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MacRae, K. (2020). Bhutan, land of the thunder dragon. Butterfield & Robinson. https://www.butterfield.com/get-inspired/deep-bhutan-land-thunder-dragon

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Bhutan, Land of the Thunder Dragon | Butterfield & Robinson

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If you are fortunate enough to make your way to Bhutan, a largely Buddhist country (although some Hinduism is practiced), it’s worth getting to know…

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What is the difference between momos and dumplings. (2023, May 26). The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/what-is-the-difference-between-momos-and-dumplings/photostory/100532663.cms?picid=100532698

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What is the difference between Momos and Dumplings

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Dumplings and momos, two beloved delicacies that have captured the hearts and taste buds of food enthusiasts worldwide, often spark a debate on their similarities and differences. While both are wrapped delights with various fillings, they originate from different culinary traditions and exhibit distinct characteristics. In this we will explore the dissimilarities between these delightful treats. If you love both these dishes, read more to find out about their differences. (Images courtesy: iStock)

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Ema Datshi: Exploring Bhutan’s National Dish. (2024, November 30). [Photograph]. Bhutan Kitchen. https://bhutan-kitchen.com/ema-datshi-exploring-bhutans-national-dish/

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Kemp, S. (2025). Digital 2025: Bhutan. Data Reportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-bhutan

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Digital 2025: Bhutan — DataReportal – Global Digital Insights

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All the data, insights, and trends you need to help you make sense of the “state of digital” in Bhutan in 2025, including detailed statistics for internet use, social media use, and mobile use, as well as user numbers for all the top social platforms.

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Norbu, D., & Karan, P. P. (2025). Bhutan. Britannica Academic. https://www.britannica.com/place/Bhutan

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The Great Himalayas

The northern part of Bhutan lies within the Great Himalayas; the snowcapped peaks in this region reach an elevation of more than 24,000 feet (7,300 metres). High valleys occur at elevations of 12,000 to 18,000 feet (3,700 to 5,500 metres), running down from the great northern glaciers. Alpine pastures on the high ranges are used for grazing yaks in the summer months. To the north of the Great Himalayas are several "marginal" mountains of the Plateau of Tibet that form the principal watershed between the northward- and the southward-flowing rivers. A dry climate is characteristic of the Great Himalayan region.

Until about 1960 the tempo of life in the Great Himalayas continued much as it had for centuries. Long relatively undisturbed in their ways, Bhutanese traders carried cloth, spices, and grains across the mountain passes into Tibet and brought back salt, wool, and sometimes herds of yaks. The absorption of Tibet by China, however, necessarily pushed Bhutan toward ending its isolation; the event brought major changes to the way of living in those high regions, as military precautions were taken to guard against the potential danger of a Chinese incursion from Tibet.

Spurs from the Great Himalayas radiate southward, forming the ranges of the Lesser Himalayas (also called Inner Himalayas). The north-south ranges of the Lesser Himalayas constitute watersheds between the principal rivers of Bhutan. Differences in elevation and the degree of exposure to moist southwest monsoon winds determine the prevailing vegetation, which ranges from dense forest on the rain-swept windward slopes to alpine vegetation at higher elevations. Several fertile valleys of central Bhutan are in the Lesser Himalayas at elevations varying from 5,000 to 9,000 feet (1,500 to 2,700 metres). These valleys, notably the Paro, Punakha, Thimphu, and Ha, are relatively broad and flat, receive moderate rainfall (from 40 to 50 inches [about 1,000 to 1,270 mm] or less a year), and are fairly well populated and cultivated.

The Duars Plain

South of the Lesser Himalayas and the foothills lies the narrow Duars Plain, which forms a strip 8 to 10 miles (12 to 16 km) wide along the southern border of Bhutan. The Himalayan ranges rise sharply and abruptly from this plain, which constitutes a gateway to the strategic mountain passes (known as dwars or dooars) that lead into the fertile valleys of the Lesser Himalayas. Subject to abundant rainfall (200 to 300 inches [5,100 to 7,600 mm] a year), the entire Duars tract is hot and steamy and is covered with dense semitropical forest and undergrowth.

The northern part of the Duars, immediately bordering the mountains, consists of a rugged, irregular, and sloping surface. At the foot of the mountains, small villages are found in forest clearings, but most of the area is thickly covered with vegetation inhabited by an array of large wild animals. The southern part of the Duars, bordering India, is mostly covered with savanna (grassy parkland) and bamboo jungle. In many areas the savannas have been cleared for rice cultivation. The principal trade routes between central Bhutan and India follow the valleys of the main rivers.

