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Famous and professional authors are not like how the media and others portray them as today. They are not natural geniuses who somehow come up with brilliant ideas.

Even these renowned authors have gone through multiple stages of revision and peer review. Their writing ideas do not come from isolating themselves but from connecting the ideas from peers and concepts around them.

Collaboration is one of the most important things in writing. Gaining knowledge from people and other things surrounding an individual can lead to greater thoughts.

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Famous and professional authors are not like how the media and others portray them as today. They are not natural geniuses who somehow come up with brilliant ideas.

Even these renowned authors have gone through multiple stages of revision and peer review. Their writing ideas do not come from isolating themselves but from connecting the ideas from peers and concepts around them.

Collaboration is one of the most important things in writing. Gaining knowledge from people and other things surrounding an individual can lead to greater thoughts.

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Carrillo’s main claim is that due to the imbalance between reading and writing in college, it is actively taking an effect in students and their everyday lives. The studies she included within her writing also shows that students are lacking in critical thinking and usage of sources. She also believes that reading and writing should be taught at the same time because they are intertwined. Along with this, Carillo believes if this imbalance continues, it will affect the future of students because they will lack the experience of understanding reading outside the academic context.

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There are multiple times where authors will draw a blank and it’s OK for them to do so because any writer needs time for themselves before returning to the literature.

An effective style of drawing inspiration for writing while drafting is listing your ideas and anything which interests an individual about the topic they are supposed to write about.

Drafts are never perfect and it's a process for every writer to get into the stage of satisfaction for their writing.

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Every writer reaches the point of exhaustive writer’s block, even authors who have been writing stories, articles, and books for years.

Lamott states that it's extremely important to continue to write something, anything whether it will or will not make it to your final draft of the paper.

Writing can often feel like a necessity even though it isn’t because of how much you feel obligated to finish a work by its deadline and how little an individual has to work with. Inspiration is oftentimes hard to come across.

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Flaherty states that teachers have very high expectations for their students' writing and could oftentimes criticize them for slight mistakes but never look into their own contributions on the writing topics. Along with this, she included many studies and graphs to acknowledge her point of “writing for the teacher” or “teacher-as-examiner.” Flaherty believes in the implementation of the WAC program in schools because it would help in student creativity and bring out creativity as well as improvement.

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Writers need revisions. Everyone does. More revisions doesn't necessarily equal better; smarter ones do. Author uses Martin Luther King’s speech as an example. MLK has spoken the same speech multiple times at different locations, each of them could’ve had small revisions but is still known world wide(just hearing “I Had a Dream” is enough to know). Writing is always a work in progress

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Parrott introduces the idea that not all writers will be professionals as soon as they start because even those who are "naturally talented" have room for improvement.

Learning new concepts and being able to develop our writing skills is part of the progress into becoming a better writer so there should not be shame in the status of trying to improve.

Writing itself is complex so instead of disregarding beginning authors, teachers and other educators should encourage them to continue and help develop their skill.

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Showcase the stages of literature (reading and writing) and how it has been changed or developed over the past few years.

Yancey provides many examples of how writing from the past has cultivated the writing in modern day. She also includes many instances of ideas of literature which have been implemented into the present ideals of writing.

Talks about how process writing or peer review was brought into writing and overall found better than the previous isolated writing.

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Question the author’s choices in writing to better understand the text. By understanding the methods of work you can also adopt some of the techniques a writer uses on your own thus bettering your own knowledge. Question your own writing also, not just others; do some self analysis and see if you could make something more clear for the reader.

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During the 1st century, author became its modern day meaning.

Authors are inspired from many sources and aren’t isolated.

Writers also struggle with the idea of being original.

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College’s focus a lot on writing programs but not on reading. Comprehension of text also matters since it is also an important skill in understanding information and communicating. Students are slowly understanding texts less

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Many writers do a prewrite before they actually do the writing process. It could be done in many ways and various things can influence this pre-writing phase. From coming up with new ideas through ways of thinking or doing a task can all sprout new ways of writing which will help during the actual process.

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The first draft won’t be great.

It doesn’t matter what your first draft is, just write something just so you could have something down.

Not even accomplished authors are confident and are stuck.

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The connection between how well a student does in relation to the writing assignment. The change of writing into something more of a conversation rather than just a reiteration of information. It also touches on the topic of grammar and how  some professors are hypocritical.

