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1: Wayne A. Wicklegren
2: Conducted in 1965
3: 30 minutes long, taking data from students

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1.) There were two portions of the study, one conducted by John Brown, and the second conducted by Lloyd and Margaret Peterson.

2.) The first portion of the study was published on February 1st, 1958, and the second in 1959.

3.) Brown's study included 24 random students from Indiana University, and Peterson's included the original 24 students and an additional 24 other students.

4.) Both of these studies were very similar, the examinar would state a random three-letter trigram (ex: RGH, PLT), then a random three-digit number. The subject was tasked with counting back from the number by another number (ex: counting back from 999 by 3's). They would count until a light flashed, and at that time they would have to recall the trigram spoken in the beginning. Each trial involved a different recall interval, or time between the trigram stated and the light signal. The subjects were tested 8 times per recall interval, which were 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 seconds.

5.) These results showed that subjects were more vulnerable to forgetting due to lack of rehearsal/practice.

6.) This study has been repeated in different variations, but all with the same fundamental concept of having a subject recall information while preventing rehearsal.

7.) This study can show us that with lack of rehearsal, short-term memory is very limited.

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7. what does this tell us about memory as a whole?
Encoding told us that our memories can be recalled later from long-term memory. It told us that a perceived item can be converted into a construct and stored

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6. Ebbinghaus was the first to really study forgetting, by repeating syllables to himself, and now they have theories about how we forget things like the interference theory, where the longer you go without recalling an event, you are more likely to forget.

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George Miller's study regarding the storage of working memory was conducted in 1956. George Miller found that adults on average can memorize 7 items, though if they words with acronyms such as FBICIAUSA can be remembered easier. It shows that the storage of working memory is quite small.

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Characteristics of Working Memory: Duration - Leah Berger

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Characteristics of Working Memory: Duration - Leah Berger

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1. This study refers to two people who published research on two similar topics that used similar procedures. One work was published by a man named John Brown in 1958, and the other was published by a man and a woman named Lloyd and Margaret Peterson in 1959.

2. Both studies were conducted in the late 1950's, with one being published in 1958, and the other being published in 1959.

3. The first experiment had 24 students who were focusing on psychology at Indiana University. They were tested eight times with each recall interval. The second experiment involved 48 students at Indiana University, also focusing on psychology. Altogether, there were six trials.

4. The students in the Brown experiment were asked to recall random 3-letter trigrams, given the time of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 seconds. The students in the Peterson experiment were asked to do that, along with rehearsing what they saw aloud over and over before the next trigram was shown.

5. The results showed that after 3 seconds, 80% of the trigrams were recalled correctly, after 6 seconds this fell to 50%, and after 18 seconds less than 10% of the trigrams were recalled correctly.

6. I wasn't able to find an answer for this, unfortunately.

7. This showed that the duration of short-term memory is very limited (18 seconds at a time) when rehearsal is not available.

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Working Memory Duration - Derin Colakoglu

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Working Memory Duration - Derin Colakoglu

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1. Lloyd and Margaret Peterson conducted the Brown-Peterson study

2. The Brown-Peterson study was conducted in 1958

3. There were 24 subjects and 6 trials

4. The examiner proceeded by spelling a random three-letter nonsense syllable and then enunciating immediately afterwards a random three-digit number. The subject would then count backwards by some assigned number, either three or four, from the enunciated number.

5. Their results showed that the longer each student had to count backwards, the less well they were able to recall the trigram accurately.

6. I couldn't find any other people who had done the study again.

7.  Short term memory has a very short duration if rehearsal is not allowed

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He did experiment himself and got the results and found that lists that allowed connections to be made and semantic meaning was apparent were easier to recall. Ebbinghaus' results created a path for experimental psychology in memory.