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Bhutan | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, Language, & Facts

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Bhutan, landlocked country of south-central Asia, located on the eastern ridges of the Himalayas. Historically a remote kingdom, Bhutan became less isolated in the second half of the 20th century, and consequently the pace of change began to accelerate. With improvements in transportation, by the

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This selected YouTube documentary video serves as the primary source for this project.

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Bhutan 10 Day Itinerary: Festivals, Off Beat Wonders & Cultural Secrets |One World Ep4 | Curly Tales

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INTRODUCTION

Based on page 1 of the article, the highlighted information describes Bhutan as a country known for its steep mountains, deep valleys, and rich biodiversity. It also mentions that Bhutan covers an area of approximately 38,394 square kilometres.

Ref:

Nepal, T. K. (2022). An overview of biodiversity in Bhutan. Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 7–19. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2022/v8i130144

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CULTURAL ELEMENT 1: RELIGION

A) Buddhism’s Influence

Based on page 144 of the article, the highlighted information explains that Guru Rinpoche is known as the “Second Buddha.”

Ref:

Kapstein, M. (2022). About Padmasambhava: Historical Narratives and Later Transformations of Guru Rinpoche. Buddhist Studies Review, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.23617

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About Padmasambhava Historical Narratives and Later Transformations of Guru Rinpoche,

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CULTURAL ELEMENT 1: RELIGION

A) Buddhism’s Influence

Based on page 9 of the article, the highlighted information suggests that a monastery can be located in either a communal or remote setting. In communal settings, the monastery plays a key role in both the social and cultural life of the community, in addition to its religious duties.

Ref:

Thinley, J., Chimi, C., & Chettri, N. (2021). Spiritual and Spatial Significance of Choedrak Monastery in the Cultural Geography of Bhutan. 17(3), 407–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11759-021-09432-Z

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Spiritual and Spatial Significance of Choedrak Monastery in the Cultural (1)

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CULTURAL ELEMENT 3: FESTIVALS

Based on page 6 of the article, the highlighted information explains that during the festival, mask dance or cham is performed by monks wearing colourful costumes and masks.

Ref:

Suntikul, W. (2018). Cultural sustainability and fluidity in Bhutan's traditional festivals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(12), 2102-2116. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1533021

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Cultural Sustainability and Fluidity in Bhutan's Traditional Festivals

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Ema Datshi: Exploring Bhutan’s national dish. (2024, November 30). Bhutan Kitchen. https://bhutan-kitchen.com/ema-datshi-exploring-bhutans-national-dish/#:~:text=Ema%20Datshi%2C%20often%20referred%20to,for%20bold%20and%20spicy%20flavours

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Ema Datshi: Exploring Bhutan’s National Dish | Bhutan Kitchen

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Ema Datshi, often referred to as the “soul of Bhutanese cuisine,” is a dish that represents more than just food; it embodies the culture, traditions, and agricultural simplicity of Bhutan. At its core, the dish is a fiery stew made with chili peppers (ema) and Bhutanese cheese (datshi), a reflection…

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Herison, J. (2024). A taste of Bhutan’s national dish: Ema Datshi. Druk Asia. https://www.drukasia.com/blog/bhutan-national-dish/

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A Taste Of Bhutan’s National Dish: Ema Datshi

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Taste Bhutan’s national dish, Ema Datshi, a flavorful blend of chili and cheese that represents the heart of Bhutanese cuisine and its rich cultural traditions.

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Kuzu Zangpo La! Welcome to Bhutan, the Land of the Thunder Dragon! 

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Kuzu Zangpo La! Welcome to Bhutan, the Land of the Thunder Dragon! 

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This e-portfolio serves as a comprehensive record of the resources and journey undertaken throughout the completion of the cultural video project on Bhutan, often referred to as the happiest country.

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CULTURAL ELEMENT 3: FESTIVALS

Based on page 7 of the article, the highlighted information provides key details about the Neypo festival, specifically its date, celebrated on the third day of the second lunar month, and its venue, Gaytsa village.

Based on page 8 of the article, the highlighted information illustrates the cultural and spiritual significance of the Dralha Pang Dey Cham, a traditional dance performed during the festival.