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1. Writing shouldn’t be about trying to please your professor; you should be writing with your own style in a way that truly personalizes your writing

2. Reflecting and writing about your writing process can help a lot

3. Instead of worrying about your ideas being jumbled, you can first make an outline to organize your ideas

4. Reflections revisions are paramount to your success in writing

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Invention of ideas for writing won’t come your way if you just sit there. There are three ways to get over writer’s block: free writing, list making, affinity diagrams. New ideas are created through a systematic method and can reoccur during writing.

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People are not born good writers and good writing is earned. People write everyday and do it socially even if it’s not the traditional classroom setting. Certain biases have created an environment that restricts people from improving their writing and consider themselves to be good writers.

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Writing is a word-by-word, sentence-by-sentence process. You must read in a writer’s shoes(RLW method) Try to train yourself to formulate questions about the author’s writing choices. ex:Why did they choose a specific word to use over another? Why did they put this line after this sentence? How did they structure their writing?

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There is no need to be a genius to create an original thought. Students are blinded by unrealistic thoughts and unrealistic standards. Now, writing is more collaborative and should be embraced.

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Reading and writing are together, should be taught together, not at the expense of reading. When reading and writing are taught together, students become thinkers. Reading and writing occurs at the same time, people come up with ideas after reading. This helps students develop their critical thinking skills. Writers are idea creators for readers.

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Most people need time to think before writing and that is not always given in classroom environments; this leads to educators misconceptions that a student that cannot generate and produce writing in a given amount of time are considered “bad” writers. Writing is a continuous process. 4 pressures to first draft: increasing information, increasing concern, a waiting audience, and an approaching deadline. Rehearsal process: writer produces a working first draft. Principal signals writers respond to: genre, point of view, voice, news, line, image, pattern, and problem.

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Good writers have drafts, no one is perfect and can write a final draft in one take. Jot down whatever initially comes to mind for a first draft; the draft can lead to clarity and brilliance in the second and third drafts. ”almost all good things come with terrible efforts, but you need to start somewhere”

”child draft” = spit everything out method

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Professors should consider the importance of what they assign to students as well as what they expect from them in return. The goal of writing is not to produce expertly crafted writings but to develop the ability to think, respond, and communicate through writing. There is proof of small shifts in schools and it can been seen at Davis.

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1. Revision is revising while focusing on the purpose, evidence, and organization.

2. Effective revision is about making smart changes.

3. Writing is meant to be read and responded to, so it is social and responsive to its readers.

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Good writers are learned, not born. Author argues that the idea of the title is a bad idea because it puts inexperienced writers in a bad mindset. It is a myth that good writers are “chosen by God himself”. Biggest step is to change mindset first. Way to improve: persistence and experience.

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New times new challenges: developing new models of writing; designing a new curriculum supporting those models; and creating models for teaching that curriculum. Themes in the past: reading valued greater than writing because society could control its citizens & produced feelings of intimacy and warmth, writing required too much work and effort, writing linked to testing. Writing was influenced by science and progressivism. Personal computers change the perception of writing; everyone becomes writers. 21st century: writing is everywhere, write to participate, collaborative writing.

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1. Always ask yourself a set of questions while you are both reading and writing

2. Always be attentive to choices the author makes in their writing

3. Consider how the author’s writing may have been different had they made a different choice

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1. When a writer gets stuck on their writing and needs help to get unstuck rarely comes from ourselves. Instead it comes from outside sources, including other people or other texts

2. Historical practices show that individual writing is a combination of pieces from many external sources.

3. Studies on history and current works today reveal that writing has always been collaborative, requiring the imitation and repurposing of ideas drawn up by others

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1. Even if students are capable of reading complicated pieces of writing, it doesn’t mean they will comprehend and understand every single word they read

2. Reading is just as creative as writing is

3. Educators as well as the general public must make sure to keep reading and writing connected, as students are shown to perform much better when they are taught side by side

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1. There is one negative force that keeps the writer from writing, and four positive forces that will allow them to complete a draft

2. We need to be patient before writing; some time must be put between when you first receive a prompt and when you start writing

3. All writing is experimental; during writing rehearsal there will be many unwritten drafts before the first draft is ever concepted

4. Writers get their ideas from certain signals, such as a hunter would notice its prey moving along, or if a writer could smell a piece.

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1. Writing is not a clear cut, easygoing process. It is sometimes very grueling and can make one feel quite dreadful about their life

2. You should put everything that comes to mind on paper, even if it is incoherent and doesn’t make sense, since you can always edit it out later

3. Write your first draft as if no one is going to see it (which in most cases they won’t)

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1. Multiple opportunities for feedback in writing are absolutely necessary for the development of student writing.

