# data[].attributes.body
In the contemporary business landscape, ethical decision-making is of paramount importance. This paper comprehensively explores the complex relationship between business ethics and environmental concerns, with a particular emphasis on greenhouse gas emissions and their connection to SDG 13. It begins by analyzing four in-depth articles that touch upon diverse elements within this domain. For instance, it examines Norway's ethical dilemma as an oil-producing nation, striving to balance the economic gains from oil production, which funds essential welfare programs, against the environmental consequences of carbon dioxide emissions. The issue of supplier greenwashing is also investigated, highlighting how companies' false or exaggerated claims about their environmental sustainability efforts mislead stakeholders and distort the market. Additionally, the ethical challenges within the carbon offset market, such as lack of standardization and transparency, are scrutinized, along with the failure of some companies to effectively limit CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions.

The major elements of discussion include identifying the prevalent business moral dilemma of weighing the control of greenhouse gas emissions against economic interests. Real-world challenges are presented, such as the heavy reliance of many nations and industries on fossil fuels, which exacerbates climate change, and the prevalence of misleading environmental practices and accountability gaps. To address these issues, a range of solutions is proposed, including implementing strict regulatory frameworks to hold businesses accountable for their environmental impact, adopting carbon pricing mechanisms to internalize the external costs of emissions, supporting the transition to renewable energy to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and promoting circular economy practices to minimize waste and encourage resource conservation. The essay also highlights various career opportunities that are directly related to this field, such as environmental policy analysts, sustainability consultants, green energy project managers, and climate advisory senior managers.

Besides,it will analyze this issue in relation to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 13. SDG 13, or Climate Action, is a crucial global initiative that aims to prompt urgent and concerted efforts to combat climate change and mitigate its far-reaching impacts. It emphasizes the need for countries and businesses to take proactive measures, such as significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing the resilience of communities and ecosystems to climate change, and integrating climate change considerations into national policies, strategies, and planning. .The exploration of these elements will provide a comprehensive understanding of the ethical dimensions of corporate environmental responsibility.

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A mechanism that puts a price on carbon emissions, either through taxes or cap - and - trade systems. This incentivizes companies to reduce their emissions as it makes emitting carbon more costly.

# data[].attributes.body
The practice of companies making false or exaggerated claims about their environmental efforts. This can mislead consumers and investors into believing that a company is more environmentally friendly than it actually is.

# data[].attributes.body
A market where companies can voluntarily purchase carbon offsets. It provides an opportunity for businesses to take additional steps to address their carbon footprint beyond what is required by regulations.

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Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM) gives companies, NPOs, governments, and individuals the opportunity to buy and sell carbon offset credits.

# data[].attributes.body
Carbon Footprint represents the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions directly or indirectly generated by an organization, product, or individual within a certain period, usually expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent. Enterprises can measure their contribution to climate change by calculating the carbon footprint and formulate emission reduction targets and plans based on it. Consumers can also make more environmentally friendly consumption choices by understanding the carbon footprint of products.

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Financial services that support sustainable development, often related to environmental and social goals. This can involve investments in renewable energy projects, green bonds, or lending to companies with strong environmental and social performance.

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A mechanism through which companies can compensate for their carbon emissions by investing in projects that reduce emissions elsewhere. These projects could include reforestation initiatives or the development of renewable energy sources in other locations.

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An economic system aimed at minimizing waste and maximizing the use of resources through recycling, reuse, and remanufacturing. It aims to create a closed-loop system where materials are continuously cycled back into the production process.

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The ability of a system or community to adapt and recover from the impacts of climate change. This includes measures such as building infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events and developing strategies to cope with sea-level rise and changing precipitation patterns.

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Financial support for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. This can include funding for protected areas, species conservation programs, and initiatives to promote sustainable land and water management.

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Services that provide guidance and advice on climate change strategies and risk management. These services help businesses and organizations understand and respond to the challenges and opportunities presented by climate change.

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Externalities refer to the costs or benefits that the economic activities of enterprises or individuals impose on third parties and are not reflected in market transactions. In the environmental context, greenhouse gas emissions are a typical negative externality. Enterprises' emission of greenhouse gases causes damage to the environment and society, but this cost is usually not directly borne by the enterprises. Mechanisms such as carbon pricing attempt to internalize these external costs, enabling enterprises to consider the full social costs of their actions when making decisions.

