work Cited

Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.

www.pewtrusts.com

Mario Molina (1943–2020)

www.nature.com

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Kaela Dahlinghaus

Teacher/instructor: Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade Language Arts

14 February 2025

The Story of Hedy Lamarr

Have you heard of Hedy Lamarr? Hedy Lamarr didn’t just help invent WIFI and Bluetooth, but was also an actress in the 1900’s, which is one of the things I find interesting about her. Cool, right? I picked her because I thought she would be the most fun to write about, and research. She was born in the early 1900’s, specifically in 1914. She unfortunately passed later in 2000. Something that I find the most fascinating about Hedy, were all the movies she was in, which the number ranges around 30.

It was a struggle for Lamarr to receive recognition for what she had invented. She was gender stereotyped and judged because she was a woman. She helped invent WIFI and made the general base for it. It wasn’t until many years after making this invention that she then got recognized by the public. After receiving more recognition from people, she rose to fame. She didn’t just rise to fame because she was an actress, but because of what she had invented.

Without Lamarr, we probably wouldn’t have Bluetooth or WIFI today. She may have only made the general base for the two, but she was still a big help in the making. The National Women’s History Museum said, “Lamarr co-invented a radio communication system called “frequency hopping,” which was used commonly in wars to help spot targets. This method of communication was a huge help during the war against the Nazis.” By inventing this incredible system that now allows everybody to make wireless phone calls, and to use your phone without having to use up all your data, Hedy Lamarr really made a difference in life by creating this wonderful invention that is now used in today’s technology devices.

Works Cited

Biography.com Editors. “Hedy Lamarr Biography” Biography. 2 April 2014

https://www.biography.com/actors/hedy-lamarr

Colleen Cheslak. “Hedy Lamarr: An inventive Mind” The National Women’s History Museum. 2018

https://www.womenshistory.org/resources/lesson-plan/hedy-lamarr

# data[].attributes.body
By: Aleida Grace

Mrs. Bhandari

2/19/2025

7th grade

2025

Edward Bouchet research paper

Alexander Bouchet is interesting because he worked with unknown physics. I wanted to write about him because the job he chose piqued my interest. His biggest achievement was that he was the first African American to receive a PhD. He was a renowned physicist. A “physicist” is a person who explores and identifies basic principles and laws governing the motion, energy, structure, and interactions of matter.

Alexander Bouchet is intriguing to me because he was also the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from an American University. I found out his birth date, and death date, and here is what I found out. Edward Alexander Bouchet was born September 15, 1852, New Haven - Connecticut, U.S.—died October 28, 1918, New Haven - Connecticut. He died at the age of 66. One of the struggles he faced was racism. When he died, Yale University places a head stone for when Edward Bouchet had died.

I found out Alexander Bouchet was a renowned physicist and the first African American to earn a PhD in the United States. He was the sixth person to earn a doctorate in physics from an American university, which he received from Yale University in 1876. William Bouchet, Alexander Bouchet’s dad, was born in South Carolina, but moved to New Haven where he worked as a slave for a plantation owner. When Edward Bouchet was younger, he was focused on studying Latin and Greek as well as Geometry, Algebra and History. As Edward grew up, he was never married to either Man or Woman.

He used to hold various jobs, including teaching positions in Missouri, Virginia, Ohio, and lastly, Texas. When Yale university changed, I found that in 1902, however, the school changed its mission to emphasize vocational training, and Bouchet left.” When 1916 came along, Alexander Bouchet moved back to New Haven – Connecticut, which is where he had died. His body was buried in and unmarked grave in the Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven. Yale placed a headstone on his grave in 1998.

Works cited

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Alexander-Bouchet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bouchet

# data[].attributes.body
Briceton Simon

Ms. Bhandari

7th Grade ELA

14 February 2025

Neil DeGrasse Tyson

Neil DeGrasse Tyson is interesting to me because he is an astrophysicist who studies how stars and galaxies move over time. I love astronomy but I’ve never wanted to be an astronomer. Though I thought it was cool that hundreds of billions of stars are out there. I also enjoy learning about the composition of space like the fabric of space, black holes, and supernovas. These things can also be very mysterious to the point where people dedicate their lives to them. Like Stephen Hawking trying to find the mass of a black hole before he passed. This is why I thought he was an interesting choice for a STEM professional.

Tyson overcame many adversities on things he couldn’t control, one of these adversities was racial discrimination.  He had faced racial discrimination in his school trying to pursue a doctorate. On a website called looper.com, I found that “Tyson faced racial discrimination on the campus, being stopped and searched by campus police on seven different occasions as he entered the school's physics building. He also found little support from his dissertation advisers due to his lack of progress in the lab…”  This shows that Tyson had struggled in school due to people being racist toward him and not allowing him to enter the lab. As you can imagine this would be very annoying and frustrating. But Tyson had to go through this because of the color of his skin.