2. WAC is a recent program that has started to be implemented at a large number of schools. This program aims to provide more full and meaningful writing classes for students.

3. Instructions for writing assignments that only touch the surface such as grammar take away from a student’s ability to write freely.

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I have a dream speech that shows that King gave a rough draft

Revisions are never done

“Writing is a social and responsive to is writers” (106)

Argues that revisions can be seen in everyday life (autocorrect, google docs, instagram edits)

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1. A good writer is persistent, and will build habits from their repetitions of writing to become a better writer in the future

2. We need to change the way we see writing; rather than it being an artifact (perfect), it needs to be seen as a social activity

3. All authors can become better authors

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1. In this new era of writing, we encounter 3 main challenges: Discovering new exemplars for writing, designing curriculum to follow these exemplars, and finding ways to teach that material

2.  In much of our writing today, we write not only to share, but to encourage participation

3. Knowing the audience to which you are writing to is paramount to the effectiveness of your writing.

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1. One of the ways to read like a writer is when you are reading ask yourself questions like what are the advantages and disadvantages of using a technique such as quoting.

2. Another way of reading like a writer is to think about how the text is built.

3. To understand how a text is built, you should ask questions like what is the purpose and who is the audience of the text.

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1. The presence of geniuses writers makes it difficult for other writers to be seen as good as they are.

2. Writers nowadays are facing unrealistic expectations that made the writers fear being unoriginal.

3. The writer should collect pieces from other writers and use them to write their work.

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1. Reading and writing are connected and the process of learning one of them depends on the process of learning the other.

2. Reading as a skill is developing over time.

3. Reading is as creative as writing because when someone reads their minds interact with the texts by generating new ideas which lead to creativity.

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1. Prewriting is important and to understand that we need to be in the shoes of the writers.

2. The negative force is resistance to writing which means that writing can be delayed, and there are many good writers that do that.

3. The four positive forces are increasing information, increasing concern, waiting audience, and an approaching deadline.

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1. The idea that good writers do not have bad drafts and are always confident in their work is incorrect.

2. The writer and most of the writers she knows do not anything written until they write a shitty draft.

3. In the first draft, you should let yourself write everything you like knowing that no one is going to see it.

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1. Excellent quality writing assignments can reveal if the students have a good understanding of the materials.

2. Even though professors say that they value critical thinking, they focus on having texts that are free of grammatical mistakes.

3. Exploratory assignments’ goal is to develop the students’ ability to think and communicate through writing.

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- Martin Luther King made revisions to his own “I Have a Dream” Speech, his choice to sing the last phrase wasn’t in his plan before, but he read the audience and made the choice based on them. - Revision is not just something to be done after writing, but it is a main step within the process. - Even professionals must revise their work, it will never be perfect on the first draft, but it will never be perfect in general. Professionals will just become good at revising and recognizing what needs to be changed.

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1. The way people see writers and how their ideas are genius makes people think that they cannot be writers.

2. The idea that writing is a skill that some people just had is a result of people focusing on the product of the writing, not its process.

3. Writers can improve by knowing the right strategy that can help them in doing that, and by knowing that good writers are not born.

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1. Reading is favored over writing by saying that people are expected to follow not lead which is what writing allows people to do.

2. Progressivism, science, and inventions affected writing instruction and writing itself.

3. Writing is about participation and sharing and understanding your audience is important in composition.

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1. The idea of reading like a writer is to carefully read the text and pay close attention to it, that way we learn new words, phrases, and ideas. We use similar writing techniques in our own writing, from what we read.

2. The purpose of reading like a writer is to understand how the text was put together, that way we are able to learn and understand how we piece our own writing together.

3. Some question to ask yourself before you start the reading are:

Do you know the author’s purpose for this piece of writing?

Do you know who the intended audience for this piece of writing is?

What genre is this?

Etc.

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Authors such as Shakesphere, Orwell, and Emerson, were ‘genius writers’ because they spoke their own truth, that flowed freely and easily.

Many writers believe that they will never be ‘genius’ enough to come up with their own original thought.

In the past, people would try to get credit for work that did not belong to them. Today, authors copyright their work, so that other people can’t take credit for it.

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1. Research shows that it is much better when instructors teach reading and writing at the same time because as we read we are learning new writing techniques that we can then use in future writing assignments. If we learn them separately it could be possible that we end up not knowing what to write about, and we wouldn't have a sense of how to layout our paper.

2. Colleges and universities cover both reading and writing, but they prioritize writing over reading because it gives students the opportunity to go into depth about what they care, feel, and think about.

