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Dred Scott was a slave, but sued for freedom. Dred Scott was still considered a slave because the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans, enslaved or free, aren't American citizens, so they can't sue in federal court. Slavery was upheld, until the 13th and 14th Amendment overturned Dred Scot v. Sandford as the 14th Amendment grants African Americans citizenship and the 13th Amendment abolished slavery.

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The 13th Amendment abolished slavery constitutionally. This Amendment overturned Dred Scot v. Sandford by ruling slavery is unconstitutional.

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The 14th Amendment grants citizenship to people born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves. As well, the Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause is established, expanding civil rights for minorities as state governments can't violate civil rights for minorities. The Equal Protection Clause grants people to equal and fair treatment under the law and the Due Process Clause is when no state can deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law.

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The 15th Amendment granted voting rights to African American men as the 15th Amendment granted voting rights to citizens regardless of race and previous condition of servitude. Although, the 15th Amendment didn't give women voting rights until the 19th Amendment (1920). As well, Jim Crow Laws prevented voting rights for African Americans until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibiting racial discrimination in voting, which allowed African American men to vote.

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After the Reconstruction, Jim Crow laws were enforced in the South, ignoring the 14th and 15th Amendment, leading to racial segregation and disenfranchisement for African American men such as literacy tests and poll taxes, and allowing Plessy v. Ferguson enforcing racial segregation, as a result of Jim Crow Laws. It wasn't until the Civil Rights movement, such as Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, where there weren't de jure segregation/laws for racial segregation and disenfranchisement for African Americans. Although there is de facto segregation where in practice, segregation still exists.

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Louisiana had Separate Car Act for separate seating for whites and blacks, although Plessy, a black man, sat in the white part of the train and didn't move, so Plessy believed the Separate Car Act violated the 14th Amendment. Although, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation of Jim Crow Laws, and ignored the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause. This created the "separate but equal" doctrine, allowing racial segregation and de jure segregation, until the doctrine/case was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, which allowed racial segregation to become illegal due to the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause.

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Segregation exists legally and constitutionally by law due to Jim Crow laws and Plessy v. Ferguson, even though it violates the 14th and 15th Amendment. Although, de jure segregation stops after legal segregation is illegal in Brown v. Board of Education.

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The 19th Amendment allowed women voting rights. Previously, women weren't given the right to vote in previous amendments like the 15th Amendment. Although, racial segregation still exists for black women until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 prevented racial discrimination in voting.

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African American students were denied to go to white public schools due to racial segregation in education, causing the students to argue racial segregation in education violates 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause. The Supreme Court upheld the Equal Protection Clause and overturned the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson by ruling the "separate by equal" doctrine violates the Equal Protection Clause, therefore racial segregation is unconstitutional.

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Racial segregation exists in practice, but not enforced by laws. De facto segregation is deep rooted from past history of legalized racial segregation and the "majority group" stereotypes/beliefs towards minority groups. De facto segregation started after Brown v. Board of Education ruling racial segregation is illegal so laws on racial segregation is illegal, but in practice, racial segregation still exists.

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After Brown v. Board of Education, Central High became one of the first schools to integrate African American students. Nine African American students or the "Little Rock Nine" faced violent opposition from the white community and white students and teachers at the school as the whites didn't see the black students as equal, even though black students have equal rights to desegregated education according to the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause.

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The Civil Rights Act outlawed segregation in public spaces, protected voting rights, and established equal employment opportunity. Employers can't discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This ended Jim Crow Laws and enforced the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause as minority groups have rights against discrimination.

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The Voting Rights Act prohibits racial discrimination in voting, therefore ending restrictions in voting for blacks of the Jim Crow Laws such as literacy tests and poll taxes. This legislation enforces the 15th Amendment and 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause as African Americans have the right to vote.

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This case gives protection for the accused through the Miranda Rights after Miranda signed a confession for a crime without being given his rights of an attorney and self-incrimination. Miranda Rights are given before police questioning and are the 5th Amendment right to not self-incriminate and the 6th Amendment right of having an attorney present during questioning. Miranda Rights were selectively incorporated against the states by the 14th Amendment Due Process Clause.

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Affirmative action allows for equal opportunity for groups who have been discriminated in education and employment because of the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause and Civil Rights Act of 1964. Although, Bakke v. Regents doesn't allow racial quotas, which is having some spots set aside for minority students, as it violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause. However, Bakke v. Regents allows race to one of many factors considered in college admissions because it doesn't violates the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause.

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Virginia banned interracial marriage, causing an interracial couple to be sent to jail. The Supreme Court ruled interracial marriage is legal under the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause, giving civil rights for black people as they have the freedom to marry anyone regardless of race, which can't be infringed by the state government. Although, it doesn't mention sexual orientation and gender, so it doesn't allow for same sex marriage until Obergefell v. Hodges.

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A woman challenged Texas law making abortion illegal, except when a doctor orders an abortion to save a woman's life, as the law is unconstitutionally vague and violated privacy, which is protected by the 1st, 4th, 5th, 9th, and 14th Amendments. The Supreme Court recognizes privacy in the 14th Amendment Due Process Clause because privacy, which includes abortion, is protected against the states.

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Bakke was rejected from medical school at UC Davis, even though he was more qualified than the minority students as the school reserved spots for minorities for affirmative action. The Supreme Court ruled the racial quota system, which is having some spots set aside for minority students, violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause. But, race can still be a factor for college admission (but not the only factor), so the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause isn't violated.

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This case gives LGBTQ+ civil rights. Lawrence and another adult man were arrested for violating Texas rule where Texas didn't allow same sex couples to engage in sex. The Supreme Court ruled the 14th Amendment Due Process Clause allows for same sex couples to engage in sex, which becomes the precedent case for Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) where same sex couples can get married.

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This case gives LGBTQ+ civil rights. Same sex couples challenged the constitutionality of state bans on same sex marriage and argued the bans violates 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause. The Supreme Court ruled the Constitution protects same sex marriage because the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause guarantees the right to marry as a fundamental liberty and same sex couples are no different from opposite sex couples, so both types of couples are equally protected under the law and states can't deny the right of marriage to same sex couples.