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characteristics of working memory: storage (miller,1956) - lara

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characteristics of working memory: storage (miller,1956) - lara

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1. This experiment was conducted by George A. Miller

2. It was conducted in 1956

3.  32 undergrads, 11 female and 21 male. 16 in each experiment

4. Miller proposed this concept, which he dubbed the "magic number 7." He assumed that short-term memory could only hold seven items (plus or minus two) because it only had a limited number of "slots" in which items could be stored. Miller did not, however, specify the amount of data that can be stored in each slot.

5. most adults can store anywhere between 5 and 9 items in their short term memory, hence the name being 7+/-2

6. nothing changed

7. the capacity of our working memory isn't capable of much, its limited.

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1. Peterson and Peterson (1959) conducted the study of duration

2. 1959

3. The were six trials in total.

4.

5. The results showed that

After 3 seconds 80% of the trigrams were recalled correctly.

After 6 seconds this fell to 50%.

After 18 seconds less than 10% of the trigrams were recalled correctly.

7. This experiment showed the short term memory has a limited duration (of about 18 seconds) when rehearsal is prevented. It is thought that this information is lost from short-term memory from trace decay.

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1. George Miller conducted the study in 1959

2. The experiment was conducted in 1959

3. 11 female and 21 male students for 3 experiments (no impaired hearing and English speaking)

4. Participants had to repeat back a string of numbers or letters in the same order and the number of digits/letters was gradually increased, until the participants could no longer recall the sequence

5. the student had an average span of 7.3 letters and 9.3 words, which supports Miller’s notion of 7+/-2.

6. I couldn't find the complete answer but I believed tat nothing changed

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1. George Miller
2. 1956
3. 32 Undergrads with english as their native language
4. He tested each individual in a quiet booth with 3 experiments.
5. He found most people can store between 5 and 9 items or 7+- 2
6. Nothing has changed
7. The capacity of our working memory is rather limited.

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Who?
R. Conrad
Method
Conrad presented participants with series of 6 letters visually at a rate of 0.75 seconds per letter. The letters used were B, C, F, M, N, P, S, T, V, and X. Participants were told that they had to write down each list in the order the letters were given immediately after the presentation . Conrad analysed the type of errors made rather than the number of letters recalled.
When?
the study was made in 1964.
Findings?
His findings were that participants tended to make errors by substituting letters that sounded similar rather than those that looked the same. For example they would substitute B for V, F for S, P for B etc.
evaluation
The study does not rule out other methods of coding operate in STM, such as the use of a semantic code. However, Baddeley (1966) showed that coding was primarily acoustic. He compared memory for acoustically confusable words such as MAP and CAP with memory for semantically similar words (BIG, HUGE, WIDE). Recall was a lot worse for the visual presentation of words that were similar acoustically.

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1. George Miller
2. 1956
3. 32 undergrads whose native language was English and had no hearing deficits (11 female, 21 male) (16 each experiment)
4. Each participant was tested individually in a quiet booth and per- formed three experimental blocks. In Experiment 1, each block consisted of a training phase, followed by list recall and then cued recall, whereas in Experiment 2, training was followed by cued recall and then list recall. In both experiments, the main manipulation concerned the presentation method in the training phase.
5. Most adults can store between 5 and 9 items in their short term memory. called it magic number 7 because it was + or - 2 from 7.
6. no
7. Human short-term memory is generally limited to holding seven pieces of information, plus or minus two. He taught us about the capacity of our working memory.

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1. Peterson and Peterson conducted the study.

2. The study was conducted in 1959.

3. There were twenty four participants, and six trials.

4. They had to recall trigrams (meaningless three-consonant syllables), such as TGH, CLS.

The trigrams were presented one at a time and had to be recalled after intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds respectively for each trial. No two successive trigrams contained any of the same letters.

After hearing a trigram participants were asked to count backwards in threes or fours from a specified random number until they saw a red light appear (then they recalled the trigram).-simple psychology

5. The results showed that the longer each student had to count backwards, the less they were able to properly recall the the trigram.

6. I don't know if it has been redone, but if I did it, I would make sure to use different things to remember because people don't usually try to recall trigrams.

7. Short term memory has a limited duration when rehearsal is prohibited.