3. When students are reading, sometimes they are unable to comprehend the text which does not allow them to complete and/or understand the writing assignment. This is because they are just reading the words that are written on the paper, but they are not fully processing what they mean.

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Students need to be taught the importance of writing out first drafts.

Once a writer knows what they are going to write about, it’s easier to find information, quotes, statistics, and etc. (one of the forces of writing)

The 8 signals during the rehearsal process are: genre, point of view, voice, news, line, image, pattern, and p

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Good writers write terrible first drafts, and excellent final drafts.

During the first draft, write out all your thoughts and everything that comes to mind, even if it doesn't relate to what you are writing about. Once you are done with your first draft and you go back to revise what you have written down, you might find something that you find really important.

It doesn't matter if your first draft is bad or doesn't make sense because no one else reads them but you.

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1. Regardless of what students end up writing, it will always be important because we are expressing what we have learned, what we found interesting or important, and we could possibly be connecting it to previous things we have learned or experienced.

2. Receiving feedback from professors is important and helpful for the students because they can fix those mistakes by not redoing them in future writing assignments

3. The professor's goal for the student is to be able to write out their own thoughts and feelings. They are the experts in the material, not the students. Therefore, they just want to see how we are understanding and analyzing the material that is being presented to us, and how we connect it to things in our lives.

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Revisions are strategic

The writing is the revision

Writing is almost always meant to be read and responded to.

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People become frustrated when they can not make their writing to be as good as ‘genius’ authors' writing.

A good writer reflects on the work they have already done to improve their writing.

If someone believes that their writing can not get any better, then there is no way that there will ever be room for improvement.

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Literacy educators must research and teach new ways of composing.

Educators must come up with a new writing curriculum for all grades.

Come up with new ways to teach writing in the classroom.

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Instead of reading for content or to understand the ideas, you are trying to understand how the piece of writing is put together by the author

Locate what you believe are the most important writerly choices in the text (overall structure or word choices)

Helps to understand how the process of writing is a series of making choices

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famous scholars and writers have negatively influenced the way people perceive writing

“pose unrealistic expectations for everyday writers (65).

Doubts on whether their ideas are original or not

Copyright and plagiarism is used to make sure we don't copy other people's ideas word for word, rather we take the idea and add onto it.

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Reading can improve your writing → they are connected practices. You can’t have one or the other

College and universities value reading more than writing

Writing summaries at the end of a text helps students better remember and recall information from the text.

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Rehearsal process: where writers gathers all of their ideas, the good and bad

Expresses that writers should be writing for an audience→  who your audience is

What is the prewriting process, and uses examples of how ideas start

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Uses her own experiences to show how writing is done

First drafts are just there to get the juices flowing

Let go of all their ideas and just let go of all the judgment

No one will see your first draft

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Students never get the chance to write for any other audience besides for the teacher in highschool

Professors are more likely to look at the formatting and grammatical correctness

Argues that such emphasis on surface-level writing impedes on the students ability to produce a good flowing writing ability

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1. “I stopped worrying about how awkward the reflection was, stopped worrying about how to please the teacher, and started actually reflecting and thinking. New habits and ways of thinking formed. And unexpectedly, all the hard decisions about revising for the next draft began to come more easily.”

2. “Revision isn't just in writing. These methods can be applied anytime you are working on a project of any kind or have to make decisions about something.”

3. “Describe your process of working on the essay. How did you narrow the assigned topic? What kind of planning did you do? What steps did you go through, what changes did you make along the way, what decisions did you face, and how did you make the decisions?”

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Being a good writer is taught and practiced. Students often struggle with writing because they are not taught the skills or lack practice

Many classes are focused on the results and not the actual steps of writing

Revisions and collaboration is used to practice persistence in writing. Persistence is key to writing like a genius

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Encourages educators to: design new models of writing

Age of composition, → writing has evolved in such a short period of time

Writing was linked to testing, and Reading was associated with church and family.

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Normal reading is usually just to gain information while reading as a writer focuses on looking deeper into the choices behind the author’s words

- It’s good to think about the context behind the writing and ask yourself what the author’s purpose was.

- Writing can always be improved, so even questioning the choices that went into published writing, or finding ways to make it better can allow a writer to improve their own.

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- “Great” authors who gain inspiration from within are a myth, the best writers get inspiration from the things around them- collaboration is key to success, building off of existing ideas and taking inspiration from other things is a good thing- writing can be whatever you want it to be, such as composing music and lyrics,  and you shouldn’t be discouraged because you feel writing doesn’t come naturally

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- When children are taught to read and write at the same time they are able to make better connections and learn it faster than if they were to learn them separately.

