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1.Cell walls are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, although not all cells have cell walls.

2.Plant cells have a cell wall, as well as a cell membrane. In plants, the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane. This gives the plant cell its unique rectangular shape. Animal cells simply have a cell membrane, but no cell wall.

3.The cell wall is composed of a network of cellulose microfibrils and cross-linking glycans embedded in a highly cross-linked matrix of pectin polysaccharides. In secondary cell walls, lignin may be deposited.

4.What is the function of the cell wall? The main function of the cell wall is to provide structural strength and support, and also provide a semi-permeable surface for molecules to pass in and out of the cell.

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1.Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment. This double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids.

2.Animal and plant cells share common elements like plasma membranes, cytoskeletons, and mitochondria. However, they differ in certain aspects. For example, plant cells have a cell wall and a central vacuole, while animal cells contain centrosomes.

3.Like all other cellular membranes, the plasma membrane consists of both lipids and proteins. The fundamental structure of the membrane is the phospholipid bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments.

4.The plasma membrane, or the cell membrane, provides protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell. And that membrane has several different functions. One is to transport nutrients into the cell and also to transport toxic substances out of the cell.

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1.The primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are only present in eukaryotic cells.

2.Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, so they contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria.

3.Typically, it is the most evident organelle in the cell. The nucleus is completely bound by membranes. It is engirdled by a structure referred to as the nuclear envelope. The cell's chromosomes are also confined within it.

4.By housing the cell's genome, the nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell's control center. DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing all take place within the nucleus, with only the final stage of gene expression (translation) localized to the cytoplasm.

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1.The nucleolus' location can be found within the matrix of the nucleus. It is an organelle found only in eukaryotic cells, as prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

2.Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotes and they have a well-defined nucleus and nucleolus.

3.Morphologically, nucleoli consist of three distinguishable regions: the fibrillar center, dense fibrillar component, and granular component (Figure 8.24). These different regions are thought to represent the sites of progressive stages of rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly.

4.The nucleolus is a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes.

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1.Chloroplasts are predominantly found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae. According to endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts are believed to have a prokaryotic origin.

2.Both animal and plant cells have mitochondria, but only plant cells have chloroplasts. Plants don't get their sugar from eating food, so they need to make sugar from sunlight. This process (photosynthesis) takes place in the chloroplast.

3.he chloroplast. This photosynthetic organelle contains three distinct membranes (the outer membrane, the inner membrane, and the thylakoid membrane) that define three separate internal compartments (the intermembrane space, the stroma, and the thylakoid (more...)

4.Chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield. As such, chloroplasts are responsible for the biosynthesis of active compounds such as amino acids, phytohormones, nucleotides, vitamins, lipids, and secondary metabolites [9].

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1.Do prokaryotes have mitochondria? No, prokaryotes do not have mitochondria. Mitochondria are only found in eukaryotic cells. This is also true of other membrane-bound structures like the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus (more on these later).

2.Furthermore, it is no surprise that mitochondria are present in both plants and animals, implying major commonalities in regulation, energy production, substrates employed, etc. This common presence of mitochondria, with similar functions and structure, underscores how close our life forms are.

3.Mitochondria are surrounded by a double-membrane system, consisting of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes separated by an intermembrane space (Figure 10.1). The inner membrane forms numerous folds (cristae), which extend into the interior (or matrix) of the organelle.

4.Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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1.Ribosomes occur both as free particles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and as particles attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. The small particles that came to be known as ribosomes were first described in 1955 by Romanian-born American cell biologist George E.

2.Final answer: Ribosomes are usually located in animal and plant cells on the endoplasmic reticulum.

3.A ribosome is made out of RNA and proteins, and each ribosome consists of two separate RNA-protein complexes, known as the small and large subunits. The large subunit sits on top of the small subunit, with an RNA template sandwiched between the two.

4.Definition. A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.

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1.Only eukaryotic cells have smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is absent in prokaryotic cells. The endoplasmic reticulum serves as a transportation system for eukaryotic cells, as well as a myriad of other functions such as protein folding.

2.The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or smooth ER, is an organelle found in both animal cells and plant cells. An organelle is a sub-unit within a cell that has a specialized function. The main function of the smooth ER is to make cellular products like hormones and lipids.

3.Smooth ER consists of a long network of a folded, tube-like structure. You can think of it like a pipeline with a lot of twists and turns. The interior of the smooth ER is called the lumen, which is enclosed by a phospholipid membrane, just like the membrane that encloses the entire cell.

4.Its main function is the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates, as well as the metabolism of exogenous substances, such as drugs or toxins.

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1.Only eukaryotic cells have smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is absent in prokaryotic cells. The endoplasmic reticulum serves as a transportation system for eukaryotic cells, as well as a myriad of other functions such as protein folding.

2.Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), is a network of interconnected flattened sacs that is an organelle with a continuous membrane found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and is essential for protein synthesis. Rough and smooth ER is found in both plant and animal cells.

3.The RER is morphologically distinguishable by its series of convoluted, flattened like membrane sheets (called cisternae) that arise near the nucleus and extend across the cytoplasm. Sections of the cisternae contain ribosomes, held together by microtubules of the cytoskeleton.

4.The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins.

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1.The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae.

2.The Golgi apparatus is found in all plant and animal cells and refers to groups of flattened disc-like structures near the endoplasmic reticulum. Animal cells have fewer but larger Golgi apparatuses. Plant cells can hold up to several hundred smaller versions.

3.The Golgi apparatus consists of a stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles. Proteins and lipids from the ER enter the Golgi apparatus at its cis face and exit at its trans face.

4.The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, functions as a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. In addition, as noted earlier, glycolipids and sphingomyelin are synthesized within the Golgi.

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1.A vacuole is a single membrane-bound organelle with no definite shape or size found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. While the main function is storage, there are a variety of other roles that it serves like homeostasis, osmoregulation, cell structure maintenance, autophagy, and maintenance of pH.

2.Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

3.The central vacuole structure possesses a single membrane known as the tonoplast. The tonoplast is made of a combination of lipids and proteins that help to regulate water flow into and out of the central vacuole. Inside the central vacuole is the cell sap, a fluid containing water, enzymes, ions, and other molecules.

4.The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant.

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1.The cytoplasm is an integral part of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and functions to house and maintain an optimal environment for the cellular organelles.

2.Answer and Explanation: Both plant cells and animal cells contain mitochondria and cytoplasm. All cells in general contain cytoplasm, but only eukaryotes (plant and animal cells) will contain membrane bound organelles, which include mitochondria.

3.What is the structure and function of cytoplasm? The structure of the cytoplasm is gel-like in consistency. It contains organelles, structures and cytoplasmic inclusions. Its function is to transport, maintain cell shape and structure, protect, store macromolecules and act as the host to metabolic processes.

4.The cytoplasm is responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage. It stores the molecules required for cellular processes and is also responsible for giving the cell its shape.

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1.Simple, primitive cells are prokaryotic; they have no nucleus and no organelles encased in plasma membranes. Three similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that both have vesicles, vacuoles, and the ability to carry out the eight functions of life. Prokaryotes do not have organelles.

2.Yes, vesicles exist in both plant and animal cells. They are small, enclosed sacs that are used to transport and store substances within a cell.

3.A vesicle has a simple structure enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane. This membrane is made up of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails.

4.Vesicles can help transport materials that an organism needs to survive and recycle waste materials. They can also absorb and destroy toxic substances and pathogens to prevent cell damage and infection.