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An important aspect of the Burmese culture is remaining calm and modest; this is having face. Face is a concept that deals with how you treat people, which is linked to your personal reputation. Treating people with respect and treating them in ways that boost their self-esteem shows that you have a good face. Face is something that can be lost, causing someone’s reputation to be permanently affected; this can be done by embarrassing someone, not showing respect, or displaying negative emotions, hence why most Burmese people have a calm, considerate, and modest nature. (Evason, 2017)

Evason, N. (2017). Myanmar (Burmese) Culture. Cultural Atlas. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/myanmar-burmese-culture/burmese-myanmar-culture-core-concepts

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Steinberg, D. (2019). Myanmar | Facts, Geography, & History. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar 

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Phon is a hierarchical concept that is that men are superior to women in society and households. It means that the man’s opinion is listened to and respected more than a woman’s. Men are considered to have a good omen, and women are considered to have a bad omen. The head of the house is the father/husband who makes the decisions for the whole family; they are associated with his name, and he has the power. Men tend to be referred to as ‘Ani Oo Nat,’ which means the spirit or lord of the house. (New, n.d)

Nwe, A. (n.d). Gender Hierarchy in Myanmar.

https://cca.org.hk/ctc/ctc-xxvi-1/131-139_aye_nwe.pdf

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Dance is an integral part of the Burmese culture; it is a way of expression and representation of a flower. In many Burmese dances, the dancer represents a flower and its different aspects, from the root to the head; when the dancer moves, it means a flower moving in the wind. There are many kinds of dancing for different occasions; for example, they have traditional dances which are usually performed at charitable ceremonies and festivals. Folk dances are used to represent daily tasks and activities. Marionette dances are also performed for theatre entertainment. (Hays, 2014)

Hays, J. (2014). Burmese Dances And Dance In Myanmar.

https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Myanmar/sub5_5e/entry-3091.html

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Traditional medicine practiced by Burmese Culture 

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Traditional medicine practiced by Burmese Culture 

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A traditional medicine used by the Burmese culture is called Andrographis paniculata. This medication is a type of plant; each part of the plant can be used in a range of ways to treat different types of conditions to help improve the health of the community. The parts of the plant that can be used are the leaf, root, and whole plant, as well as the liquid that comes from boiling the plant.  The main targets for the medication include general medicines for children, reduction of temperature, control of gallbladder function, controlling the amount of phlegm produced, as well as increasing appetite. (DeFilipps, Krupnick, 2018)

DeFilipps, R.A., & Krupnick, G. A. (2018). The medical plants of Myanmar. Phytokeys, (102), 1-341. https://doi.org/10.3897//phytokeys.102.24380

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Fiore, B. (2023). Karen refugees in Katanning keep culture alive with weekend school after fleeing war in Myanmar – ABC News, ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-06/karen-refugees-weekend-school-language-culture-katanning/102792840 

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Steinberg, D. (2019). Myanmar | Facts, Geography, & History. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar 

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Steinberg, D. (2019). Myanmar | Facts, Geography, & History. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar 

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WHO Determinant; 'Social inclusion and non-discrimination'

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WHO Determinant; 'Social inclusion and non-discrimination'

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The WHO’s determinants of health are the non-medical factors influencing health. (World Health Organization, 2021) Social inclusion and non-discrimination are directly related to health. People such as Burmese refugees/migrants have already gone through harmfully impacting situations to flee their country, so additional unacceptance and exclusion can negatively affect their mental health. Once affected, it can affect physical health, causing the person’s overall health to be impacted. (Ziersch & Walsh, 2020) Social inclusion and non-discrimination have been proven to impact and help with mental health conditions positively. (Merton & Bateman, 2007)It’s important, especially for refugees, as they are in an unfamiliar environment; if they are included and not discriminated against, it will help them to feel more included, improving their health. (Ziersch & Walsh, 2020)

Merton, R., & Bateman, J. (2007). Social Inclusion: Its importance to mental health. Mental Health Coordinating Council. https://www.mhcc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/mhcc-social-inclusion.pdf

World Health Organization. (2021). Social Determinants of Health. Www.who.int.

https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_3

Ziersch,A., Due, C., & Walsh, M. (2020). Discrimination: a health hazard for people from refugee and asylum-seeking backgrounds resettled in Australia. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8068-3

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection in the lungs; the majority of cases in Australia are from people born overseas, such as refugees.  (Denholm, Bailes & Francis, 2024) As Australia is a typical country of refugee for Burmese refugees, they will all undergo a TB test either pre/post-arrival in Australia to rule out infection of TB as it is easily spread through the community through inhalation or interaction with a contaminated person, causing an outbreak. (Chaves, Gibney, Leder, O’Brien, Marshall & Biggs, 2009) If a person is infected with TB, then their visa will be prevented because of the severity of the condition. (Trauer, Williams, Laemmle-Ruff, Horyniak, Caplice, McBryde, Majumdar, Graham & Hellard, 2021) Treatment for TB for refugees after diagnosis is usually a course of antibiotics for the duration of 6-12 months. (Denholm, Bailes & Francis, 2024)

Chaves, N. J., Gibney, K. B., Leder, K., O’Brien, D. P., Marshall, C., & Biggs, B. A. (2009). Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Burmese Refugees in Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(11), 1269-1772. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1511.090777

Denholm, J., Bailes, M., & Francis, J. (2024). Tuberculosis (TB% LTBI). Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/tuberculosis-tb/

Trauer, J. M., Williams, B., Laemmle-Ruff, I., Horyniak, D., Caplice, L. V. S., McBryde, E. S., Majumdar, S. S., Graham, S. M., & Hellard, M. E. (2021). Tuberculosis in migrants to Australia: Outcomes of a national screening program. The lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100135

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Hampton, M. (2014). Reflective Practise Writing Guide: Vocabulary Aid. Australian Library and information Association

Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMWORK FOR CLINICANS. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf