# data[].attributes.body
ancient times:

Used baths and toilets to keep clean.

Water systems is very important

→ Access to clean water is essential for well-being, as well as for the control of infectious diseases.

1800s:

Factories in the 1800s created new health problems.

Factories workers stayed in one place for long hours -> worked on machines that polluted the air -> moved to towns with factories for work -> factories towns became cities -> diseases spread easily ( ex: cholera and tuberculosis)

→ Designers realized the importance of adequate space and clean air in the built environment.

→ Architects began to design factories with many windows to provide better ventilation and lighting.

19th -20th century:

One of the worst health problems of the 19th century was tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis was the cause of 25 percent of all deaths in New York City.

→  Patients were sent to a special center, called a sanatorium.

→ It reduces stress, depression, and heart disease

modernist architecture:

Buildings everywhere—flat surfaces, large windows, light colors.

Architects and engineers used metal and concrete.

→ It’s important to choose materials and features that support rather than harm health.

contemporary and future:

Buildings in cities have evolved to include more shared space for collective gatherings, and less individual space

In the future, we may see a move toward homes with more individual space, greater flexibility of design, and access to nature, inside and out

# data[].attributes.body
1. Ancient Times

Early water systems, baths, and toilets (Ancient Pakistan, Greece, Rome, Islamic world)

Focus on hygiene & clean water → prevent infectious diseases

2. 1800s

Industrial Revolution → factories pollute air, overcrowded housing

High death rates from cholera, tuberculosis

Realization of need for ventilation & space

3. 19th – 20th Century

Sanatoriums built: fresh air, sunshine, large rooms

Access to nature improves recovery & reduces stress

Green space linked to better mental & physical health

4. Modernist Architecture

Large windows, flat roofs, light colors

Buildings easy to clean but created new problems (toxic materials, sealed windows, poor air circulation)

5. Contemporary & Future

Flexible spaces for privacy & health crises

Balance of shared & individual spaces

Biophilic design: bringing nature indoors

Health-conscious materials & fresh air systems

# data[].attributes.body
Ancient time :

- Water play a factor

- Integrate well-being and building

- Paskistan: keep clean water in bath and tolet

1800s:

- Move factory town to city

- Crowded workplace-> disease spread -> divided room and single water source

-Dirty air-> lung disease->death rate grow up->many window, light space

19th-20th century:

- Tuberculosis -> 25% in NY

-Large room, large window, design chair easy to clean

- Green space -> reduce stress, depression

Modernist architecture:

- Large window, light space

-Metal and concrete-> release toxic gases

-More shared space-> less individual space.

Contemporary:

- Less private space

- Access to nature.

Future:

- Flexible spaces

- More individual space at home

- Indoor gardens, connection to nature

- Healthy design principles:

Clean water

> Ventilation and fresh air

> Sunlight and green space

> Adequate / flexible space

> Movement and exercise opportunities.

# data[].attributes.body
19th - 20th century:

Need adequate space and clean air.

Sanatoriums featured spacious rooms, open windows, sunshine.

Sunshine killed tuberculosis bacteria, access to green space declined stress, and improved recovery.

Modernist architecture:

Sanatorium design elements became popular: large windows, flat roofs.

Use of metal and concrete.

Buildings often had closed windows with heating/cooling systems.

Man- made materials sometimes produce toxic gases.

Closed- window buildings caused unhealthy indoor air.

Contemporary and Future:

Shift to more shared space (less individual).

Future trend toward more individual/flexible space and access to nature.

Bringing the outdoors inside (plants)

Fresh air improves thinking and energy.

Flexible space increases privacy and helps separate people during a health crisis.

# data[].attributes.body
Ancient Times

-Baths and toilets to keep clean

-Water systems in Pakistan, Greece, Rome, Islamic world

-Access to clean water essential for health and disease control

1800s

-Factories: long hours, air pollution, crowded cities

-Poor housing: small rooms, shared water → more infectious & non-infectious diseases

-Architects added windows, ventilation, better lighting

19th–20th Century

-Tuberculosis: 25% deaths in NYC (1810–1815), 3rd cause in 1900

-Sanatoriums in countryside: spacious rooms, fresh air, sunlight → faster recovery, reduce stress & depression

-Example: Paimio Sanatorium (1933, Alvar Aalto): hygienic interiors, terraces, balconies

Modernist Architecture

-Spread of sanatorium design across Europe & North America

-Features: flat surfaces, large windows, light colors

-Pros: clean and hygienic; Cons: monotonous, cold

-Materials (metal, concrete) → unhealthy indoor air

Contemporary & Future

-More shared spaces: open offices, small apartments with communal areas

-Flexible design: privacy, separate sick and healthy, indoor plants and gardens

-Future trend: more individual space and access to nature inside and outside

# data[].attributes.body
Ancient times :

Bath and toilets to keep clean water

Water systems for hygiene

Access to water is essetial for the control of diseases

1800s :

+ Factories create new health problems

+ Factories were confined in one place for long hours

+ Work on machine that pollute the air + people from farms move to factories to work + diseases spread easily + residents share room

19-20th century:

+ borculosis caused by bacteria, cause of 25% all deaths of NY city

Common world of death

: modernist : flat services , ;oi-gh , they have a cer tain …

Modern creath own problems . architec use metal and concrete

Reduce toxic gases

Heatling and cooling sys tem , windows don’t open

Contemporary future : lesss individual space , less seprrate toxin . in dense neighbourhood , they could exercise and socialize , hard to be productive .