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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter

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In its simplest form, a camera obscura is a dark room with a small hole in one wall. When it's bright outside, light enters through the hole and projects an upside down image of the outside world onto the wall opposite the hole.

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(35 millimeter film) The standard photographic film format for analog single lens reflex (SLR) still cameras and motion picture cameras

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In a twin-lens reflex camera, the finder has a lens of its own, essentially a duplicate of the aperture lens, placed above it and reflecting the image by a mirror to a ground-glass screen. The image is not inverted but is laterally reversed

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Gelatin silver papers are commercially manufactured by applying an emulsion of light-sensitive silver salts in gelatin to a sheet of paper coated with a layer of baryta, a white pigment mixed with gelatin.

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Photo curators collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum. They are also responsible for the storage and presentation of photographical collections. At a museum, the curator's position is perhaps the most important position of them all

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Photography Exhibition refers to an event wherever the creator, painters, photographers show their artistic work in the hope of attracting the art lovers. These exhibitions are a good way to draw attention towards new photographers and their works.

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a large room for the exhibition of pictures also : a collection of pictures

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1. a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

2. "the Museum of Modern Art"

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A photography studio is a workspace specifically designed and built for the purpose of taking photographs. In it's basic form a studio will feature a well lit space with a blank backdrop to allow the capturing of images in an environment free from obtrusive external light sources.

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Balance is a composition technique that arranges elements within the frame to achieve equal visual weight across the image

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the principle of art that adds interest to an artwork. Variety works through juxtaposition and contrast

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using repeating shapes or a repetitive pattern inside the frame as part of the composition

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comparing size of objects, or the amount of one thing to the whole

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elements that repeat or echo throughout the image. It could be a series of shapes that repeat to make a pattern. Or you could have multiple subjects that appear at different points in the frame.

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one that is so well presented, where no part of it feels out of place or unnecessary. This can be translated through simplicity, or bringing parts together to form a whole to create 'harmony'.

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emphasize the focal point with a high contrast in value - very light areas next to very dark areas

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a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point

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appears when parts of your composition mirror other parts

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When a photo is asymmetrical, it has unequal visual weight on either side. But those visual elements balance out each other.

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combining two or more elements in the same picture, highlighting the interesting contrast between them, to create an eye-catching and thought-provoking image

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images created using photography materials and equipment that don't have an immediate association with the physical world

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we say that green, blue, and magenta are cool colors, while yellow, orange, and red are warm colors. The difference in warmer and cooler colors is more clear if the two colors are further apart on the color wheel. It means warm and cool colors often complement each other.

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Warm colors include red, orange, and yellow, while cool colors include green, blue, and violet. The two categories of color have their own moods, and it helps to ask yourself which ones you're photographing at a given time if you want to optimize how your photos look.

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Neutral tones are the color of sand, water, or fog, for example. These tones often range on the warmer scale and are opposite to bold colors associated with dramatic tonal differences

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The complementary color schemes you'll find most recognizable are red/green, blue/orange, and yellow/purple. Colors have a somewhat ambivalent relationship with their complements

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Either way, monochromatic photography is about using only one color in your photos. That color should convey mood or atmosphere. Black and white photography is a well-known example of monochromatic photography. But monochromatic photography is not limited to black & white

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An image gradient is a directional change in the intensity or color in an image. The gradient of the image is one of the fundamental building blocks in image processing. For example, the Canny edge detector uses image gradient for edge detection

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Constructive definition, helping to improve; promoting further development or advancement

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own

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moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity

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not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

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based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions

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the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

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a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.

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Backlighting means that you compose your pictures so that the primary light source is behind your subject. This can add a unique atmosphere to your photos while emphasising the subject. Backlight works as a dramatic effect that adds contrast and separates the subject from the background

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Diffused light, or soft light, is light that's filtered by something. Sunlight through a sheer curtain is diffused. Light from behind a lampshade is diffused compared to the direct light of a bare bulb. The lampshade softens and scatters the light.

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Ambient light is any light a photographer or cinematographer did not bring to the shoot. Also known as available light, it's any light that you haven't set up yourself. This includes natural light or even pre-existing lighting built in and around the location where you're shooting.

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Chiaroscuro is a renaissance painting technique which literally means “light-dark” in Italian. What I like to call atmospheric chiaroscuro is more immersed in the style of Caravaggio (1571-1610)—darker backgrounds but also high contrast between highlights and shadows with harmonious saturated tones.

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What is silhouette photography? A silhouette is a solid, dark image of a subject against a brighter background. Silhouette pictures usually show the subject in profile.

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What is the rule of thirds? The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open. While there are other forms of composition, the rule of thirds generally leads to compelling and well-composed shots.

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What are leading lines in photography? “Leading lines are a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image,” explains photographer Lukas Kosslow.

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The photograph is divided into nine rectangles along two horizontal and vertical lines according to the golden ratio. This is commonly known as a phi grid. The image is then composed with important elements along the lines and at their intersections.

