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C8–14 in To Kill A Mockingbird reveal growing racial injustice as the Tom Robinson trial approaches. Atticus acknowledges in C9 that defending a Black man in a racist town like Maycomb is an uphill battle, eventhough the evidence clearly points to Tom’s innocence. The visit to Calpurnia’s church in C12 exposes Jem and Scout to the divided Black and white communities in Maycomb County, showing how segregation causes trust to be broken between the communities. Aunt Alexandra, who moves in with the Finch family in C13-14, represents the traditional racist culture in Maycomb, creating tension within the family as she disapproves of Atticus’s decision to defend Tom Robinson in the trial. These chapters shows us how racism influences the people in Maycomb, preparing us for the injustices to come in the Tom Robinson trial.

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Chapter 11 is significant as Jem learns true courage through witnessing Mrs. Dubose's battle against her morphine addiction.

Mrs. Dubose appears antagonistic at first. She is known as the meanest old woman who ever lived. One time, she attacks Atticus's moral character, enraging Jem. As a result, Jem destroys the flowers in her garden.

Atticus punishes Jem by forcing Jem to read to Mrs. Dubose every Saturday. In those moments, Jem sees Mrs. Dubose in her moments of weakness and vulnerability as she struggles with her illness.

After she dies, Jem learns from Atticus that she was combating her morphine addiction, and was able to die sober, in a clear-state of mind, able to be at peace with herself. She succeeded despite the pain and didn't give in to the easy option, demonstrating her courage, no matter how impossible the odds are.

Jem learns from this experience that true courage is persevering despite hardships.

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During the first day of school, the social difference between the Finches, Cunninghams, and the Ewells were illustrated by the author. During class, Scout explains to Ms. Caroline about how Walter's family isn't able to afford any lunch and wouldn't be able to pay her back, furthermore, she also explains to Ms. Caroline about how the Ewells live in a different style and therefore won't come to school afterwards anyways. However, at this point of time, we are still able to tell the difference between the Cunningham and Ewell families. Even though both families are extremely poor in Maycomb, we can see respect, morality, and manners shown through Walters visit to Scout's home. On the other side, through the disrespectful ways Burris Ewell talked to Ms. Caroline, we could infer that his family lacked education.

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After Scout has a difficult first day at school, Atticus teaches her an important lesson about empathy. He tells her, “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” By this, Atticus is explaining that Scout should try to see the world from other people's perspectives, especially Miss Caroline, her teacher, who might be new to Maycomb and unaware of local customs. This helps Scout begin to understand that people may act in ways she doesn't initially understand, and it encourages her to be more tolerant and patient.

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Atticus defends Calpurnia after Aunt Alexandra suggests that they no longer need her. In Chapter 14, Aunt Alexandra argues that Calpurnia's services are no longer necessary since she is worried about her influence on the children. However, Atticus firmly disagrees, explaining how important Calpurnia is to their family. He acknowledges her role in raising Jem and Scout, emphasizing that she has been a positive and loving presence in their lives. Atticus' defense of Calpurnia highlights his ability to see things from her perspective and appreciate her contributions, despite the racial and social prejudices of the time. This moment shows Atticus’ deep sense of empathy, extending it even to those who others might dismiss or devalue.

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On the witness stand, Tom explains that he felt sorry for Mayella Ewell, a white woman from a poor and abusive household, which is a significant moment. Despite the racial divide and the danger of expressing sympathy for a white woman as a Black man in that era, Tom helps Mayella out of kindness, recognizing her loneliness and difficult situation. His empathy for Mayella shows his humanity, but it is tragically misunderstood by the jury and townspeople due to the entrenched racism in society.

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At the end of To Kill a Mockingbird, as Scout stands on the Radley porch in Chapter 31, she reflects on how much Boo Radley has silently observed and cared for her and Jem throughout the years. In this moment, Scout embodies the lesson of empathy that her father, Atticus, has taught her. She realizes that from Boo's perspective, the children were like his own entertainment and connection to the outside world, and he had been watching over them with a quiet, protective presence. Standing on his porch, Scout literally sees things from Boo's point of view, understanding how much he has done for them without expecting anything in return. This realization encapsulates the empathy theme in the novel, as Scout recognizes the importance of seeing the world through another's eyes, fully appreciating Boo’s kindness and humanity despite the fear and mystery that once surrounded him.