Neil DeGrasse Tyson is an astrophysicist who studies how stars move over time.  He is also an author who has written many books, including The Sky is Not the Limit. As an astrophysicist, he helped declare that Pluto was a dwarf planet. He had made this discovery six years before it was officially declared a dwarf plant. But because he was against Pluto being a planet, he started receiving hate letters from people who believed Pluto was a planet. This caused him to make another book called, “The Rise and Fall of America’s Favorite Planet”. Another theory he also supports the Big Bang theory which suggests that the universe came from a huge explosion that spread planets and stars everywhere. One last theory he supports is the multiverse theory that there are an infinite number of universes some are parallel versions of ours (Brittanica)

Works Cited

Brittanica. ” Neil DeGrasse Tyson” Brittanica,13 February 2025.Neil deGrasse Tyson | Biography, Books, TV Shows, & Facts | Britannica

Williams Clair. “Untold Truth of Neil DeGrasse Tyson” Looper, 20 December 2020. The Untold Truth of Neil deGrasse Tyson

# data[].attributes.body
Gen Allison

Mrs. Bandari

7th grade ELA

14th February 2025

Joy Crisp, the Project Manager for Spirit the largest rover on Mars.

Joy Crisp was a Planetary Geologist that worked for NASA, she took a huge role in finding out about Mars’s surface, rocks and took a deeper dive into the theory that there was once water on Mars. Joy Crisp met her husband after the launch of the rover, now she studies Mars and its rocks. Joy really inspires me because she had such dedication to her job, working well over 40 hours in the office and often well past dark. She’s also a good role model to learn from because she went through the trials of engineering and persevered to make history! I’ve also looked at doing Planetary Geology, so she’s someone I want to learn more about! She went through lots and still made it through strong! She is someone I aspire to be like, because even If I have no idea what I’m going to do, I’ll work with it and I won’t go back, so she reminds me of myself in that way and I feel like I can connect with her through determination! Another thing I think is both cute and hilarious is the fact that she keeps a jar of candy for other people to eat, but it forces people to talk to her and others! I think if I can, I’ll do the same thing when I’m older!

Joy Crisp faced lots of sexism in her life time. Crisp was born in Colorado Springs, she earned a bachelor's degree in geology from Carleton College in 1979, and both a Master's in 1981 and a PhD in 1984 from Princeton University. Subsequently, Crisp was a postdoctoral researcher at UCLA for more than two years. At this time girls weren’t viewed the same or people looked down on them, so when a girl joined the UCLA, you could say people were a little more than shocked! My source also said that “Joy Crisp was looked down on because she was a girl, and her team didn’t find her useful” (Hamalainen). She faced lots of people who doubted her, or didn’t want her help, but they eventually gave in, and Joy soon became very respected during her time at NASA.

Joy Crisp didn’t exactly want to do Geology, she went to college for math to become a    math teacher, but she just couldn’t see herself doing it, so she took up Geology as a last  resort, later in her career she joined NASA and helped with Spirit, the largest rover at the time. She worked in a team called Jet Propulsion Laboratory, or JPL for short, she was also one of the project managers for spirit as well. There, Joy Crisp met her husband after the launch of the rover, or better known as Spirit, the largest rover at the time now she studies Mars and its rocks. She is also looking for water on Mars or any signs of it through the rocks and comparing them to our rocks, so she is still playing an important role in science! The planetary society said “Spirit, the first of two Mars Exploration Rovers, has begun its journey to the Red Planet. Dr. Joy Crisp is Project Scientist for the mission at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.”  (Planetary society)

Works Sited

Sleuths Martian “With the help of robots, Joy Crisp is solving the mysteries of Mars.” Science Line, 2 July, 2008 Martian Sleuths - Scienceline, Martain

Spaceref “Interview with Dr. Joy Crisp, Project Scientist for the Mars Exploration Rover Mission” Space news Interview with Dr. Joy Crisp, Project Scientist for the Mars Exploration Rover Mission - SpaceNews

# data[].attributes.body
Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro

Reagan Blanks

7th Grade ELA

14 February 2025

Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro

Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro studies the disorder of the spine she also studies racism and the stress of being oppressed affect people’s health. Another it’s interesting to me because I have Scoliosis. In A Young Neurologist Mentors Black Women, Fights Disparities by Gina Shaw states, “she said that when she was little, she tried to make chemical reactions by mixing orange juice, pepper and salt”, when I was little, I would mix paint, soap, liquid cleaning supplies, water, and glue hoping a chemical reaction would occur.