Ref:

Lepcha, P. T., Shivangi, S., & Seldon, Y. (2022). Festival and culture in Bhutan: A study of neypo festival of gaytsa in Bumthang Dzongkhag. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6, 12598-12616. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.8339

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Festival and culture in Bhutan A study of neypo festival of gaytsa in Bumthang Dzongkhag

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CULTURAL VALUE 1: PRIORITISING HAPPINESS AND WELL-BEING

Based on page 134 of the article, the highlighted information illustrates Bhutan’s unique development philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH), emphasising its four pillars of sustainable development, culture preservation, environmental conservation, and good governance, developed in response to dissatisfaction with GDP’s inability to measure true well-being.

Ref:

Kezang, Lama, P., & Dorji, S. T. (2017). Gross National Happiness and SCP in Bhutan. In L. Akenji, H. Bengtsson, V. Toivio, & Y. Yagi (Eds.), Sustainable Asia: Supporting the transition to sustainable consumption and production in Asian developing countries (pp. 133–162). World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814730914_0006

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Gross National Happiness and SCP in Bhutan 

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CULTURAL VALUE 1: PRIORITISING HAPPINESS AND WELL-BEING

Based on page 263 of the article, the highlighted information shows that economic projects must undergo GNH screening to ensure alignment with principles of sustainable development and cultural preservation.

Ref:

Nakthum, P., Upachai, P. T., & Sankaew, P. D. (2024). Bhutanese Buddhism: Harmonizing tradition, sustainability and well-being. The Journal of International Buddhist Studies College (JIBSC), 10(3), 257-271. https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ibsc/article/view/280260

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Bhutanese Buddhism Harmonizing Tradition, Sustainability, and Wellbeing

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CULTURAL VALUE 1: PRIORITISING HAPPINESS AND WELL-BEING

Based on page 83 of the article, the highlighted information shows that Bhutan’s GNH framework uses Buddhist principles to promote sustainable development and well-being beyond economic growth.

Based on page 84 of the article, the highlighted information demonstrates Bhutan’s commitment to sustainable development through policies that mandate 60% forest cover for ecological conservation, and to cultural preservation by supporting traditional arts, festivals, and Buddhist rituals.

Ref:

Vajpayee, A. (2024). Integration of Buddhist values in Bhutan's governance. Smaratungga: Journal of Education and Buddhist Studies. https://doi.org/10.53417/SJEBS.V4I2.122

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Integration of Buddhist Values in Bhutans Governance

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Sunder, K. (2024). Authentic Himalayan cuisine – your culinary guide to the traditional food of Bhutan. Travel and Leisure Asia | Malaysia. https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/my/dining/food/authentic-himalayan-cuisine-your-culinary-guide-to-the-traditional-food-of-bhutan/

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Kelly, P. (2025). 3 traditional Bhutanese dishes everyone must try! Follow Alice. https://followalice.com/knowledge/3-traditional-bhutanese-dishes-everyone-must-try

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3 traditional Bhutanese dishes everyone must try!

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3 traditional Bhutanese dishes everyone must try! reveals insights that inform, entertain, and challenge your thinking in unexpected ways.

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The traditional way of dress in Bhutan. (2022). Cultural Diversity Resources. https://www.culturaldiversityresources.org/single-post/spotlight-on-culture-28

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People that call this area HomeNew Americans Refugees from other areas of the worldThe Bhutanese peopleCultural Profile of their country of origin- Bhutan The traditional way of dress in Bhutan Cultural Aesthetics of the Country The country of Bhutan is well known for its traditions and cultural aesthetics. One of the things that make them stand out from other developing nations is their dress code behavior. Their traditional attire for men and women, known as Gho and Kira respectively, was intr

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Herison, J. (2024). All about the national game of Bhutan: Archery. Druk Asia. https://www.drukasia.com/blog/national-game-bhutan/

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All About The National Game Of Bhutan: Archery

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Discover the national game of Bhutan—archery! Explore its cultural significance and why this unique sport captivates both locals and travelers alike.

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Country comparison tool. (2025). The Culture Factor Group. https://www.theculturefactor.com/country-comparison-tool?countries=bhutan

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Please select a country in the dropdown menu below to see the values for the 6 dimensions. After a first country has been selected, a second and even a third country can be chosen to be able to see a comparison of their scores.