- If students are not continuously practicing reading, their comprehension and analysis skills of the world around them suffer as well.

- According to recent studies, students aren’t efficient at summarizing texts, showing a lack of comprehension, also a large number of college students failed to meet reading expectations.

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- Writers become good at looking for signals when thinking of what to write, or when to begin moving on to their next stage of writing. - Prewriting and rehearsing is a good strategy that allows for a lot of exploring and organization before you decide to write. - Even the best writers experience procrastination, but that is part of the process and they actually begin preparing in their thoughts.

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- Messy first drafts are encouraged!

- Every writer has to start with something that is less than what they want, which is why revising second and third drafts exists

- Putting a bunch of words onto a page with no filter allows you to explore your own thoughts without having to worry whether it will sound good or fit with the intented topic of the text.

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- The writing assignment itself is equally important as what the students actually write.

- Many usual assignments just ask the students to repeat what they know.

- Grammatical correctness isn’t as important as the content itself.

- WAC programs are beginning to be implemented in many universities.

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1. The particularly main idea is how they give the persona of changes within writing. They show that revision in writing would be mostly met with smarter and not harder work. This would mean not needing to change your writing if it is good but making very, you're writing fairly more efficient while keeping the same style in a major way.

2. The next idea is how you can see these changes. When different words mush together to make a coherent sentence, that sentence would be fine as it is as the sentence makes sense, it is correct, and it is expressing the main thought. However, if you can summarize it while keeping it correct in every aspect while showing growth, then that type of revision is better

3. The last idea is that revising uneasily is bad. Students will tend to revise their work as someone told them to. This would in turn lead to students' self-doubting themselves. Therefore, having students not revise when they don’t need to, rather revising in a smarter way is more effective for their learning.

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- Students do not think about writing as an “opportunity to think”

- Students should take responsibility for their own learning because it’s not up to the professors how well they do

-It is essential that we learn how to adapt to new ways of thinking, even if they differ from former habits.

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Metacognition is a process that helps student write better

Old thinking: “writing is a talent set in stone”

Anyone is able to improve their writing

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People used to focus more on reading than writing because they associated it with positive experiences such as reading with their family, while writing was seen as strictly for work, or writing wills and gave negative connotations.

Writing at first was a lot of work because children were forced to write with either ink or large bulky time-consuming typewriters. It soon grew to be appreciated in society through and surrounds us through social media, work, and novels. Everyone is a writer now.

We have adapted to many challenges with learning to read and write, and we still have a lot of opportunities to grow in front of us in the education system.

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While reading, examine the different techniques that the author uses to convey their argument.

Ask yourself questions while reading like “why did the author use this type of language” or “who’s the intended audience”

When you’re reading, you’re also learning how to write at the same time.

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The influences of these "geniuses" writers created an unrealistic expectation of writing for us now.

Writers are frustrated when writing because they can’t write original pieces.

Copyright helped authors define authors as authors

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Reading and writing should be taught together

Writing a summary after reading can help the reader remember important details from a reading.

Knowing the relationship between reading and writing will help students make sense of difficult texts/arguments/ideas.

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Most writers dawdle on their work

There’s often a brainstorming stage

The prewriting process is that educators should allow time for

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First drafts are meant to be bad

First drafts gather all your ideas

Refining happens in the 2nd and 3rd drafts

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Professors are more likely to mark students off for grammatical errors and send mixed signals to students about the value of higher order writing skills.

Students often don’t have the opportunity to write to another audience other than the teacher/professor.

Opportunities for feedback are crucial for writing development.

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-Revision is writing because there are always multiple revisions in a paper, whether they are small or not.
-There isn’t a certain amount of times that you need to revise your writing in order to make it good. Giving it a number would be as though you are just looking to be finished with it.
-Revisions are also there to receive feedback from peers or instructors since it is part of the process.

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College writing is different in a way that you’ll have to unlearn some things you’ve been used to in high school.

“Writing is thinking” meaning that when you write you’ll be constantly thinking and that thinking will lead to writing.

You are responsible for turning in your own work and practicing for improvement, not your professors.

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-Culture and history of where the myth that only a certain number of chosen people are good writers (writing is seen as an art and only few can produce it)

-Natural talent exists such as any skill but like any skill, writing can be acquired

-Writing is a skill that can be developed through habits and processes that can be taught and learned by anyone with enough persistence to do so

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The writing process

Writing was assessed early on

We have to adapt to new ways of composing

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- Reading in order to understand how the author put together the text and what we can learn about their choices.