In A Young Neurologist Mentors Black Women, Fights Disparities by Gina Shaw, Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro said “I think there’s more to racial differences and diseases than genetics because we live in a society where racism unfortunately exists, so I study how racism and the stress of being oppressed affect our health. It can lead people of color to be more prone to stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, etc. I want to continue learning about this and start understanding how I can better my work.” I think that this is a powerful saying, and I say that because if you think about it the US may not be going through it as badly as it used to there are many countries that for the life of them can’t see through somebody through their color, religion, where they’re from, etc.

Some adversities Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro faced to achieve her goals are racism and social economic status. In A Young Neurologist Mentors Black Women, Fights Disparities by Gina Shaw, “I used to hide experiments in the freezer so my mom couldn’t see them,” she says. I’d mix orange juice, pepper, and salt to see if I could create a chemical reaction. Afterwards, my mom would go into the kitchen and say, ‘Where are my ingredients?’ She was calling me ‘Doctor’ even before I knew I wanted to be a physician-scientist.”

“One of my primary goals is to recruit more people of color to the field of neurology and neuroscience, especially Black women,” Ighodaro says. “I’m trying to be the mentor that I wanted when I was younger. During my education, it was rare for me to be taught by a Black female neurologist or neuroscientist or even come across one.”

In the family dining room, Ighodaro’s father set up a whiteboard with erasers and markers to teach his daughters math and science. He’d come to the U.S. from Nigeria in his 20s with $20 in his pocket. Having worked part-time jobs while getting his computer science degree, he had no patience for excuses.

When she got older the achievements kept coming. Ighodaro became the first Black woman to graduate from the University of Kentucky College of Medicine with a combined MD/PhD degree in 2019. A medical school neuroscience class made her fall in love with the brain. So, after graduating, she headed to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota for her residency in neurology and neuroscience research. Next comes a fellowship in vascular neurology at Emory University, where she plans to become a stroke specialist.

Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro is important to her STEM discipline because if it wasn’t for her people wouldn’t have the courage to speak up and help others with their struggles from COVID-19. In A Young Neurologist Mentors Black Women, Fights Disparities by Gina Shaw, “In 2020 Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro had seen that Susan Moore, MD, an international medicine doctor in Indiana videos posted on Facebook while hospitalized and severely ill. Moore described how she had begged for a CT scan and to get the antiviral drug remdesivir, and how she was refused pain medication. ‘If I was white, I wouldn’t have to go through that,’” Moore said in one video. “This is how Black people get killed, when you send them home, and they don’t know how to fight for themselves.” Moore was discharged from one hospital on 20 December 2020.

She was readmitted but died later that day. “Watching this video, I was irate,” Ighodaro says. “It was terrible! A Black female physician begging to be seen, to be treated as human, only to be dismissed. She died of COVID-19 complications because a system in which she worked to take care of patients treated her like a drug-seeker.” The response to her videos prompted Ighodaro to create Ziengbe a nonprofit health advocacy organization. The word Ziengbe means “perseverance” in Edo (a language of Nigeria). Ziengbe’s mission is to get rid of neurological and other health disparities facing the Black community through advocacy, education, and empowerment.” Add closing sentence

Because of Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro people around the are hoping to change the world like her, not just for her wellbeing but for everyone.

Works Cited

Ighodaro, Eseosa. “Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro M.D., Ph.D.” Bio — Dr. Eseosa Ighodaro M.D., Ph.D.

13 July 2022 https://www.dreseosaighodaro.com/bio

Shaw, Gina. “A Young Neurologist Mentors Black Women, Fights Disparities” WebMD 17 February 2023 https://www.dreseosaighodaro.com/bio

# data[].attributes.headline
Here is my writing for the STEM sticker project!

# data[].attributes.subject
Here is my writing for the STEM sticker project!

# data[].attributes.body
Name : Mazzy Pentecost

Instructor : Mrs. Bhandari

Class : Langue Arts 6th

Date : 2/14/2025

Steve Irwin STEM Professional

When you think of famous scientist, who immediately comes to mind? You may think of Thomas Edison, who invented the lightbulb, or maybe Charles Darwin, who came up with the theory of evolution. I bet you imagined a scientist as someone in a white lab coat, pouring chemicals into each other. Well, you don’t need a lab coat to be a scientist! Steve Irwin was one. He studied the field of Zoology and discovered new facts about tons of different kinds of animals and raised lots of awareness about our planet. In this passage, you will hear about how Steve Irwin and why he is important to me, what struggles of opportunity he has, and why he is important to his STEM discipline.

