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The normalization of labour—especially child labour—during the Industrial Revolution highlights the complex outcomes of the movement’s convalescence stage. From an environmental lens, factory conditions were often dangerous, dirty, and harmful to human health. This shows the environmental problems of the time. The economic side also played a big part—people needed money, so even kids worked in these tough jobs. Over time, child labor became normal, and people didn’t question it. This normalization shows how far society had drifted from the original hopes of improving quality of life through innovation. Although the revolution succeeded in increasing production and boosting economies, it failed to protect workers like women and children during its early stages. Only later, as society reflected on the consequences, did reformers push for labor laws, including the banning of child labor. In this way, the Industrial Revolution accomplished some of what revolutionaries set out to do but at a great human cost, especially during its peak and recovery stages (Rafferty).

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According to World History Encyclopedia's Article “Why the Industrial Revolution Started in Britain,” claims that Britain was different from other European nations at the time, as the government, private investors, and businesses often promoted innovations in technology, often in pursuit of financial gain, creating a culture that motivated innovation. In addition, European Government funding primarily went toward military expenses, which was dissimilar to Britain, which created a different environment that supported inventors due to the difference in government spending. Furthermore, Britain had created many governmental policies that were created to inspire people to become inventors, thus creating more innovation. Those who chose to become inventors were also given bonuses such as lower taxes, easier loans, and safeguarding of invention patents, which were both factors that heavily influenced the amount of research and development made during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (Cartright).

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Landowners had created a demand for labour on their farms, raising their wages, which encouraged individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas so the landowners could obtain profit from their land. As Labor prices had risen for farmers, this led factories to also raise their wages. Another factor that contributed to the rise of the cost of labour was urban growth, as increases in the population called for agricultural efficiency and increasing harvest speed, leading farms to hire more workers (Cartright).

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According to "Industrial Revolution" from Britannica School, the invention of the Spinning Jenny was one of the key developments that helped drive the Industrial Revolution. It allowed a single person, usually a woman working from home, to spin multiple threads at once, making the process of creating thread much faster and easier. Before this invention, spinning was done slowly by hand, which limited how much thread could be produced. The Spinning Jenny solved this problem and increased textile production dramatically, which helped meet the growing demand for cloth. This invention is closely connected to the causes of the Industrial Revolution, such as the need for faster production and the rise of new technology. It pushed more families into factory work as machines took over traditional home industries. The demand for mass production, faster output, and cheaper goods all led to inventions like the Spinning Jenny, showing how the causes of the revolution directly created events that changed how people lived and worked.

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Due to improvements surrounding the creation of manufactured goods, the labor speed of human and animal muscle was forced to increase due to the rapid production of goods, which was caused by machinery and the coal-fired steam engine. This new machinery heavily contrasts with artisans with specialized skills, who were originally in place to manufacture goods but were much slower as their professions were heavily dependent on their environment. Although labor was highly arduous for factory workers, there were dreadful conditions for the workers to operate in, with long, full-day shifts for six days a week.  In addition, the increase in types of machinery led to many men working in the mechanical industry having little time spent with their families due to the long hours spent working. This caused many homes and families to be separated and have loose or weak relationships due to a need for income for poorer families. Moreover, Large factories had replaced small businesses, leading to a boom in the production of technologically manufactured items such as the spinning Jenny, the spinning mule, and the power loom. Production of cotton had massively changed in this time period, as before the factories, cotton was primarily produced by agrarian families (National Geographic).

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According to the National Geographic Society's Article titled “The Industrial Revolution and technology,”  Steam engines had become the main power source for the British and European industries in the last quarter of the 18th century, as they were highly efficient and had much versatility in their design. Necomen, the original inventor of the steam engine, had his design improved by two Scottish engineers named James Watt and his business partner Matthew Boulton, creating an enhanced design. In addition,  sustained enlargement in crops was caused by agricultural advancements in several different fields of farming, such as land use, soil health, and crop rotation, combining farming methods with the steam engine, which fed the rising population of Britain. Furthermore, Jethro Tull created one of the advancements of the time, the seed drill, which was one of the factors that resulted in the development of new crop varieties and animal husbandry.

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The World History Encyclopedia titled “Why the Industrial Revolution Started in Britain” claims that  Britain had a vast amount of natural resources, such as iron, coal, copper, and other materials that had been in trade for hundreds of years. Furthermore, many cities and urban areas had been built around coal mines, leading the British population to gain a stronger expertise over coal, enabling the British people to efficiently meet the growing demand for power driven by the machines developed during the Industrial Revolution. leading to the expansion of the Industrial Revolution into other countries.

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According to the National Geographic Societies  Article “The Industrial Revolution and technology,” Due to an increase in agricultural production, quicker transportation of goods was called for, which created overland roads and canals in both Europe and the United States. Steam engines were extremely useful and powered locomotives that were efficient, leading to the creation of railroads all across the world. In addition Britannica’s article “The Rise of the Machines: Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution” Breakthroughs in farming technology and the steam engine had reduced the amount of exercise that people gained, as there was less manual labor, as farming machines such as tractors required fewer people to operate and could operate over larger fields.

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During the 19th century, there was a massive increase in the density of urban areas across Britain as there were boosts in the scientific industry and factory production. Most citizens of England at the time had solitary lives, with many having jobs related to agricultural topics. Those who chose to leave for places such as Manchester or Leeds were chasing economic opportunity. After two short decades, 20 percent of citizens had a rural to urban migration, with the number rising again during the middle of the 19th century, with urbanized areas containing 50 percent of the British population  (Rafferty). 

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Environmental changes thrived during the Industrial Revolution, with modern complications such as global warming, air pollution, and biodiversity loss. During this period, factories depleted the earth's reserves of natural resources such as water, trees, soil, rocks, and minerals, leading to significant transformations of the natural world (Rafferty).

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Before the Industrial Revolution took place, around the 18th century, most items were made by hand at home. Since all goods are made one by one, the price wasn’t cheap for lower-class people to afford. Many people were having a hard time affording the prices ("Industrial Revolution").

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According to CrashCourse’s video “The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course European History #24”, the peak of the Industrial Revolution brought harsh conditions such as the exploitation of labor- especially children. The booming demand for factory workers drew people into rapidly growing urban areas, which quickly became overwhelmed and unsanitary. To cut costs and increase output, factories often hired children and orphans, forcing them to work long hours in dangerous conditions. In this way, the factors that fueled industrial growth- mass production and urban migration- also created serious social problems. (7:28-7:40).

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The textile industry changed a lot during the Industrial Revolution. This shows the environmental lens because cotton was made in big factories that caused pollution. It also shows the scientific lens because new machines helped make cloth faster. This is part of the crisis stage since machines took over, and people lost jobs they used to do by hand. This shows how the Industrial Revolution caused big changes that were both helpful and hard for people (National Geographic Society).

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After the Industrial Revolution, more and more factories were built, and this caused big changes in where people lived. Many people moved from the countryside to cities to work in these new factories. This is called rural to urban migration. It helped cities grow fast, but it also caused problems we still see today, like fewer people working on farms. People who moved to cities often had to give up parts of their traditional rural lives, including their culture and way of living. The reason people moved was because machines and factories changed the way work was done. This shows how the causes of the Industrial Revolution—like new technology and factory jobs—led to big challenges in people’s lives and where they lived (“Industrial Revolution”) .

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Sources for Lucas, Geonwoo Industrial Revouloution - Google Docs

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Industrial Revolution Fever Model Drafting Graphic Organizer

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Industrial Revolution Fever Model Drafting Graphic Organizer

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Industrial Revolution Fever Model Drafting Graphic Organizer - Google Docs