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In this chapter, I think a main event that correlated to social class and inequality was the case of Mr. Raymond. Mr. Raymond has many mixed race kids and those kids in Maycomb’s society are discriminated and don’t belong in either white or black, so their social class was very low and they are often discriminated and treated bad for not being 100% a race, so they aren’t accepted in the social group of either race. Moreover, Scout and Jem discovers how people in the African American community live, and how their churches are like, and at the same time aunt Alexandra has alot of influence on the kids. I don’t think they experience much inequality and a clear social class, but there is a big contrast between how the 2 races live. I think the only part that encorporates inequality and the concept of social classes is aunt Alexandra discriminating Calpurnia and wanting Atticus to drop the case about Tom Robinson. Further more, during Scout’s time with Aunt Alexandra, she has to be treated differently and forced to act “feminine” when she just wants to be herself, and the rest of the Finches think that Atticus and the kids are an embarassment to their family. This suggests that there will still be inequality even if you are just white and not racist. This is also evident when Cecil Jacobs calls Atticus a “N-word Lover” and makes fun of Scout for it. Lastly, during the scene where the gang shows up on Atticus’s door trying the lynch Tom says alot about the social class. Even though Tom Robinson is probably living better and doing better than these country folks who are very broke and struggling, the country folks still believe that they are superior and want to get rid of Tom. This is probably because even though how much the country folks like Mr. Cunningham are struggling and have a low social class in Maycomb, atleast they are white, which always has a higher social hierarchy compared to an African American that contributes more to society and has a better living condition.

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Chapters 1-7

One example of coming of age between chapters 1-7 is the children's encounter with the knot-hole in front of the Radley's house and Jem's reaction after discovering that the hole is cemented. While playing around in the neighborhood, Jem and Scout's attention was captured by two little white soap figurines that resembled themselves. Their little hole later then yielded more gifts, a whole package of chewing gum, a spelling bee model, and a broken pocket watch. During the scene where the kids are writing a letter to the sender of these gifts, Jem starts with the phrase "Okay. Dear mister…", suggesting that he knows that the individual is a male, indicating that he knows the one providing gifts for them is Boo Radley (68). At the end of chapter 7, the kids discovered that Nathan Radley was blocking the hole with cement. Jem felt a sense of sorrow after realizing that their only connection with Boo was cut off, but the interesting point comes when Scout says that he could not hear him cry, "he had been crying; […] but I thought it odd that I had not heard him (70)." This unique detail tells the reader that Jem is growing up little by little, and this sign shows that he is slowly becoming an adult by hiding the fact that he is in tears.

*the pages are different due to a different copy of the book*

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Many events between chapter 8-14 showed the kids maturing, growing up, and losing their innocence. For example in Chapters 8 Jem and Scout found gifts in the knothole outside of Boo's house. After that, Jem found more gifts and hid them, treating them as his treasure, but as he continued collecting more and more, he realized the meaning behind the items. It was Boo Radley trying to share his life with Jem. This created a connection and bond between them, the fact that Jem noticed this connection and this feeling of communication without words showed that he had grown. Now Jem can appreciate silent connections and, like adults, feel their weight and find them important, so he had to hide this new understanding and those gifts (he became a bit more serious than a kid).

The contrast in the reaction between Jem and Scout to the filling up of the tree hole shows that Jem is getting older and more mature. That's because meanwhile Scout didn't find it sad or anything, but was only worried about no more gifts, Jem was deeply affected and cried. That should Jem lose his innocence and understand the unfairness and cruelty some individuals experience (unable to communicate with the outside world even if they wanted to). It also demonstrated Jem's ability to sympathize with others which was a growth lesson Atticus taught them, now he was able to feel the disconnections and sadness Boo might feel stuck inside the house, instead of just treating him as a monster, therefore it reflects Jem's growth and maturity.

In later chapters, Jem shows growth and increased maturity, as Atticus explains Ms. Dubose's courage to him, allowing him to understand that humans are a lot more complicated than they appear, and sometimes real strength and power come from the inside. For example, how courage could be fighting the impossible and enduring difficult challenges or always holding and standing your ground.

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There wasn’t a lot of direct racism since this is the trial, but one example of direct racism was when tom Robinson admitted that he felt bad for mayella. The idea in Maycomb is that black people aren’t supposed to feel sorry for a white person as well as Mr. Gilmer’s rude treatment of Tom Robinson during the questioning with him calling Tom Robinson things like boy or overall being rude.

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during the trial, the judges still declared that tom Robinson is guilty, which upsets the children. From this scene, we can see inequality at play because Atticus clearly proved that tom is not guilty, but the judges did not listen.

After the trial, Jem and Atticus discuss whether or not a man should be executed , Atticus tells Jem that a jury would always take a white man's word for a black's which also reflects on the theme of inequality where a black man is definitely not equal to a white man.

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One of the most famous lines in the novel comes from chapter 18 when Atticus Finch tells Scout, “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view… Until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” This advice is a foundation in Scout’s coming of age. It teaches her the importance of empathy, which is crucial for understanding complex human nature and the world around her.

Scout reflects on his father's suggestion and tries to use it in her real life, especially on Boo Radley and Tom Robinson.