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Decarbonization is the process of reducing or eliminating the dependence on carbon-based energy sources (such as coal, oil, and natural gas) in economic activities and achieving the transition to a low-carbon or zero-carbon economy. In the process of achieving decarbonization, enterprises can take a variety of measures, such as investing in renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and developing and applying low-carbon technologies. This is a crucial path for addressing climate change and achieving sustainable development.

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The four articles under consideration delve into various aspects of business ethics in the context of environmental concerns, particularly related to greenhouse gas emissions and their intersection with economic interests. The first article, “More Planet and Less Profit? The Ethical Dilemma of an Oil Producing Nation” by John A. Hunnes, explores Norway's ethical quandary in balancing oil production revenues and environmental responsibilities, with a focus on SDG 13. It analyzes the nation's strategies for reconciling economic and environmental sustainability. The second article, from the Baltic Journal of Management titled “Unmasking supplier greenwashing: how information sharing and green trust shape clients’ sustainability,”investigates the issue of greenwashing, where companies make false or exaggerated claims about their environmental efforts, and its implications for SDG 13. The third article, “The Ethics of Carbon Neutrality: A Critical Examination of Voluntary Carbon Offset Providers”by Dhanda and Hartman (2011), highlights the ethical challenges in the voluntary carbon offset market, such as lack of standardization and regulation, in relation to SDG 13. The fourth article examines the ethical issue of some companies' failure to limit CO2 and greenhouse gases and analyzes it through different ethical theories in connection with SDG 13, referring to  “Morality, ethics, and values outside and inside organizations: An example of the discourse on climate change” by Besio and Pronzini (2014). Overall, these articles offer valuable insights into the complex relationship between business ethics, greenhouse gas emissions control, and economic interests.

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The common theme emerging from the four articles is the business moral dilemma of weighing the control of greenhouse gas emissions against economic benefits. In passage 1, the case of Norway as an oil-producing nation exemplifies how this dilemma extends to the national level. The country must consider the economic gains from oil production, which fund welfare programs, against the environmental impact of carbon dioxide emissions. This sets the stage for understanding the broader context of the trade-off. Passage 2 presents the phenomenon of greenwashing as a specific instance within the corporate realm. Companies, in an attempt to enhance their economic interests, engage in false or exaggerated claims about their environmental sustainability. This clearly shows a misalignment between economic pursuits and genuine emission control efforts. Passage 3 further illustrates the issue by highlighting the ethical challenges in the carbon offset market. Here, companies' attempts to claim carbon neutrality through offsets may be marred by lack of standardization and transparency, indicating a failure in effectively controlling greenhouse gases while potentially reaping economic benefits. Finally, passage 4 directly addresses the ethical problem of companies' inability to limit CO2 and greenhouse gases and analyzes it through ethical theories in relation to SDG 13. Collectively, these articles provide a comprehensive view of the pervasive business moral dilemma of balancing greenhouse gas emissions control and economic interests, demonstrating its significance and complexity in corporate contexts.

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Our research identifies two significant challenges related to SDG 13, supported by examples from individual assignments and linked to ethical theories.

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Corporate Reliance on Fossil Fuels and Insufficient Emission Reduction Efforts

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Corporate Reliance on Fossil Fuels and Insufficient Emission Reduction Efforts

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Many nations and industries rely heavily on fossil fuels, exacerbating climate change. For example, Norway’s oil industry contributes approximately 15% of the country’s greenhouse gas emissions annually, despite its global reputation for sustainability (Hunnes, 2019). This reliance is particularly significant for oil-dependent economies where fossil fuel revenues support welfare programs, creating a conflict between economic priorities and environmental responsibilities (Besio & Pronzini, 2014). This challenge aligns with Utilitarianism, which critiques actions prioritizing short-term economic benefits over long-term global well-being.

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Misleading Environmental Practices and Accountability Gaps

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Misleading Environmental Practices and Accountability Gaps

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Misleading environmental claims and flawed carbon offset markets undermine climate action. For instance, a study on supplier greenwashing shows its detrimental impact on trust within the European corporate sector (Santos et al., 2024). Additionally, research indicates that nearly 50% of voluntary carbon credits globally fail to achieve meaningful emissions reductions, particularly in markets with weak regulatory oversight, such as in developing regions (Dhanda & Hartman, 2011). These practices conflict with Kantian Ethics, which emphasizes the moral duty of honesty and transparency.

