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A refurbished class of workers emerged after the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, which lasted roughly from 1760 – 1840. The revolution, and thus the class itself, emerged in the United States and Europe primarily.

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This class of workers had their own culture, and were not benefited by industrial changes as much as the middle class and elite class were. The working class was generally not well off financially, and even children of these families went to work very early in life. This class was often seen as less important than the other classes. Even without large income, the working class had a great deal of influence over popular culture.

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A group of working class citizens outside a factory workplace.

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The working class was composed of people who lived far from the elites, and who often could not afford the luxuries available to others. The working class was created due largely to the incredible necessity for laborers from the Industrial Revolution. While others prospered, lowly laborers persevered in economic turmoil.

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The working class continued to exist due to the drastic actions they took to combat economic struggles. Children had to enter work with little education, as did women in many situations. Alcohol consumption was high in the working class as a way to deal with the mental and physical struggles.

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Consumer culture truly began directly after the progressive era (1896–1916). This culture first emerged in the United States and Europe.

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Consumer culture is a phrase that describes a lifestyle focused on spending money to buy material goods in a capitalist economy

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The vast majority of the United States citizens took part in the newfound consumer culture. This culture emerged largely because of the rise of big business. Most people could then expect to find everything they wanted in shops or by mail order.

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Wartime production boosted the economy of the United States, and from then on most people in a money spending position saw a remarkable rise in their spending power. Jobs were plentiful, wages were higher, and Americans were eager to spend.

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The panic of 1873 occurred in Europe and North America in the year 1873.

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The Panic of 1873 was an economic crisis in Europe, when the stock market crashed. Following this, Europeans started selling their railroad bonds, and there were soon more bonds for sale than anyone wanted. Railroad companies could no longer find anyone who would lend them cash and many went bankrupt. Jay Cooke & Company, a bank in New York, went bankrupt and the population started to panic. People began to run to their banks, demanding all of their money back. In the United States, at least 100 banks failed.

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The Panic of 1873 primarily involved the failing railroad companies as well as the banks who had invested into railroads. The crisis occurred because no one would lend money to railroad companies any longer and they went bankrupt.

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The panic was able to occur because of over-expansion in the industry and the railroads

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A visual depicting civilians attempting to get money back from a big-name bank.

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The principle of scientific management occurred during the progressive years of the 1890s through the 1920s. In this case scientific management is discussed in the context of the United States.

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Scientific management was a new form of management in which the initiative of the workmen is obtained with and to a greater extent than was possible under the old system of management. The managers also assumed new burdens, new duties, and responsibilities not before possible. Scientific management was an effort to make management better, and in this time period, that meant more efficient.

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The value of efficiency in the workplace had an apparent increase in value during the progressive era, and because of this, scientific management was conjured to create a more efficient workplace. This process involves workers, specifically the working class, and managers.

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To manage in a scientific way, and thus increase efficiency, workflows were analyzed and synthesized. Science was applied to the engineering of processes, and then combined with management practices.

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A video going into greater depth about the Knights of Labor.

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The Knights of Labor were founded in 1869 in Philadelphia, and later played a key role in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.

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The Knights of Labor was a labor organization that vouched for an eight hour workday and wanted to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.

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The Knights of Labor incorporated both skilled and unskilled workers in their campaigns. This organization was originally formed, as described in the previous section, to bring about a society in which workers, not capitalists, would own the industries in which they labored.

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To achieve their end goals, the Knights of Labor utilized boycotts and peaceful negotiations. The members of the organization generally opposed strikes, believing that they only led to bloodshed and increased tensions.

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The American Federation of Labor was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886 and continued to make an impact in America past that point. The federation was eventually dissolved in 1955.

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THE AFL was an organization that organized skilled workers into national unions consisting of others in the same trade. They aimed to achieve shorter hours, higher wages, and better working conditions.

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Conditions for workers in the United States were still not where many wished they would be, and thus the AFL hoped to change that. The American Federation of Labor initially involved many types of workers, both skilled and unskilled, but later evolved to include only skilled workers in craft unions and became an organization of mostly white men.

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To achieve benefits for its members, the AFL used collective bargaining, meaning that working people, through their unions, negotiate contracts with their employers to determine their terms of employment.