I’ve always been interested in animals, from fish lurking deep in the ocean, to birds flying high in the sky. They have always been a wonder to me. Steve Irwin is one of the people that I have always looked up too, he helped animals every step of the way while he was alive and that is inspiring to me. When I go to college, I want to get a Zoology degree and open and/or work at an animal rehab center. Steve Irwin said during an interview with the program 60 minutes,  “I've been put on this planet to protect wildlife and wilderness areas, which in essence is going to help humanity” (LadBible). This is so engaging  for me, I want to go outside and help our earths wildlife and ecosystems, Steve Irwin was fighting for our planets inhabitant’s till the day he died. I want to help too. He inspires me to pursue my dreams through helping our planet and its wildlife.

Steve Irwin has done a lot for our planet and for its animals the most famous thing that he was     known for was for being the “crocodile hunter.” He would wrestle crocks and catch venomous snakes, but one thing that many don’t know about him, was the chronic pain that he lived with. During an interview on a 30-minute tribute program called Crikey, What an Adventure! Bob Irwin, Steves dad, revealed the pain that Steve lived with all the time. “Years of broken bones from wrestling crocodiles and other creatures had taken its toll on other parts of his body. Probably very few people knew this, but the last three or four years he was in pain 100 per cent of the time" (The Age). Steve Irwin lived his life to his fullest, even after all the pain that he endured. He is one of my main role models in life and I would love to help the planet and animals the way he did.

When it comes to STEM discipline, Steve is a great example for me. Steve Irwin studies the Field of zoology. Zoology is the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals. The entire point of Irwin's documentary series, The Crocodile Hunter, in the first place was to show that while he was out risking life and limb to put exotic and potentially dangerous critters in front of the camera. The show served to educate children about endangered animals and spark a love for these creatures that would hopefully lead to their protection by future generations. “In the early 1980s, Irwin worked for the Crocodile Management Program on his own, sometimes spending months alone in the bush in search of the animals. Skilled at capturing the largest and most dangerous crocodiles, he eventually acquired a reputation as Australia’s top ‘croc catcher’”(Britannica). Steve would travel from place to place to film himself interacting with all different kinds of animals from huge crocodiles over 15 feet long, to venomous snakes who could kill a man in one bite. Even cute cuddly koalas, Steve loved them all.

Steve is a role model for me, and I look up to what he did. I would love to have an impact even remotely close than he did on our world. He kept going on adventures to film and document dangerous and passive animals he died doing what he loved on  Sept. 4, 2006, he was 44 and had been swimming in the ocean during a break with is crew while filming a documentary called oceans deadliest. “Stingrays have a serrated, toxin-loaded barb, or spine, on the top of their tail. The barb, which can be up to 10 inches long, flexes if a ray is frightened. Stings usually occur to people when they step on or swim too close to a ray and can be excruciatingly painful but are rarely fatal, said University of Queensland marine neuroscientist Shaun Collin”(Legacy). Even though Steve Irwin no longer walks the surface of our planet he does in spirit. I will always look up to him.

Works Cited

“Steve Irwin Obituary” Legacy, Sep. 7, 2006. Steve Irwin Obituary (2006)

“Steve's secret pain” The Age, January 23, 2007. Steve's secret pain

Duignan, Brian “Steve Irwin” Britannica, 8 Feb 2025. Steve Irwin | Biography, Death, Son, Daughter, Wife, & Facts | Britannica.

Spence, Niamh “Steve Irwin had brilliant plan to 'save the world' that's hard to disagree with.” LadBible,  3 Mar 2023. Steve Irwin had brilliant plan to 'save the world' that's hard to disagree with

# data[].attributes.body
Myrhia Corbitt

Mrs. Bhandari

7th grade ELA

14 February 2025

Ted Fujita Research paper

The reason why I chose Meteorologist Ted Fujita is because in May of 2019 in Dayton, Ohio, we had a tornado. It was a very scary experience for me because I had never encountered a tornado before or what it was like to be in one. Ever since that incident, I had been so interested in weather and in tornadoes. Someone like Ted Fujita was a good pick to choose for me because I feel like we both share the same passion in weather and tornadoes.

Ted Fujita born on October 23, 1920, in Kitakyushu City, Japan, and died on November 19, 1998, in Chicago, Illinois. He was a Japanese and American meteorologist who invented the Fujita Scale. This scale is a system for classifying tornadoes based on damage. Fujita earned a bachelor’s degree in engineering in 1943 from Meiji College of Technology, in Kitakyushu City, Japan, where he became a professor in physics in 1944 (Britannica). He also got a completion of a doctoral degree from Tokyo University in 1953. Around that time, Hoarce Byers invited him to move to the United States to discover more about meteorology.

