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Polish priest and mathematician. He denies the medieval belief inherited from the classical Greek astronomer Ptolemy that the earth is the center of the universe and develops the revolutionary theory that the earth and planets revole around the Sun.

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Belgian physician and anatomisy. In his de humani corporisfabrica libri septem (Seven books on the strcture of the human body, 1543) he describes human anatomy more accurately (c 130-201) Whose works hav been the standard reference throughout medieval Europe. His work brings a sentence o death from the inquisiyion (Catholic church tribunal) for immorality but he is not executed.

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English philosopher. His Novum Organum (1620) stresses the importance of proper scientific method: theories must be supported by proof acquired theories must be supported by proof acquired by experimentation and observation.

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Italian mathematician and scientist. The first to use telescopes for astronomy. He describes the surface of the moon and the rotation of the moons of jupiter. ALso establishes basic laws of motion from experimentation. He is arrested by the inquisition and forced to recant the endorsement of the heliocentric theory made in his Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo ( dialogue concerning the two chief world systems 1632)

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German mathematician and astronomer. Accepts the heliocentric theory after examining data gathered by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601). His Astronomia nova (New Astronomy 1609 ) and DE Harmonice mundi (harmonies of the world, 1619) explain that the orbits of the planets are elliptical and not circular as Copernicus has suggested.

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English physician and anatomist. He discovers the circulation of the blood and describes the purpose of arteries veins and the heart in DE motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus (On the motion of the heart and blood in animls, 1628)

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French Philosopher and mathematician. Develops analytic geometry and other mathematical techniques useful in theoretical science. He bealives that mathematical proof is the model for rational scientific inquiry. His best know philosophical work, Meditationes de prima philosophia (Meditations on first Philosophy 1641) empasizes the importance of accepting only indubitable evidence.

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Irish physicist and chemist. He investigates the properties of air and develops a theory describing the relaationship between the pressure and volume of gasses (know as Boyle's law). In the sceptical chemist (1661) he questions the accepted belief that the world is made up of just four elements (earths, air, fire, water) and argues that they can be broken down into more fundamental, chemicals elements.

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Dutch physicist and astronomer. He proposes the wave theory of light, discovers the rings of Saturn, and builds the first relible pendulum clock ( originally and idea of Galileo's)

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Dutch biologist. He designs a powerful mircroscoope and uses it to describe bacteria, protozoa spermatozoa and blood corpuscles

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English physicist and mathematician. One of the greastest theoretical scientists in history. He discoovers the law of gravitation after studying Kelper's laws of planetary motion, and formulates three laws of motion which wform the basis of physics until the 20th century (called Newtonian Mechanics). Also invents the reflecting telescope (uses a curved mirror to focus light) and develops the mathematical system know as calculus. Best know work is Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica ( The mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687)

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French chemist. In Traite elementaire de chimie (Elementary Treatise on Chemistry 1789) He describes the constituent gasses of air (Calling the two most signifcant oxygen and nitrogen), and shows that combustion cna only take palace in the presence of oxygen. Develops the modern system for naminf chemical counpounds and proposes that matter is never destryoyed in chemical reactions (Law of Conservation of matter)