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Each state in Australia has different guidelines and standards that Nurses must meet. These can change with a change in governments, and are therefore directly affected by the politics that are currently in practice (Banks & Twohill, 2015).

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The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia's (NMBA) standards for practice are standards and regulations that outline the professional standards nurses must meet in order to safely and responsibly continue practice.

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Socio-economic status (or advantage) refers to a person's ability to access resources and participate in society (Australian Beurau of Statistics, 2018). This can be affected by a persons wealth, living situation and access to employment.

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The environment of a member of the public receiving healthcare. For example, whether someone lives in a rural area, or a more urban area.

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Each person living in Australia has a set of rights that enable them to access healthcare. These are access, safety, respect, partnership, information, privacy and the right to give feedback (Australian Commission of Safety and Healthcare, 2020). Australians are entitled to each element of these rights and should always have access to them through their personal healthcare systems.

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The educational level of each nurse, or the type of education that they have received. Factors that can affect a nurse's knowledge and education.

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Governments in power determine how much funding is allocated to each sector of healthcare. Each state and territory's regulatory body is in charge of allocating and dividing such funds. While the federal government regulates healthcare policies and regulates the use of resources and medications, state governments are responsible for providing local public healthcare (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2024).

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Therefore, depending on a range of factors affecting an individuals situation, for example whether or not one lives in a rural area can affect their access to healthcare services (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2024). Due to lower populations funding of healthcare in these areas can also be decreased.

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Can individuals access and afford nursing education?

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Can individuals access and afford nursing education?

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And will this lead to a lower percentage of nurses in certain areas?

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What is the availability of healthcare workers in the area?

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What is the availability of healthcare workers in the area?

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If reduced this can lead to a lower availability of healthcare overall.

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This includes factors that can contribute to the health of Australians, including drug and alcohol use, exercise and physical activity, mental health, vaccinations and health screenings (Australian Department of Health and Aged Care, 2019).

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Services that a community may seek as a primary means of healthcare. These services aim to address people's health concerns in a way that is (primarily) affordable and accessible to all in any community (Australian Government Productivity Commission, 2021)

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This includes specialist services, such as diagnostic testing, pathology and outpatient and residential services. These services can be public or private, and are sought for more specialised and acute needs (Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, 2019)

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28% of Australians live in remote areas of the country. Individuals who live in remote areas face lower access to healthcare due to location and accessibility. In addition to this, those who live in metropolitan areas show a higher rate of employment, and thus income (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2024). This means that people in remote areas in addition to the lack of accessibilities face more of a challenge when it comes to the affordability of care. This can lead to higher rates of chronic illness in such areas.

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Those who face lower income difficulties and unemployment may not be able to afford services that require the intervention of private healthcare systems such as specialist or diagnostic care.

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If an individual has in-proper access to healthcare, can they fully observe each of their healthcare rights?