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Rai, M. (2024, January 27). Excitement in Samtse as new government pledges feasibility studies for airport. The Bhutanese. https://thebhutanese.bt/excitement-in-samtse-as-new-government-pledges-feasibility-studies-for-airport/

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Excitement in Samtse as new government pledges feasibility studies for airport - The Bhutanese

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In a move that has stirred excitement among the residents of Samtse, the new government has pledged

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Unlocking Bhutan’s primary health care future through innovation and collaboration. (2024, June 26). World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/06/26/unlocking-bhutan-s-primary-health-care-future-through-innovation-and-collaboration

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Unlocking Bhutan’s Primary Health Care future through Innovation and Collaboration

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With a shifting burden towards noncommunicable diseases and population aging, Bhutan faces emerging challenges in health. The country already continues to address high rates of malnutrition and disparities in access to maternal and child health services. To respond to evolving challenges, and to develop a more resilient and future-fit health system, the Royal Government of Bhutan has partnered with the World Bank to assess the current status and identify strengths and opportunities within the existing primary health care (PHC) system.

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Dema, T. (2024, October 12). “It’s too early for traffic lights”: Home Minister. The Bhutanese. https://thebhutanese.bt/its-too-early-for-traffic-lights-home-minister/

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“It’s too early for traffic lights”: Home Minister - The Bhutanese

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During the 8th Meet-the-Press Session, Lyonpo Tshering, Minister of Home Affairs emphasized that the

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Why Bhutan has no traffic lights: A look at its unique road culture. (2025, February 18). Bhutan Travelog. https://bhutantravelog.com/travel-guide/why-bhutan-has-no-traffic-lights-a-look-at-its-unique-road-culture

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Bhutan Travelog - Bhutan Travel Guide Book

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Why Bhutan Has No Traffic Lights: A Look at Its Unique Road Culture

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Bhutan’s road culture is a fascinating glimpse into how the nation handles unique transportation and traffic management in its own unique way. Unlike most countries, you’ll find that Bhutan doesn’t use traffic lights—a choice that reflects its cultural philosophy and commitment to environmental sustainability.

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CULTURAL VALUE 2: EMBRACING THE CULTURAL HERITAGE

A) National Dress in Daily Life

The highlighted sentences on page 14 offer significant historical context regarding the cultural importance of traditional dress in Bhutan, illustrating how this attire fosters a sense of pride and dignity among the locals. This connection to heritage not only reinforces individual identity but also cultivates a collective national pride.

Ref:

Whitecross, R. W. (2017). Law, "tradition" and legitimacy: Contesting Driglam Namzha. In Contemporary South Asian studies, 115–134. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315526476_Law_Tradition_and_Legitimacy_Contesting_Driglam_Namzha

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CULTURAL VALUE 2: EMBRACING THE CULTURAL HERITAGE

A) National Dress in Daily Life

The highlighted claims on page 14 demonstrate that Asian countries, such as Bhutan, tend towards a high-context culture, where individuals prefer to express themselves using implicit messages, as seen in their association with appearance.

Ref:

Broeder, P. (2021). Informed communication in high context and low context cultures. Journal of Education, Innovation and Communication, 3(1), 13-24. https://repository.tilburguniversity.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/153bf7f7-69d6-4645-af59-a8bac56eb05c/content

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CULTURAL VALUE 3: UPHOLDING BHUTANESE ETHICS AND LOYALTY : LE JUDRE AND THA DAMTSHIG

A) Ley Jumdrey (Karmic Cause and Effect) in Daily Life

Based on page 565, the highlighted section mentioned about 'Ley Jumdrey', the Buddhist concept of karma and how it shapes ethical living and personal responsibility in Bhutanese culture. This was the foundation for the Ley Jumdrey section, explaining karma as intention and how it impacts both individuals and society

Ref:

Phuntsho, K. (2004). Echoes of ancient ethos: Reflections on some popular Bhutanese social themes (pp. 564-580). Centre for Bhutan Studies. https://fid4sa-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/2630/1/23_SpdrPglt.pdf

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Culture matters: indigenizing patient safety in Bhutan

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CULTURAL VALUE 3: UPHOLDING BHUTANESE ETHICS AND LOYALTY : LE JUDRE AND THA DAMTSHIG

A) Ley Jumdrey (Karmic Cause and Effect) in Daily Life

The highlighted section in this article helped in understanding how Ley Jumdrey is practiced daily in Bhutan, focusing on community harmony and personal responsibility. It explains how Ley Jumdrey encourages individuals to contribute to societal peace and balance

Ref:

Pelzang, R., Johnstone, M., & Hutchinson, A. M. (2017). Culture matters: Indigenizing patient safety in Bhutan. Health Policy and Planning, 32(7), 1042–1048. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx042

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CULTURAL VALUE 3: UPHOLDING BHUTANESE ETHICS AND LOYALTY : LE JUDRE AND THA DAMTSHIG

B) Tha Damtshig (Faithfulness and Loyalty)

This article explains how Buddhist ethics, including concepts like Le Judre and Tha Damtshig, influence social behavior and community values in Bhutan. It discusses how these ethical principles shape relationships and community cohesion (Whitecross, 2008).