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Negative space photography is related to minimalist photography. It emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject. The viewer's eyes may be drawn to a central figure, but they can't help noticing the large section of emptiness that surrounds and defines that figure.

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Positive space is any part of the photo that jumps out from its surroundings. That includes your subject, for example, along with other noteworthy areas of detail. Negative space is just the opposite — parts of an image that don't attract as much attention, surrounding the positive space and giving it a buffer.

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Diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast. Or you can create one composition using two entirely different images. The word itself comes from ancient Greek. Think of diptychs as collages

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A triptych is a group of 3 separate images displayed together. But crucially, the 3 images are more than just 3 photographs set out next to each other - they work together to create something more than that

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An orthographic projection is a way of representing a 3D object by using several 2D views of the object. Orthographic drawings are also known as multiviews. The most commonly used views are top, front, and right side

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Barrel distortion describes a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel). A good way to check for barrel distortion is to look for parallel lines in the area you are shooting and see if the lines appear parallel in your image

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barrel distortion, in which magnification decreases with distance from the axis, and pincushion distortion, in which magnification increases with distance from the axis

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity

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The ASA rating tells your camera what type of film your camera is using so it can adjust accordingly. ASA and ISO mean the same thing. The rating refers to the film's reactivity to light. Generally, 200 is pretty versatile and very common, while 100 is good for outdoor shots. 100 and 200 are the most common

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The image sensor of the camera is responsible for converting the light and color spectrum into electrical signals for the camera to convert into zeroes and ones. All commercially available digital cameras (still, movie, or security) use one of two possible technologies for the camera's image sensor: CCD or CMOS

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons.

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In digital photographs, the term noise refers to a certain type of visual distortion. It looks similar to grain found in film photography, but can also look like splotches of discoloration when it's really bad, and can ruin a photograph

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The “f” in f-stop stands for the focal length of the lens. While focal length itself refers to the field of view of a lens, f-stop is about how much light you allow to hit the sensor via the aperture opening

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16

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the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light

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the distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image. The distance between the camera and the first element that is considered to be acceptably sharp is called DoF near limit

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification.

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot. This can be good if you have no idea of what settings to choose and also when you need to shoot quickly.

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“Manual” mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls

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One of those modes is aperture priority. With it, the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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Aperture priority is a shooting mode in DSLRs, mirrorless and some compact cameras. In Aperture Priority, the photographer manually chooses the desired aperture value, and the camera then picks the required shutter speed and ISO value (if on auto ISO)

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Program mode is marked by 'P' on your camera's mode dial and is one of the Creative Zone modes, though one with the least control over your exposure settings. In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.

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Long exposure photography is the name given to the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time. The resulting image captures the trail of moving objects in front of the camera, while showing still elements razor sharp.

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a cinematography method in which a photographer takes a series of still pictures of the same frame at regular intervals over some time, then plays the whole sequence back in fast succession.

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a photographic technique where light is “painted” or “drawn” into the photograph using a hand held light source during a long exposure.

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Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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Your device supports a photo shooting mode called Burst shot. This mode lets you quickly capture up to 30 photos with just one touch and play them through one-by-one like a video.

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It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white.

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Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject.

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like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast

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Bulb Mode is an exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds

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a long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image. “It gives us the ability to see things in a way that we can't on our own,” says photographer Chris Sidla.

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A monopod is a device for camera stabilization that has a single leg. Monopods are similar to tripods,

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Noun. midtone (plural midtones) (photography, art) A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama. If a photo has poor dynamic range, the image can appear flat or gray

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A shadow is the result of the relationship between the subject's location and the direction of the light source. With front light, the shadow falls behind the subject. When side lit, it appears on the opposite side that's lit.

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo

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Technically speaking, sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time

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Autofocus (AF) points are what you use to determine where the camera will be focusing the image. When you look through your viewfinder, these are the rectangles or circles that you see. There are different types of AF points: vertical or horizontal, and cross-type.

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Bracketing is the process of shooting the same image, shot, or scene multiple times using different camera settings resulting in different exposures

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a number that represents a combination of a camera's shutter speed and f-number, such that all combinations that yield the same exposure have the same EV (for any fixed scene luminance).

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo

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where you can find all of your photoshop tools

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more

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The options bar is right underneath the menu bar. It's a horizontal menu that, by default, is on the left side of the screen. Don't see the options bar? Bring it back by going to the Window drop-down menu and selecting Options

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remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the image subject, or change the size or aspect ratio

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the relationship between the width and height of the image or video being displayed

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how many pixels are displayed per inch of an image

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An Image file format is a file format for a digital image. There are many formats that can be used, such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF

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A RAW file is lossless, meaning it captures uncompressed data from your camera sensor

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a special type of camera lens that has the ability to work with very short focusing distances, taking sharp images of very small subjects.