Not only did Ted Fujita create the Fujita scale, he also discovered Downbursts and Microbursts. In 1974, Fujita discovered a phenomenon he called downbursts. He studied miles of damage caused by 148 tornadoes. He also discovered microbursts which determine the tornadoes wind and speed. He determined that downdrafts from the storms had enough strength to reach the ground and cause damage patterns, such as the pattern of uprooted trees he had observed at Hiroshima so long ago. Fujita noted in The Weather Book, “If something comes down from the sky and hits the ground. It will spread out it will produce the same kind of outburst effect that was in the back of my mind from 1945 to 1974.” Ted Fujita is an important man in the field of Meteorologists because he created a way to tell how much damage a tornado can cause, and this is something we use today which makes it even more important.

# data[].attributes.body
Jordan Bridgers

Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade ELA

12 February 2025

Titles

Going into this project I knew exactly the type of person I wanted to highlight, and Christine Darden is the perfect choice. She didn’t invent something large like the light bulb or the traffic light but can be largely recognized in the field of mathematics or aerospace engineer. Christine Darden was the first African American woman at NASA's Langley Research Center to be promoted to the Senior Executive Service. Since I was able to recognize what I was seeing, I was always thrilled when I would learn about or meet an African American woman. Mae Jemerson, Katherine Johnson, Rosa Parks, all amazing women who looked like me and who have helped shaped my future but what about Christine Darden? A human, skin and bone, just like everyone else being denied an opportunity just because she was a woman. There are stereotypes about every race, every gender, one’s height. The list goes on and being a young, African American, in a school with many kids, the list of different assumptions that people make of you seem to never end.

Growing up with people saying different things about you it becomes discouraging. You start to believe the comments, believe that other people’s words make you who you are when they don’t, and Christine Darden didn’t let this happen. For a large period, I tried convincing myself that peoples words don’t affect me, that they don’t matter, and they are irrelevant, but they did, and I learned how to become used to racist comments when I shouldn’t have. I had trouble speaking out about what was being said because of how used to it I had become. I thought it was normal and okay for people to say what they were saying. It felt as if every day, I was putting on a mask to hide how I was really feeling. I started letting people’s words title who I was and what I was going to be, and it took a while to learn how to continue making my own title. I chose Christine Darden because she ignored the words of other people and showed others, she was going to be the one who would make her title, not them. “Don’t let anyone tell you that you can’t do something.  you have a dream, go for it and work hard to make it a reality” (Darden).

The youngest of five children was born in Monroe, North Carolina on 10 September 1942, this child being Christine. Darden knew from a young age she enjoyed learning how things were created. After attending a boarding school in Asheville, North Carolina the determination to become an engineer was set. When she was a child, she was isolated from white people because of segregation. In a Scholastic interview,  “Breaking Barriers: NASA's Science Superstar | Christine Darden”, Darden speaks about how she remembers an incident when she was sitting at the front of the bus and a non-colored family got on. She explains how the driver got up and told her to move to the back. She remembers not liking that and wanting to speak out against it, but she didn’t because she didn’t want to cause any problems. Because of the poor education that Darden had gotten growing up she was surprised that all the other kids had already taken calculus, trigonometry, and higher-level math classes when she was only provided with algebra and geometry.

Once completing her mathematics master’s degree in 1967 she was hired by NASA to serve as their last generation of human computers. “Human computers were groups of women who commonly analyzed data and solved complicated math equations which were crucial to the U.S. space program” (NASA). Darden becoming a human computer was a big deal at the time. Solving math that applies to the real world is called applied mathematics. Human computers started off with mostly white woman but when Darden had gotten there both races, black and white worked in the same office together. Darden spent years doing calculations, watching males with the same background moving up in ranks quicker than females before she starts to question; “Why weren’t more opportunities showing?” Darden didn’t just want to stop here; she wanted not only to analysis the data but create it and become an engineer (NASA). So, she asks for a promotion. Her boss was surprised, given it had never been asked before but a few weeks after inquiring she was told she had been promoted to an aerospace engineer in 1973.

Her first task was to write a computer program for sonic boom. Sonic boom is created when aircraft flies faster than the speed of sound. NASA claims, “That assignment led to a 30-year career in flight research, specializing in supersonic noise characterization, analysis and reduction.” She did all of this while continuing her education and earning her doctorate in mechanical engineering in 1983. Darden’s team that she became the leader of in 1989 worked to help decrease the environmental impact of supersonic aircraft and atmospheric pollution. “In 1999 she became the director of NASA’s Aero-Performing Center Management Office where she was responsible for Langley research in air traffic management and aeronautics programs managed at other NASA centers” (“NASA”). Even with all the amazing things she is doing it doesn’t just stop here. She goes on to write more than fifty publications in the field of high lift wing design in supersonic flow, sonic boom prediction, flap design, and sonic boom minimization (The History Makers).