Ref:

Whitecross R. (2008). “Virtuous Beings”:  The Concept of tha damtshig and Being a Moral Person in Contemporary Bhutanese Society. Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 28(1-2). DigitalCommons@Macalester College. https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol28/iss1/6/?utm_source=digitalcommons.macalester.edu%2Fhimalaya%2Fvol28%2Fiss1%2F6&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages

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CULTURAL ISSUE 1: CULTURAL PRESERVATION VS. MODERNISATION

B) Youth VS. Tradition

Based on page 524 of the article, the highlighted information suggests that media facades greatly influence the cultural perceptions and values of youth. Their dynamic and visually engaging nature offers a transformative cultural experience for young people.

Ref:

K, D., & Shelby, A. (2024). Media facade transformation: Shaping youth culture. International Journal of Science and Research Archive. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0055

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CULTURAL ISSUE 2: ECONOMIC VS. ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT

Based on page 388 of the article, the highlighted information demonstrates that recent policy in Bhutan requires conservation projects to incorporate community-based tourism to strengthen local resilience and reduce climate vulnerability.

Based on page 389 of the article, the highlighted information shows that key tourism products in Bhutan’s community-based projects include homestays, traditional hot stone baths, local games like archery and darts, guided hikes, and festivals.

Ref:

Dendup, N., Tshering, K., & Choda, J. (2022). Community-based tourism as a strategy for building climate resilience in Bhutan. In A. K. E. Haque, P. Mukhopadhyay, M. Nepal, & M. R. Shammin (Eds.), Climate change and community resilience (pp. 387–398). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0680-9_25

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Community-Based Tourism as a Strategy for Building Climate Resilience in Bhutan

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CULTURAL ISSUE 2: ECONOMIC VS. ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT

Based on page 544 of the article, the highlighted information demonstrates that Bhutan’s “High Value, Low Volume” tourism policy, which seeks to limit visitors while enhancing service quality to support development and preserve culture and environment.

Based on page 545 of the article, the highlighted information illustrates that the sustainable development fee funds projects like clean energy, infrastructure, health and education in Bhutan. It also reflects Bhutan’s commitment through its constitutional mandate to maintain at least 60% forest cover, which is currently nearly 72%, surpassing the requirement.

Ref:

Rath, B. (2024). Sustainable tourism in Bhutan: The philosophical underpinnings. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 8(2), 542–548. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10968200

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CULTURAL ISSUE 2: ECONOMIC VS. ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT

Based on page 80 of the article, the highlighted information shows Bhutan’s strong political commitment through measures like banning log exports, promoting electric cars, limiting tourists, reducing waste, and shifting to renewable energy.

Based on page 81 of the article, the highlighted information shows that Bhutan’s economic policies prioritise environmental protection and strive to minimise harm effectively.

Based on page 85 and 86 of the article, the highlighted information shows Bhutan's progress through dedicated ministries, constitutional mandates, and data-driven tracking aligned with the SDGs to achieve carbon-negative status.

Ref:

Hossain, S., & Jami, A. T. (2023). Opportunities and challenges in sustainable development and governance in South Asia: Case study of Bhutan. In T. Yamaguchi (Ed.), Moving toward net-zero carbon society: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 79–87). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24545-9_5

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Opportunities and Challenges in Sustainable Development and Governance in South Asia

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CULTURAL ISSUE 3: GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES

A) Bhutan's Terrain Affects Transportation and Healthcare Accessibility

The highlighted text on pages 1 and 2 supports the claim that Bhutan's mountainous terrain poses challenges to its infrastructure, including healthcare.

Ref:

Sato, S. (2024). Access to healthcare for marginalized communities in rural South Asia: An analysis of structural inequalities in Sri Lanka and Bhutan. Authorea. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.173016226.62682434/v1

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Access to Healthcare for Marginalized Communities in Rural South Asia - An Analysis of Structural Inequalities in Sri Lanka and Bhutan

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CULTURAL ISSUE 3: GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES

B) Absence of Traffic Lights in the Whole Country

The highlighted points on pages 66-68 of this article suggest that the absence of a traffic signal system in Bhutan can lead to fatal situations. The authors note that the majority of road traffic accidents (87%) are caused by reckless human driving, which is exacerbated by the weak enforcement of traffic regulations.

