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Summary: The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Though focused on race, this case became the foundation for later disability rights cases demanding equal access to education.

Primary: Source: https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education

Who It Impacted: First it impacted black students but it inspired disability advocates to fight for equal access as well.

Analysis: This case proved that separate education is not equal education, which later helped expand the rights for students with disabilities.

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Summary: Parents of students with disabilities sued because schools refused to teach children with intellectual/mental disabilities. The court ruled that every child has the right to a public education suited and personalized to their learning needs.

Primary Source: https://www.pubintlaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/PARC-Consent-Decree.pdf https://thearcpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/PARC-Consent-Decree-1972.pdf

Who It Impacted: Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the state of Pennsylvania.

Analysis: PARC opened the door for all children with disabilities to attend school and receive the support they needed.

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1972: Mills v. Board of Education Washington, D.C.

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1972: Mills v. Board of Education Washington, D.C.

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Summary: The court ruled that schools can't refuse to educate children with disabilities because of the lack of funds or resources.

Primary Source: https://www.wrightslaw.com/law/art/history.spec.ed.law.htm https://clearinghouse.net/doc/43034/

Who It Impacted: Students with disabilities were refused an education due to cost or limited resources.

Analysis: Ensured that financial limits cannot be used as an excuse to exclude students with disabilities from school.

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People in wheelchairs inside a building looking out of a glass door, where a man with a wheelchair looks in.] There were protests in and outside federal offices in San Francisco. At one, Mike Williams, far left, could see Nancy D’Angelo, center, and Judy Heumann, far right, through windows on April 12, 1977

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1973: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

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1973: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

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Summary: This federal law banned discrimination against people with disabilities in any program that receives federal funds this includes public schools.

Who It Impacted: All students with disabilities in federally funded schools.

Analysis: Section 504 established the idea that discrimination based on disability is illegal & protecting students’ rights nationwide. Later the people that were effected by this act had a sit-in.

Primary Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/us/504-sit-in-disability-rights.html https://www.google.com/search?q=+section+504+of+the+rehabilitation+act&sca_esv=d05a4234866c3ef7&rlz=1CABDLY_enUS1163US1163&biw=1536&bih=791&sxsrf=AE3TifPj_Dp56J4qFkPDo3b0XQd7HaC3LA%3A1760557435724&ei=e_nvaI7rK5yk5NoPy9W0yQI&ved=0ahUKEwjOlMDE-6aQAxUcElkFHcsqLSkQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=+section+504+of+the+rehabilitation+act&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiJiBzZWN0aW9uIDUwNCBvZiB0aGUgcmVoYWJpbGl0YXRpb24gYWN0MgoQIxjwBRgnGMkCMgoQIxiABBgnGIoFMgsQABiABBiRAhiKBTIGEAAYBxgeMgsQABiABBiRAhiKBTIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yCxAAGIAEGJECGIoFMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHkijAlAAWABwAHgBkAEAmAFuoAFuqgEDMC4xuAEDyAEA-AEBmAIBoAJ2mAMAkgcDMC4xoAecDLIHAzAuMbgHdsIHAzItMcgHBQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp#:~:text=Show%20more-,Section%20504,http%3A//www.ed.gov%20%E2%80%BA%20...%20%E2%80%BA%20Individuals%20With%20Disabilities,-Section%20504%20helps

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1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142)

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1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142)

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Event Summary: This law required all public schools to provide a “Free Appropriate Public Education” also known as the (FAPE) and create an Individualized Education Program such as the (IEP) for each child with a disability.

Primary Source: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-89/pdf/STATUTE-89-Pg773.pdf

Who It Impacted: Students with disabilities across the United States.

Analysis: This law made education a legal right for children with disabilities, ensuring schools must meet their learning needs.

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1990: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

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1990: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

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Event Summary: The 1975 law was renamed and updated to guarantee that students with disabilities receive education in the “least restrictive environment” possible. It also added transition planning for life after school.

Primary Source: https://www.congress.gov/committee-report/108th-congress/house-report/779/1?outputFormat=pdf

Who It Impacted: Students receiving special education services in public schools.

Analysis: IDEA strengthened the promise of inclusion and individualized support in every public schools.

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1990: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

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1990: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

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Event Summary: This law banned discrimination against people with disabilities in all public spaces, including schools, transportation, and jobs. Schools now had to be accessible to everyone.

Primary Source: https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/88/374/6037488/content/arcmedia/presidential-libraries/exhibits/disabilities/ADA_Signed_Act_pg_1.jpg

Who It Impacted: Students with physical, sensory, or other disabilities needing accessible school buildings.

Analysis: The ADA guaranteed physical and equal access, making school environments more inclusive for all and even public environments.

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2004: IDEA Reauthorization (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act)

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2004: IDEA Reauthorization (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act)

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Event Summary: Updated IDEA to focus on results, accountability, and evidence based teaching strategies. Schools must track student progress and ensure services lead to real outcomes.

Primary Source: IDEA Reauthorization of 2004 – Congress.gov

Who It Impacted: Students with disabilities and teachers working under updated accountability rules.

Analysis: This update made sure the law didn’t just promise education it required measurable success for students with disabilities.