Darden retires in 2007 after four long decades of her hard work for NASA. She continues to spread her story at high schools and educate young people about how it is important to never give up. Darden’s story made it into the 2016 Hidden Figures book, but she isn’t found the movie because she was in a later generation of those woman at NASA. Thank you for taking the time to read my paper and I hoped you learned a little more about Christine Darden. “Don’t let what people say about you define who you are. Know who you are and be confident in yourself” (Darden).

Works Cited

“Best Christine Darden Quotes – Inspiring Words From A Pioneer” Quotesanity, 12 September 2024. https://quotesanity.com/christine-darden-quotes/

“Breaking Barriers: NASA's Science Superstar | Christine Darden.” YouTube, uploaded by Scholastic, 29 January 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQOMxZqwLgA.

“Christine Darden”  The History Makers, 26 February 2013. https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/christine-darden

“Christine M. Darden” NASA, 11 July 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/christine-m-darden/.

Greicius, Anthony. “When Computers Were Human” NASA, 2 November 2016. https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/jpl/when-computers-were-human/

# data[].attributes.body
Ellie Allison

Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade ELA

14 February 2025

Carlos Juan Finlay

The Yellow Fever

There has been a ton of great scientists, but a scientist that caught my eye is Carlos Juan Finlay. This is because, he was an extremely smart man than solved one thing that was horrible and that is the yellow fever. I chose to write about him because, I relate to him in some way.  I would love to find out how a disease was created. For instance, what was the source of how the disease started. Carlos has been called ‘crazy’ and a ‘crank’ for his hypothesis of yellow fever. I have also been called crazy whether it’s for the way I act or think. People should listen to what you have to say and why (Article; American Experience).

Carlos Juan Finlay is a famous scientist, and he is specifically an Epidemiologist. He studied diseases, and lucky for him he found out that mosquitos were the cause of yellow fever. Unfortunately, other people did not like that he made this discovery simply because, he was not an American. Carlos Finlay was from Cuba and then he has immigrated to France for his education and then left again and went to the United States for medical studies. When Finlay found out about the yellow fever most people gave Walter Reed the credit for finding the yellow fever when it was really Finlay. They gave Walter Reed the credit because, he was white and not Hispanic. That must have made it difficult for Finlay to tell his story. When Finlay had this idea people thought he was crazy and that could never be the cause.  People have called him ‘crazy’ and a ‘crank’ because, they did not believe that the cause of yellow fever would be mosquitoes. People were wrong, because he was right. Finlay eventually claimed his story, now everyone knows that he found out how yellow fever is caused (Anthony Brenner).

Carlos Juan Finlay is great for people in the epidemiologist field because he was not American. It proved some people wrong in America that people who are Hispanic can be great scientists. Finlay was a good one because he was helping people save lives. He could have gotten yellow fever himself as he experimented. Some of Finlay’s work showed how the mosquito gave yellow fever to humans. It showed dedication to help the people who were suffering from yellow fever, and he found out how it started just by a hypothesis (Anthony Brenner).

Works Cited

American Experience. “Carlos Finlay (1833-1915)” pbs. Finlay (1833-1915) | American Experience | Official Site | PBS

Anthony, Brenner. “Carlos Finlay” The Cuban Handshake,20 September 2014.Carlos Finlay: Cuban

Physician Who Solved the Mystery of Yellow Fever and Made the Panama Canal Possible |

# data[].attributes.body
Grade:7th

Name: Emy Johnson

Class: ELA

Date:1/28/2025-2/12/2025

Mae Jemison

Mae Jemison is a great inspiration to many black girls. One of the reasons I like her so much is that it’s very easy for people to connect to her because when she was younger, a lot of people told her that she should not even try to become an astronaut because she would never make it, but man, did she prove them wrong. Many young women have to suffer from being told that they are not capable of doing something because they are females, but sometimes all I need is to hear that I am not the only one going through this. Sometimes, seeing other people like me do something great  makes me feel like I can do it too. There must be a lot of people out there like her because she overcame things that others struggle to do all. After all, she had a dream. I can't  wait to tell you all about how amazing she is, so let's jump right on in.

Mae Jemison had to overcome so many challenges to get to where she is now. While she was growing up many people including her teacher told her that  she should not even try to become an astronaut because she would never make it. But no matter how many people put her down, she always rose to the top. Most of the reasons that people told her she couldn't do it was because she a black female (Wise-Answer). Sadly, in the time she was living in it was really hard for people like her to get taken seriously or even get a job. When she first tried to get a job, people turned  her down because they did not want a woman working for them.

