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John B. Watson and Edward L. Thorndike

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Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka and Kurt Lewin

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Behaviorists treat reality and existence as very similar concepts. For them, the word "reality" has to do with physical objects and processes, which exist in their own right.

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Gestalt-field theorists distinguish reality and existence. For them, the reality comprises of the interpretations that a person makes of himself and of his environment as he interacts with them.

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S-R conditioning theories assert that an individual's psychological and physical environments are the same. That is, anyone can see, hear, smell, feel, or taste the environment of anyone else.

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Gestalt-field psychologists consider a person's environment as being psychological. It is made up of what one makes of what is around one.

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According to behaviorists, people "take in" all characteristics of the physical world to which their sense organs are sensitive. They describe perception as a two-step process (sensing and deriving meaning)

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Gestalt-field psychologists do not differentiate a person's sensation of an object from his gaining its meaning. Also, they affirm that a person will rarely sense an object except if it has importance to some purpose of the person.

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It is a passive interaction and it starts with a reaction of an organism to a stimulus. When a person receives a stimulus he answers in whatever way he must, that is, conforming to the conditioned and the innate behaviors that are called into play.

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According to Gestalt-field psychologists, interaction relates to a relationship between a human being and his psychological environment, in which the person attempts to give meaning to his surroundings and use objects in his environment in beneficial ways. As a person understands and utilise his environment for his own purposes, both are changed.

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Behaviorists interpret the experience mechanistically. According to them, it means the conditioning process by which a person learns new responses or changes old ones as the result of stimuli impinging on its sensory organs.

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The Gestalt-field psychologists utilise the term experience extensively. They define experience as a psychological event that implicates a person's acting with anticipation of the possible consequences of such action.

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S-R psychologists affirm that motivation appears directly from one's organic drives or basic emotions or from a tendency to respond that has been determined by previous conditioning of the drives and emotions. Motivation means that a person is deprived of something toward which there is a need or is confronted with a discomforting stimulus.

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According to Gestalt-field theorists, motivation emerges from a dynamic psychological situation, characterized by a person's desire to do something. Also, they affirm that when any obstacle to the direct and immediate accomplishment of an objective, appears, the person feels tension and the tendency to release tension by proceeding toward a goal is motivation.

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According to behaviorists, it implies that specific responses come to be connected with specific stimuli.

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According to Gestalt-field psychologists, learning is a result of perceiving and understand stimuli in relation to one another, not just individually.