- Different choices in writing can lead to different effects on the reader

- Notice certain choices that the author uses and decide whether to adopt those techniques into our own writing

- Consider the context surrounding the text and assignment, especially the purpose and audience.

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Origin of the idea that “geniuses are writers” (writing in isolation) and why it still persists today (copyright)

Myth misinforms writers, making them believe that geniuses write easily and well

Receive inspiration for a new idea to write and learn from other sources (collaboration)

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- While students read, they recognize certain elements and imitate them in their writing

-Reading is also a creative process because the reader is putting their own perspective and background with the text

-Reading and writing are useful skills that are constantly used in the workforce for every field

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The importance of pre-writing and to allow time for this step in schools

Resistance to & forces of writing that overcome the resistance

The rehearsal of writing (brainstorming ideas)

Different ways that writers receive a “signal” to begin writing (genre, point of view, voice, news, line, image, pattern)

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All great writers go through many terrible drafts before they get to the point they are at

The first draft is focused on pouring out all of the ideas that relate to the subject

First drafts will only lead to greater future drafts

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- Correlation between the writing assignment and the quality of the student’s writing

Many assignments given to students only are informed-based

-Emphasis on grammatical format for writing assignments impedes students’ ability to develop natural ideas

-WAC programs help college professors craft better assignments and help students become better writers

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The fantasy that good writers summon forth beautiful, lean, yet intricate sentences onto a page without sweating is an unhealthy fiction, and it is wrong.

But most of the time, even watching this quickly on classroom monitors, my students notice Weninger aims for the jugular in his writing. He’s after wholesale overhaul of his argument and of his larger work.

Revision is not a sign of weakness or inexperienced or poor writing. It is the writing. The more writers push through chaos to get to the good stuff, the more they revise.

King was not content to let his words sit, but like any practiced writer working out his muscles, he revised and riffed, adapting it for new audiences and purposes.

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- Writing is thinking, students in college are expected to think differently compared to writing in high school

- Students have to take responsibility for their education

- We have to be willing to take risks when it comes to our choices in writing in college

- Students are constantly going to be learning and unlearning things in college

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1. “This focus on the product of writing reinforced the idea of writing as a skill some people just had. Essays were usually written once and were done, for good or ill.”

2. “Opening up cognitive space that allows for metacognition and reflection is essential to experiential and practical improvement.”

3. “Good writing instruction either in a classroom setting, a tutor session, or informally with oneself can only occur if the person believes they can become a good writer with practice and focused feedback, which can only happen if they have debunked the myth of the genius author.”

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Historical references of the 20th century (more difficult to access writing)

21st century now has easy access to writing and relies on technology

Technology allows for easier collaboration between students

Due to this change, design a new curriculum and teaching model

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One time when Bunn was reading an article, he had a tough time focusing and this caused him to reread a sentence a couple times just to understand. He later thought that this is how a reader should be reading. Every word should have meaning.

Bunn says that the background information of an article is a super important thing to know.

You should start asking questions even before starting to write. Such as knowing the purpose for the piece of writing.

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There is an image of “genius writers” that is the general stereotype that newcomers have.

Many people need to feel original and when they get ideas from other people’s work they feel unoriginal.

Many get discouraged when viewing the works of the “geniuses” because they know their work will never be like that.

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Elementary schools now teach reading and writing together, instead of reading first. Research shows that students learn to read and write better when doing them simultaneously.

The author slowly goes over the development of how a student will write.

The author then compares and contrasts reading and writing

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Rehearsals are things that writers will often do during the prewriting phase to get their juices flowing and ideas will come to them this way.

The prewriting process is invisible. Many do not know or realize that it is happening but it is constantly going on around us.

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First drafts are meant to be bad, not read by anyone.
Not many writers have ideas that come to mind when starting to write. It is usually a bumpy process.
The first draft is meant to be a starting ground, so that your next draft, and the next draft after that can be the best it is.

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Professors are often more focused on grammatical correctness rather than critical thinking, even when they claim they value critical thinking more.

Professors are starting to experiment with new forms of research papers.

1343 out of 2101 papers were assigned to be written from student to examiner.

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College students are writing to discover what they don't know, while previous students were writing about something they already knew.

Successful students stay on top of their work and don't make many excuses.

Successful college writers realize that they do not write to impress their professor, they write to gain new knowledge and understanding.