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2. Is it obstructive or restrictive? Why?

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2. Is it obstructive or restrictive? Why?

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Obstructive: narrowowing the bronchioles cause increased resistance and decreased airflow leading to increased difficulty exhaling all the air from the lungs.

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3. How does the condition effect lung compliance and/or airway resistance?

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3. How does the condition effect lung compliance and/or airway resistance?

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First, the muscles around the airways tighten. This squeezes the airways partly closed.

Second, the lining of the airway swells. This makes the walls of the airway take up more space and leaves less room for air to pass through.

Third, the mucus glands in the airways work harder and produce extra mucus. This extra mucus blocks or plugs the airways. The airway swelling and mucus secretion are part of airway inflammation which causes irritation.

Narrowed airways increase resistance and WOB. Wheezing is caused by air being forced through narrowed airways.The sticky mucus, which the airway glands make when asthma symptoms increase, is very irritating and often causes persistent coughing.

Therefore, its decreases lung compliance. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Lung_Compliance

Asthma (jhmi.edu)
https://youtu.be/uX1RzoE_9BI

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Chronic inflammatory condition that is characterised by the inflammation and narrowing of the airways, usually to a trigger.

1) Muscular layer thickening and constricting
2) Mucosa layers swelling up.
3) Glands over producing mucous, which floods the already constricted opening.

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Asthma involves constriction of the bronchioles and subsequent air trapping in the alveoli beyond the constriction, leading to hyperinflation and generation of intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure. This is exacerbated by increased resistance in expiratory gas flow due to a loss of elastic recoil and rapid respiratory rates.  The patient increases the work of breathing, becomes rapidly fatigued and anxious and there is diminished gas exchange. These factors reduce carbon dioxide elimination while increasing its production and eventually will progress to respiratory failure and hypoxemia.

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Asthma signs and symptoms include:

Shortness of breath

Chest tightness or pain

Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of asthma in children

Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing

Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu.

Asthma signs and symptoms flare up in certain situations:

Exercise-induced asthma, which may be worse when the air is cold and dry

Occupational asthma, triggered by workplace irritants such as chemical fumes, gases or dust

Allergy-induced asthma, triggered by airborne substances, such as pollen, mold spores, cockroach waste, or particles of skin and dried saliva shed by pets (pet dander)

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6. What type of respiratory failure would this condition lead to?

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6. What type of respiratory failure would this condition lead to?

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Asthma can be both type 1 and type 2 respiratory failure as the asthma progresses.

Type 1 .

Ventilation constricted unable to provide adequate 02 to meet metabolic demands. As patient tires out progresses to type 2.

Severe asthma- Type 2.
When asthma occurs respiratory system cannot adequately remove carbon dioxide from the body, leading to hypercapnia, which leads to increased carbon dioxide production.

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5. How is oxygenation and ventilation affected? 

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5. How is oxygenation and ventilation affected? 

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Generally, acute asthma exacerbations are associated with mild hyperventilation and a low PaCO₂. However, with worsening airflow limitation, the high work of breathing leads to fatigue, a resultant decrease in the minute ventilation, and an increase in PaCO₂.

It gets harder to breathe because the tiny muscles around your airways squeeze tightly and they have swelling inside. Your airways will make more mucus inside your airways, which makes it even harder to breathe. These changes in your airways can cause coughing and wheezing.

Increased Internal Peep - Autopeep - iPeep. Abnormal retention of air unable to fully expired.
Inflammation causes significant airflow narrowing, Perfusion abnormalities arise from hypoxemia induced vasoconstriction of the capillary beds. Pulmonary ventilation /perfusion abnormalities and hyperinflammation contribute to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and respiratory muscle fatigue.

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Initial presentation of Respiratory Alkolosis. Hyperventilation causing hypocapnia.
Progression of fatigue in work of breathing will lead to hypercapnia.
Metabolic Lactic Acidosis caused by Salbutamol/adrenaline.

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4. Explain the role of V/Q mismatch in this condition.

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4. Explain the role of V/Q mismatch in this condition.

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A decreased V/Q mismatch is caused by a decrease in ventilation or an airway obstruction, for example Asthma.

Asthma can impair airflow with little effect on pulmonary blood flow, resulting in low ventilation and nearly normal perfusion. This is described as a decreased V/Q ratio because the ventilation is more severely affected than the perfusion.Inflammation causes significant airflow narrowing, Perfusion abnormalities arise from hypoxamia induced vasoconstriction of the capillary beds. Pulmonary ventilation /perfusion abnormalities and hyperinflammation contribute to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and respiratory muscle fatigue

https://sso.uptodate.com/contents/images/PULM/139113/VQmismatch.jpg