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The first permanent English settlement in North America was established in Virginia. English colonists came seeking gold and wealth, but faced many hardships including disease, starvation, and conflicts with Native Americans. Many settlers died during the harsh winters, but those who survived learned to grow tobacco, which became very profitable.

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1619: First Africans Arrive in Jamestown

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1619: First Africans Arrive in Jamestown

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Twenty Africans were brought to Jamestown on a Dutch ship. Unlike the European colonists who chose to come to America, these Africans were brought against their will. This marked the beginning of forced migration that would continue for centuries, as enslaved people were taken from their homes in Africa to work on plantations.

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A group of English Puritans called Pilgrims sailed on the Mayflower to escape religious persecution in England. They wanted the freedom to practice their religion as they chose. After a difficult journey, they established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, seeking a new life where they could worship freely.

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1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony Established

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1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony Established

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Led by John Winthrop, about 1,000 English Puritans migrated to Massachusetts Bay. They came seeking religious freedom and wanted to create a 'city upon a hill' - a perfect Christian community. This was part of the Great Migration, where thousands of Puritans left England to escape religious restrictions.

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1634: Maryland Founded as Catholic Haven

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1634: Maryland Founded as Catholic Haven

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Lord Baltimore established Maryland as a place where Catholics could practice their religion freely. In England, Catholics faced discrimination and couldn't hold certain jobs or worship openly. Maryland became known for religious tolerance, welcoming both Catholics and Protestants to settle there.

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1636: Rhode Island Founded by Roger Williams

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1636: Rhode Island Founded by Roger Williams

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Roger Williams was forced to leave Massachusetts because of his religious beliefs. He founded Rhode Island as a place with complete religious freedom for all people. Native Americans, Jews, Quakers, and people of all faiths were welcome. Williams believed that government should not control people's religious choices.

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1681: Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn

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1681: Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn

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William Penn, a Quaker, established Pennsylvania as a place where Quakers could live peacefully. Quakers faced persecution in England for their beliefs about equality and nonviolence. Penn created a colony based on religious tolerance and fair treatment of Native Americans, attracting settlers from many countries.

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1732: Georgia Founded as Debtor's Colony

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1732: Georgia Founded as Debtor's Colony

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James Oglethorpe founded Georgia to give poor people and debtors from English prisons a second chance at life. In England, people could be put in prison for owing money. Georgia offered these people an opportunity to start over, work hard, and build new lives in America.

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Thousands of Scots-Irish families migrated from Northern Ireland to America, especially to Pennsylvania and the southern colonies. They left because of high rents, poor harvests, and religious discrimination. These hardy settlers often moved to the frontier, bringing their farming skills and strong work ethic.

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1700s: German Immigration to Pennsylvania

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1700s: German Immigration to Pennsylvania

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Many German families moved to Pennsylvania seeking religious freedom and economic opportunities. Some were fleeing wars in their homeland, while others wanted to own their own land. They brought valuable skills in farming, crafts, and trades. These German settlers became known as Pennsylvania Dutch.

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1750s: Forced Migration Through Atlantic Slave Trade

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1750s: Forced Migration Through Atlantic Slave Trade

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Hundreds of thousands of Africans were forcibly brought to the American colonies through the Atlantic slave trade. Unlike other immigrants who chose to come to America, enslaved Africans were captured from their homes and families and forced to work on plantations. This forced migration caused great suffering and separated families forever.

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As coastal areas became crowded, colonists began moving west into the frontier lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Families packed their belongings in covered wagons and traveled through dangerous mountain passes. They were seeking cheap land, new opportunities, and the chance to start farms in the wilderness.