Ref:

Wangdi, C., Gurung, M. S., Duba, T., Wilkinson, E., Tun, Z. M., & Tripathy, J. P. (2018). Burden, pattern and causes of road traffic accidents in Bhutan, 2013–2014: A police record review. International journal of injury control and safety promotion, 25(1), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2017.1341930

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Matsumoto, M. (2024). Ema datshi. [Photograph]. Marc’s Recipes. https://marcsrecipes.com/ema-datshi/https://marcsrecipes.com/ema-datshi/

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Sweet and spicy peppers enrobed in a rich cheese sauce, Ema Datshi is a dish from Bhutan, one of my favorite places.

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Guillaume. (2024). Ema datshi, Bhutanese stew of chili peppers and cheese [Photograph]. Guillaume Cooks Vegan. https://guillaumevg.substack.com/p/bhutanese-ema-datshi-chili-peppers-and-cheese

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Ema datshi, Bhutanese stew of chili peppers and cheese

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A vegan interpretation of Bhutan’s national dish. Simple, delicious, and quick to prepare. Pass if you’re not into chili peppers, because there’s plenty in this recipe.

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Dorji, S. (2022). Chillies, a spicy affair in Bhutan. [Photograph]. Daily Bhutan. https://www.dailybhutan.com/article/chillies-a-spicy-affair-in-bhutan

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Wangmo, C. (2021). Where to satisfy your momo cravings in Thimphu, Bhutan. [Photograph]. Daily Bhutan. https://www.dailybhutan.com/article/where-to-satisfy-your-momo-cravings-in-thimphu-bhutan

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Where to satisfy your momo cravings in Thimphu, Bhutan
You can't go wrong with momo. It's almost always the answer to a growling stomach and social events.
Want to treat your friends? Momo

Break the monotony of rice-eating culture in Bhutan? Momo

A quick grab during lunch hour? Momo

A family outing on a Sunday? Momo

A snack with tea for an official gathering? Momo

Getting munchies? Momo.

Momo is a staple snack (if there can be one) in Bhutanese cuisines. Momos are 'dumplings' made from palm-sized wheat dough sheets stuffed with fillings of myriad choices like meat, cheese and or vegetable fillings. Momo has found its footing as the most loved and must-have snack in Bhutan though it's believed to have its origin in Chinese/Tibetan cuisines. There's little doubt why it shouldn't be on the list of the must-try-Bhutanese-dishes while in Bhutan.

The lethal combination of steamy momo and spicy ezay (pickle made from a good blend of chilli, tomatoes, onions, spring leaves and coriander) is a must-try. And potato momo is also picking momentum in the momo race.

Here's a quick guide to the types of momo (dumpling) to try while in Thimphu, Bhutan (from the conventional cheese and beef momo to the new ones with a twist such as gravy momo):
1. Steamed vegetarian and non-vegetarian momo
Old is gold. Let's start with the most common and first in the market. The usual vegetarian momo comprises cheese and vegetable filling, and non-vegetarian momo's fillings are either beef or pork. As you dig in, the thin sheet of dough cover will pave the way into juicy minced vegetables and meat combination, leaving an aftertaste of buttery ginger & onion flavour. You can dip the momo in the chilli paste served with the momo for that tinge of spicy flavour. If you order non-vegetarian momo, then you also get a stew or soup to flush down your momo.

Where to eat:

Zombala Restaurant, Main Traffic, Thimphu.

Contact:02324307
2. Gravy momo
Perhaps my personal favourite on the list - if I have to choose one - is gravy momo. The covering is the same steamed dough with vegetable or meat filling, but it's served dipped in a spicy gravy. The sauce is flour-based with finely chopped spring onion and garlic sprinkled with peppers. As you sink your pearly teeth into the momo, the sauce leaves a mix of eclectic sweet, savoury, spicy and sour flavour, in addition to the delicious taste of momo. Heavenly indeed!
3. Paneer momo
Where to eat: Momo Corner, Opposite Clock Tower.