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Scout has grown up and starts to think in other's perspective. For example, in chapter 26, near the end of the novel, places Scout in the third grade. Having experienced difficulties with the townspeople at the courthouse, Scout has grown past her childish obsession with the reclusive Arthur "Boo" Radley. Instead of imagining him as a ghost, she now envisions having adult conversations with him.

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While Atticus is at the Maycomb jail, a lynch mob comes to kill Tom Robinson. Even though he is outnumbered, he still stands his ground, defending Robinson's right to a trial. This shows courage because even though there is someone protecting him, Atticus didn't know about it and still willingly put himself in danger in the name of justice.

Furthermore, Atticus still defended Tom Robinson in court even though he knew about the entire town's disapproval, again showing his courage.

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After facing defeat in court and getting threatened by the Ewells, the Finch household shows courage in the face of adversity by being brave and facing the hate from the town. In the book, after the case is lost, Atticus shows no sadness and acts tough, showing the town he is proud of what he stands for even though he is tired from all the hate from the town. Courage from atticus is most evident in chapter 22 when "Mr.Bob Ewell stopped Atticus on the post office corner, spat in his face, and told him he'd get him if it took the rest of his life" and Atticus didn't really care. This shows that even though Bob Ewell is making threats, Atticuss still has the courage to stand up for what he believes.

In addition, this courage is also shown when Aunt Alexandra gets news of the death of Tom Robinson. Even though she felt sad and was shocked, she had the courage to fight against all the hate of the town. This courage also influenced scout who recalled "If aunty could be a lady at a time like this, so could I."

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After the death of Bob Ewells, Boo Radley carries an unconscious Jem back to the Finch residence, and Scout follows up. Atticus quickly deals with the situation by calling the local doctor and sheriff. They tried sorting things out but couldn't figure out who was responsible for Bob's death. In the end, Tate wanted to announce that Bob tripped and stabbed himself, but Atticus believed that Jem was the one who killed Bob. However, the Sheriff, who didn't want to give a kid PTSD, decided that it would be best that he announced Bob's death to be an accident. Atticus didn't want to accept this as he would have to lie to the kids. However, the sheriff's orders were absolute. Because of this, Atticus felt pretty frustrated as lying was against his morals, and having to lie to his very own kids made him feel even worse. Surprisingly, Scout approaches Atticus and starts comforting him. This is a clear demonstration of growing up and maturing. Scout went from an immoral little girl who was beating up classmates to a mature individual who is able to empathize, understand, and comfort others.

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Boo Radley demonstrates the theme of courage at the end of To Kill a Mockingbird when he risked his own safety to save the lives of the children. Although he does not speak a single word throughout the novel, it is clear that it took him a lot of courage and self-persuasion to finally leave his house. He did something he had been avoiding for the past twenty-five years because he knew it was a life-or-death situation for Jem and Scout, and he felt the urge to do the right thing. He embodies the theme of courage in the face of adversity because he chose to challenge himself when it was not his responsibility and when it would make him directly responsible for Bob Ewell’s death.

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When the trail is nearly ended in chapter 21, Jem believed that Tom Robinson will be acquited by the jury. This indicates that from the child perspective, which has been affected less by the racist atmosphere in Maycomb, Atticus's defence is valid and is anle to prove the innocence of Tom Robinson. However, the jury finally made a verdict of guilt to Tom Robinson. It clearly shows the racial injustices in Maycomb.

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Chapter 27 and 30 shows racial injustice as Bob Ewell is mentioned to be stalking Helen Robinson. Even though the trial was over, Bob Ewell still has not changed his attitude towards black people one bit.

In Chapter 30, Tom Robinson's name is mentioned by Sheriff Heck Tate to convince Atticus that Bob Ewell deserved to die, as he was one of the main reasons that Tom Robinson was falsely accused as a rapist and is the reason why Tom Robinson was sent to jail and died.

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In Chapter 6, Jem, Scout, and Dill decide to sneak into the Radley yard to see Boo Radley. They feel excited but scared because of the stories they've heard about him. As they try to look through a window, Nathan Radley suddenly appears and shoots a gun into the air, which makes the children panic and run away. During their escape, Jem's pants got caught in the fence, and he has to leave it behind. Later that night, despite being afraid of getting caught, Jem shows real courage by going back to the Radley house to get his pants back. This shows that he cares about being honest and doing the right thing, even when it’s scary. When he finds his pants, they are neatly folded and sewed, which suggests that Boo Radley might not be the monster they thought he was. This moment shows Jem's bravery and marks his growth as a character, as he faces his fears and learns an important lesson about understanding others. This incident highlights the theme of courage and foreshadows the larger lessons about judgment and bravery in the story.