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Sudan is located in north-eastern Africa, between Egypt and Eritrea bordering the Red Sea (Sudan-the World Factbook, n.d.). The total area is 1861484 sq km. Total land occupied by Sudan is 1731671 sq km. Similarly, the climate of Sudan is hot and dry and April to November is the rainy season. People in Sudan are called Sudanese and almost 500 ethnic groups are present like Fur, Nuba, Beja, Uduk, Masalit etc (Sudan-the World Factbook, n.d.).

Sudan - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Www.cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/

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In Sudan, medical plants are highly valued mainly in rural and tibial areas and people prefer the medical plant to treat any disease 90% of people in Sudan depend on traditional medicine to treat illness (Ali et al., 2019). Similar to other African country, Sudanese people continue to depend on the traditional medicine or folk medicine (Abdallah, 2016).

Hibiscus Sabdariffa which is known as Tella Karkade (Herbal plant) in Sudnease. In sudan, Tella Karnade known as Hibiscus Sabdariffa is use as medicinal proporties and as an herbal drink traditionally (Kuhnert and karar, 2017). In Sudan, this plant is used to treat hypertension, colds, fever, cough, malaria, and antimicrobial effects such as bacterial infection, viruses and parasites, and anticancer (Kuhnert and Karar, 2017).

Ali, S. A., Sharief, N. H., & Mohamed, Y. S. (2019). Hepatoprotective Activity of Some Medicinal Plants in Sudan. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2196315

Kuhnert, N., & Karar, M. E. (2017). Herbal drugs from Sudan: Traditional uses and phytoconstituents. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 83. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_15_15

Abdallah, E. (2016). Antibacterial efficiency of the Sudanese Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), a famous beverage from Sudanese folk medicine. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 5(2), 186. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160320022623

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Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) plant

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Kisra is one of the Sudan traditional foods (Khalid et al., 2017). Kisra is a fermented sorghum flatbread, made in Sudan from sorghum (Makawi et al., 2019). Grain from Sorghum has chemical properties similar to maize, including starch, lipids, and proteins. Sorghum grain also contains vitamins and minerals, oil bodies and waxes (Stefoska-Needham et al., 2015).

Preparation of Kisra (Khalid et al., 2017).

1. The process starts by mixing sorghum flour and water and combining it with previously fermented dough.

2. The mixture is left to ferment overnight and then heated on a steel plate at 15-160 degrees Celcius.

3. Steel plate is one of the stuffs used for the Kisra.

4. Then stiff sorghum is forced on the edges of a tin buried beneath, the tin is then covered and the dough is baked over charcoal until thoroughly done.

5. Cook until it becomes thick.

Stefoska-Needham, A., Beck, E. J., Johnson, S. K., & Tapsell, L. C. (2015). Sorghum: An Underutilized Cereal Whole Grain with the Potential to Assist in the Prevention of Chronic Disease. Food Reviews International, 31(4), 401–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2015.1022832

Khalid, F. A., Ali, A. K. M., Ali, S. A., Mosmar, Z. Y. A., Salih, S. S. M., Salman, T. K., Desogi, M. A., Soghaier, M. A., Mohammed, E. E., & Mohammed, A. A. (2017). Households’ dietary habits and food consumption patterns in Hamishkoreib locality, Kassala State, Sudan. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 4(3), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2017.08.009

Makawi, A. B., Mustafa, A. I., Adiamo, O. Q., & Mohamed Ahmed, I. A. (2019). Quality attributes of Kisra prepared from sorghum flour fermented with baobab fruit pulp flour as starter. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(8), 3754–3763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03848-w

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Sudanese Health issues upon arrival in Australia

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Sudanese Health issues upon arrival in Australia

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Country focus= Sudan

Sudan is a country which is located in Northeast Africa. Sudanese face refugees due to the war between North and South Sudan, people have to migrate from their country to a third country like Australia (Abur and Mphande, 2019). Refugees suffer mental illnesses like trauma, diseases and other mental health problems like PSTD After arriving in Australia due to the settlement in the new country (Abur and Mphande, 2019). Another one is vitamin D deficiency (Nutritional Assessment of Resettled Paediatric Refugees in Western Australia, 2018).

Treatment for the vitamin D is to restore the normal range by daily dosing or high dose therapy, making sure that an adequate amount of intake for the patient (Refugee Heath assessment, n.d).

Abur, W., & Mphande, C. (2019). Mental Health and Wellbeing of South Sudanese-Australians. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 55(3), 002190961988029. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619880294

Newman, K., O’Donovan, K., Bear, N., Robertson, A., Mutch, R., & Cherian, S. (2018). Nutritional assessment of resettled paediatric refugees in Western Australia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14250

Refugee health assessment» Australian Refugee Health. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/refugee-health-assessment/

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The impact of social Inclusion and non-discrimination on the health of Sudanese refugees in Australia

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The impact of social Inclusion and non-discrimination on the health of Sudanese refugees in Australia

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Social inclusion and non-discrimination are the main factors for refugees (World Health Organization, 2024). In Australia, refugees experience poor physical health and emotional health and face many barriers that impact their mental health and social services, and health service providers are increasingly noticing the importance of promoting social engagement among refugees (Russo et al., 2023). The study suggests that community-based programs can increase social inclusion by providing different opportunities like English learning programs and participating in programs (Russo et al., 2023).

For refugees it is hard to settle in another country, number of services and help they need during that time. Providing opportunities for new careers is a new chance for refugees in Australia (Abur and Mphande, 2019). Language program helps refugees to learn the language and finding employment also makes the refugee's mental health good. Counselling and support services for Sudnease also help them to resolve their problems (Abur and Mphande, 2019).

Russo, A., Koch, R., & McBride, J. (2023). Promoting social inclusion among asylum seekers and refugees living in thesoutheastt region of Melbourne, Australia, through volunteering. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.685

Abur, W., & Mphande, C. (2019). Mental Health and Wellbeing of South Sudanese-Australians. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 55(3), 002190961988029. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619880294

World Health Organization. (2023). World Health Organization. Who.int; World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/

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Domain 1. Clinical expert standard 1.2 I found the most relevant while searching about the Sudanese.

Sudanese faces many mental health problems like PTSD, and trauma (Abur and Mphande, 2019). I did not know refugees face this kind of problem and their cultural background. While providing it is and it will be important to do effective communication. In the future also I will try my best to provide care with respect and sensitivity to patients of Sudan.

Abur, W., & Mphande, C. (2019). Mental Health and Wellbeing of South Sudanese-Australians. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 55(3), 002190961988029. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909619880294

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