When Mae Jemison first took flight in space during the year 1992, Mae Jemison became very important to astronomy. She was the first black female astronaut to go into space, causing her to inspire so many other black women, to become amazing astronauts just like her. Thanks to Mae Jemison we have female astronauts taking up about 11 percent overall in astronauts today(statista). One of my favorite things is seeing women fighting through all the people who judge them. Thank you so much for reading about Mae Jemison,  I hope that I was able to help you. Have a wonderful rest of your day.

Works Cited

Mae Jemison: Biography, First Black Female Astronaut, Doctor

Mae Jemison Biography - life, family, childhood, children, parents, school, young, information, born, college

statista.com

Wise-Answer.com

# data[].attributes.body
Sophie Bissaillon

Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade ELQ

Ending Date (i.e. 14 February) 2025

Ida Noddack Research Paper

Ida Noddack is interesting to me because she is a German woman like me, my mom, and my grandma.  Ida is known for co-discovering Rhenium with her husband, Walter Noddack.  She did this during a time where women did not get to do stuff like that.  She is interesting to me because she is a chemist.  She is also really cool, because she discovered an element which is a big deal especially for a woman in her time.

Ida overcame several adversities to achieve her goals, one was being the first female in her field.  One of the other adversities Ida faced was a German law almost forcing her to stay at home because she was married.  As the first female in her field, she was often ignored by the male chemists, for example her paper “On Element 93” which was initially ignored but later recognized, “As one of the earliest expressions of the idea of nuclear fission.”  Additionally, in 1932 the German government passed a law that required married women to stay at home. This forced Ida to resign from her job and become an “unpaid collaborator” which allowed her to continue being a chemist.  As you can see Ida was forced to overcome some really big challenges on her way to becoming a well-known chemist.

Two reasons that Ida is important to her field is because she was one of the first females in her field and she was the first to theorize about nuclear fission.  According to the nuclear museum In 1934, “Noddack published ‘On Element 93’, a paper which rebuked Enrico Fermi’s claim to have possibly produced transuranic elements…Although the paper was generally ignored, it now serves as one of the earliest expressions of the idea of nuclear fission.” According to Nuclear Newswire, “In Germany, she became one of the first women to study chemistry and obtain a doctorate…. And like many early female scientists, she met her husband and fellow chemist, Walter Noddack, through her work in the field. In a stunning example of ‘two minds are greater than one."   These are the two reasons that proves Ida Noddack is very important to her STEM field which is chemistry.

Works Cited

”Ida Noddack”  Atomic Heritage Foundation,   Ida Noddack - Nuclear Museum.

1 Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus: A Sixty Year Journey 1896-1956

# data[].attributes.body
Kayla Caldwell

Mrs. Bhandari

7th Grade ELA

7 February 2025

Srinivasa Ramanujan Research Paper.

This man means a lot to me because I can relate to his struggles with finances, and he is an inspiration to me personally as he inspires me to work harder to achieve the things that mean the most to me. This is the story of Srinivasa Ramanujan, India’s famous mathematician and physicist as well as why I chose him as my STEM professional for this project. Ever since he was a young boy he was raised in poverty. For example, “His father worked as a clerk in a local cloth shop, providing a modest upbringing” (Palmer Stone, 20 January 2025) So, therefore he means a lot to me because of his lower socioeconomic status and his unwavering will to achieve his goals.

Srinivasa Ramanujan overcame poverty to achieve his goals. He was raised in poverty, and it almost seemed to follow him for the rest of his life, but he continued to push through and make remarkable discoveries as well as supporting his family. When he was younger, he valued math over the other subjects and this intern costed him a scholarship and he became unemployed. Srinivasa struggled with finances for a long while, writing paper after paper but still not making enough money. He sought unemployment benefits from the government, but he kept writing papers and eventually his luck turned. The text says, “His talent eventually led to a position as a shipping clerk at the Madras Port Trust, allowing him to continue nurturing his mathematical aspirations while building a local reputation” (Palmer Stone, 20 January 2025).

This proves that he wasn’t making that much money because it said that he was making a modest income. Srinivasa later met a woman named Janaki Ammal who became his wife. Ramanujan's family life was also influenced by the socio-economic conditions of the time. Biography Host told me, “His income from his job at the Madras Port Trust was modest, and financial struggles often loomed over them” (Palmer Stone, 20 January 2025). This proves that Srinivasa struggled with finances because it called out the fact that financial struggles loomed over them. Srinivasa Ramanujan, although making a modest amount of money, provided for his family in a way that showed his determination and love while also making sure they were all comfortable. So, Ramanujan overcame poverty to achieve his goals by his sheer willingness to continue with his passions.