A twist to the regular cheese momo, paneer momo is another choice for vegetarians. The dense, crumbly texture of the paneer beautifully blended with spicy flavours is a great change to the otherwise juicy filling. The milky and slightly buttery taste of the paneer prevents the momo from being greasy, making you fully relish the rich flavour.
4. Ema datsi momo
Where to eat: The Mama, Main Traffic, Thimphu town.

What makes someone a Bhutanese? It's one's love for chilli. Bhutan has a popular dish called ema datsi (chilli cheese), which Bhutanese consume daily with rice. Thus no rocket science to search for reasons why there shouldn't be an ema datsi momo. If you love hot chilli food, you are in for a treat with the ema datsi curry stuffing. It's hot, it's spicy, and it's cheesy!

Where to eat: Coffee Culture, Thimphu town.
5. Kewa Momo
Contact: +97517840268

If you love mashed potatoes, this is for you. Kewa momo has mashed potato with garnished ginger flavour that melts in your mouth as soon as you bite the dough cover and chew it. Buttery and not spicy yet succulent. Maybe you could start with kewa momo on your momo-tasting journey.

Where to eat: Burger Point, Thimphu town.
Quick tips:
Contact: +97517544044

1. The round-shaped momos are vegetarian, and the elongated ones are usually non-vegetarian.

2. The stuffing inside determines the name of the momo (E.g : cheese momo will have cheese filling).

3. You can get all momos steamed or fried, alongside gravy or soup.

Momo is delicious, bite-sized food with options of savoury, spicy and buttery flavour depending on the filling, either for a light lunch or as a snack. A plate of momo is a must-have on your next trip to Bhutan. Given the importance of momo in Bhutan and Bhutanese culinary culture, you may spot hawkers selling momo and tea by the roadside, archery grounds and taxi stands

Join the bandwagon of young and old Bhutanese from all walks of life who somehow need to have momo in their diet.

This is how you experience being a Bhutanese when in Bhutan!

Check out the video on the different types of momos in Bhutan.

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Where to satisfy your momo cravings in Thimphu, Bhutan

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You can't go wrong with momo. It's almost always the answer to a growling stomach and social events.

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Lamichhane, S. (2024). Bhutanese Traditional Clothing (Gho and Kira). [Photograph]. Amen Bhutan Tours. https://www.amenbhutan.com/blog/bhutanese-traditional-clothing-gho-kira

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Bhutanese Traditional Clothing: Explore Gho and Kira

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Embark on a cultural odyssey with Amen Bhutan Tours and Treks. Discover the symbolic elegance of Bhutanese Gho and Kira, unraveling tradition and spirituality in every thread.

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Unlocking Bhutan’s Primary Health Care future through Innovation and Collaboration. (2024). [Photograph]. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/06/26/unlocking-bhutan-s-primary-health-care-future-through-innovation-and-collaboration

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Unlocking Bhutan’s Primary Health Care future through Innovation and Collaboration

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With a shifting burden towards noncommunicable diseases and population aging, Bhutan faces emerging challenges in health. The country already continues to address high rates of malnutrition and disparities in access to maternal and child health services. To respond to evolving challenges, and to develop a more resilient and future-fit health system, the Royal Government of Bhutan has partnered with the World Bank to assess the current status and identify strengths and opportunities within the existing primary health care (PHC) system.

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Bhutan Travelog - Bhutan Travel Guide Book

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Why Bhutan Has No Traffic Lights: A Look at Its Unique Road Culture

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Bhutan’s road culture is a fascinating glimpse into how the nation handles unique transportation and traffic management in its own unique way. Unlike most countries, you’ll find that Bhutan doesn’t use traffic lights—a choice that reflects its cultural philosophy and commitment to environmental sustainability.

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This written piece serves as a more detailed reflection on the exposure to and knowledge of Bhutan's culture in relation to our own, Malaysia.

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CULTURAL ISSUE 4: GENDER INEQUALITY IN BHUTAN

A) Traditional Gender Roles

Based on the information highlighted in the article, Bhutan has historically placed women in traditional gender roles, primarily within the domestic sphere, involving caregiving, household duties, and informal sector work. This has restricted women's participation in high-status professions and leadership positions. These roles have resulted in a gendered division of labor, where men continue to dominate the political, religious, and business spheres, consolidating power and influence .