Ramanujan is important to the Mathematic field of STEM due to his remarkable discovery with the theory of numbers. According to the text, “He was born on December 22, 1887, in Erode, India, before his family relocated to Kumbakonam. Growing up in a small town, he soon displayed an extraordinary skill in mathematics, which soon became evident during his early years in school” (Palmer Stone, 20 January 2025). This proves that even when he was young, he had a calling for math. His love for math grew and he became a master at it, although the other subjects he was taking suffered because of his love for math, he put more effort into it.

At age 15, Srinivasa Ramanujan obtained a mathematic book containing thousands of theorems, which he verified and from which he developed his own ideas. His singular focus on mathematics caused him to neglect other subjects during his schooling, which resulted in losing his scholarship at both the Government College in Kumbakonam and the University of Madras. Despite this setback he continued to study. Britannica says, “Those contributions to the theory of numbers include pioneering discoveries of the properties of the partition function” (Britannica, 20 January 2025). This proves that he made a significant impact on the mathematical field of STEM due to his theorems and discoveries. He wrote awe inducing papers about mathematic theorems and we still remember him today as Indias famous mathematician for his large strides in mathematical evolution with the theory of numbers. Ramanujan is amazing for his discoveries and how he overcame his struggles. Srinivasa truly impacted the STEM mathematical field greatly with his wonderous ideas and theories. Thank you for reading this article about Srinivasa Ramanujan.

Works Cited

Britannica. “Srinivasa Ramanujan” Britannica, 20 January 2025. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Srinivasa-Ramanujan

Stone, Palmer. “Srinivasa Ramanujan | Biography” Biography Host, 20 January 2025. https://biographyhost.com/p/srinivasa-ramanujan-biography.html.

# data[].attributes.body
Yerp!

# data[].attributes.body
This is my final sticker

# data[].attributes.body
YASSSS!

# data[].attributes.headline
I messed up on the last one, this is the final sticker.

# data[].attributes.subject
I messed up on the last one, this is the final sticker.

# data[].attributes.body
Today I'm going to upload my sticker!!!!!

# data[].attributes.headline
2/28/25- My final sticker in Power Point

# data[].attributes.subject
2/28/25- My final sticker in Power Point

# data[].attributes.body
Today I made some of her freckles darker so they would show on her skin. I also changed the color of her skin to lighter because it printed darker than she really was. I also changed to background to add more contrast.

# data[].attributes.body
I finished the shoulders, nose and eyes

# data[].attributes.body
Fixed the chin

# data[].attributes.body
i fixed his glasses and his suit

# data[].attributes.body
Today I fixed some lines and tweaked some colors to make the image more professional and noticable.

# data[].attributes.body
I repositioned the mosquitoes to be a bit larger so it will print better.

# data[].attributes.body
I'm going to make my person's name white, change the background, and make the person larger.

# data[].attributes.headline
My goal for today is to paste my image to a new artboard with the correct size.

# data[].attributes.subject
My goal for today is to paste my image to a new artboard with the correct size.

# data[].attributes.body
Change chimp's eyes to be more realistic.

# data[].attributes.body
My goal for today is to make my person a bit thinner so that it doesn't get clipped, change the lip color to a less bright shade, and possibly change the color of the name.

# data[].attributes.body
My goal is to add shading, make my person bigger, and make the facial features more visible.

# data[].attributes.body
I plan to find a new background and try to add contrast to the hair

# data[].attributes.body
Today I plan to change the background to something lighter. I then plan to make her skin a little lighter since it printed darker than she really is. I then also plan to lighten her shirt.

# data[].attributes.body
I plan to try to make the Person bigger so his face is not cute off

# data[].attributes.body
I plan to change the color of background and work on the lips

# data[].attributes.body
I did not get any problems that I really have to fix but I will tweak a few lines and maybe switch some colors

# data[].attributes.body
I will fix the ear color and suit color.

# data[].attributes.headline
I am planning to add a small white line around his head and resize text

# data[].attributes.subject
I am planning to add a small white line around his head and resize text

# data[].attributes.body
I will change the background, and add better shading to the face

# data[].attributes.body
Today I plan to make my background a bit smaller so that it's easier to see since it was fuzzy.

# data[].attributes.body
I am going to make the chin, so they neck does not blend in with each other

# data[].attributes.body
i need to find a new background and fix the out lines

# data[].attributes.body
My goal is to lighten the hair and submit it.