Ref:

Dem, C. (2025). The role played by Bhutanese women in shaping democratic consolidation: A critical analysis of political participation and political empowerment in Bhutan. Murdoch University). 2-79. https://researchportal.murdoch.edu.au/esploro/outputs/graduate/The-Role-Played-by-Bhutanese-Women/991005790472607891

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CULTURAL ISSUE 4: GENDER INEQUALITY IN BHUTAN

B) Limited Economic Participation

Based on the information given in the article, Bhutanese women are disproportionately represented in low-wage sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and craftsmanship, where they perform essential yet undervalued labor. Their economic participation is largely confined to informal and traditional sectors, with limited opportunities for career advancement or access to capital. In contrast, men dominate high-wage occupations and are more likely to hold positions in business ownership and leadership roles.

Ref:

National Commission for Women and Children (NCWC), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), (2023). Gender equality in public administration in Bhutan. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-11/gender_equality_in_public_administration_in_bhutan.pdf

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CULTURAL ISSUE 4: GENDER INEQUALITY IN BHUTAN

C)  Education and Career Gaps

Based on page 12 of the article, it is highlighted that gendered expectations in Bhutan contribute to higher dropout rates for girls, especially in rural areas, where traditional views on women's roles are more deeply entrenched. This significantly affects girls’ access to education and their ability to pursue career opportunities.

Ref:

Seden, K. (2024). Gender equality and social inclusion in Bhutan: A situational analysis focused on children's valued educational capabilities. Educational Innovation and Practice, 9(1), 1-70. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386223269_Gender_Equality_and_Social_Inclusion_in_Bhutan_A_Situational_Analysis_Focused_on_Children's_Valued_Educational_Capabilities

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CULTURAL ISSUE 4: GENDER INEQUALITY IN BHUTAN

C)  Education and Career Gaps

Based on the article, a few pages were highlighted, explaining that the gendered expectations in Bhutan contribute to higher dropout rates for girls, particularly in rural areas, where traditional views on women’s roles are more deeply entrenched. These gendered expectations significantly limit girls' access to education and hinder their ability to pursue career opportunities

Ref:

World Bank Group. (2018). South Asia region baseline assessment for women engineers in the power sector. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/971721573811319478-0310022019/render/WePOWERRegionalReportPrint.pdf

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In UNFPA Bhutan and around the world, UNFPA, the United Nations sexual and reproductive health agency, works to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person’s potential is fulfilled

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Bhutan Sustainable Development Fee (SDF)

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Bhutan Sustainable Development Fee (SDF)

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Bhutan lowers tourist levy to draw more international visitors | TTG Asia

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The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is actively working to increase international tourist arrivals, aiming to boost the tourism sector while maintaining a strong commitment to environmental conservation.

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Bhutanese Culture and Manners- What Makes You Bhutanese

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With more exposure to the outside world, Bhutanese people take pride in driglam namzha as a unique identity of Bhutan and promote it not only as a righteous code of conduct but also as a marker of…

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What Is a Damtsig or Samaya?... - His Eminence Dupthop Tenzin Yoezer. (2019, January 22). [Photograph]. His Eminence Dupthop Tenzin Yoezer.

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What Is a Damtsig or Samaya?

The Tibetan or Bhutanese word “damtsig” (dam-tshig), samaya in Sanskrit, means “close bond.” Sometimes people translate it as “holy word,” or “promise,” or things like...

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Dancers in a costume with warrior outfit

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Lepcha, P. T., Shivangi, S., & Seldon, Y. (2022). Festival and culture in Bhutan: A study of neypo festival of gaytsa in Bumthang Dzongkhag. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6, 12598-12616. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.8339

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Dancers in a costume with warrior outfit

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16 of the 19 EVs provided through a $1.1 million project supported by Japan and the UNDP

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Experience the Nimalung Tshechu in Bumthang, Bhutan. Discover sacred Cham dances, the unveiling of the Thongdrel, and vibrant cultural celebrations in a serene setting.

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9 Reasons Why Bhutan Is The Happiest Country On Earth

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Discover the 9 reasons why Bhutan is the happiest country on Earth, from its unique Gross National Happiness index to its rich natural beauty and culture.

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Bhutan Sustainable Development Fee (SDF)

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Bhutan Sustainable Development Fee (SDF)

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Bhutan explains why it slashed daily fee - TTR Weekly

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THIMPHU, Bhutan, 29 August 2023: In a statement forwarded to TTRW Monday, the Royal Government of Bhutan confirmed that “incentives and policy measures to boost its tourism sector” are being introduced, including a 50% reduction on its tourism levy, known as the daily Sustainable Development Fee (SDF). See TTRW news on Monday on the fee […]

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This list of references assisted in the completion of this national culture project.