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These challenges highlight the need for businesses to adopt ethical practices and prioritize genuine alignment with SDG 13.

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Three ethical theories—Utilitarianism, Kantian Ethics, and Virtue Ethics—offer a framework to analyze the ethical challenges of SDG 13 and their impact on achieving its goals.

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Utilitarianism evaluates actions based on their consequences, aiming to maximize societal well-being. The dependence on fossil fuels, such as Norway’s oil industry contributing 15% of its total greenhouse gas emissions annually (Hunnes, 2019), prioritizes economic benefits over environmental well-being, perpetuating climate harm. Similarly, corporate inaction exacerbates extreme weather events and rising sea levels, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations like low-income coastal communities (Besio & Pronzini, 2014). These outcomes hinder SDG 13’s targets of reducing emissions and building resilience to climate-related hazards (United Nations, n.d.). A utilitarian approach advocates transitioning to clean energy and stricter accountability measures, ensuring long-term benefits such as reduced climate risks, improved public health, and greater global stability.

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Kantian Ethics focuses on moral duties, such as honesty and respect for others, emphasizing that businesses must act ethically regardless of the consequences. Greenwashing, where companies exaggerate claims of sustainability (Santos et al., 2024), violates these duties by deceiving stakeholders. Ineffective carbon offsets, with nearly 50% failing to deliver measurable reductions (Dhanda & Hartman, 2011), further reflect a breach of the duty to transparency. These practices undermine trust and collaboration, critical for achieving SDG 13. Specifically, Target 13.2 of SDG 13 calls for integrating climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning (United Nations, n.d.). Kantian Ethics underscores the importance of truthful corporate practices, demanding accountability to ensure meaningful contributions toward reducing emissions and enhancing global climate resilience.

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Virtue Ethics emphasizes fostering good character traits such as integrity, honesty, and environmental stewardship. Businesses relying on ineffective carbon offsets or resisting renewable energy adoption (Dhanda & Hartman, 2011; Hunnes, 2019) display a lack of these virtues. For instance, fossil fuel companies prioritizing profits over environmental sustainability obstruct SDG 13’s goals of reducing emissions and strengthening resilience to climate hazards (United Nations, n.d.). Virtue Ethics calls for companies to adopt transparent and proactive approaches, such as investing in clean energy technologies and accurately reporting emissions. Aligning with SDG 13, virtuous practices build trust, promote sustainable development, and support collective action against climate change.

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Governments should enforce stringent environmental regulations that mandate emissions reductions. By creating a clear set of rules and standards, businesses will be held accountable for their environmental impact. This aligns with Kantian Ethics, which emphasizes duty and moral obligations. Companies must adhere to these regulations not just for economic gain, but as a matter of moral responsibility. When establishing sensible regulatory standards, public officials should take into account physical, economic and legal considerations. (Zofío & Prieto, 2001) Such policies should include penalties for non-compliance and incentives for organizations that meet or exceed emission targets. This ensures transparency and helps bridge the gap between economic growth and environmental sustainability.

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The introduction of carbon pricing, through taxes or cap-and-trade systems, is essential to internalize the external costs associated with greenhouse gas emissions. This approach encourages businesses to reduce emissions by making it financially beneficial to do so. Utilitarianism, which advocates for the greatest good for the greatest number, supports this strategy as it creates long-term benefits by reducing climate risks and promoting public health. Unmitigated warming is expected to reshape the global economy by reducing average global incomes roughly 23% by 2100 and widening global income inequality, relative to scenarios without climate change (Burke et al., 2015). By making carbon emissions economically costly, businesses are motivated to innovate and adopt greener technologies, ultimately aligning economic incentives with environmental goals.

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Supporting the Transition to Renewable Energy

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Supporting the Transition to Renewable Energy

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To address the heavy reliance on fossil fuels, governments and businesses must invest in and subsidize renewable energy initiatives. This support can take the form of grants, tax breaks, or favorable loan terms for renewable energy projects. Such investments reflect Virtue Ethics, emphasizing traits such as environmental stewardship and integrity. Companies that transition to renewable energy demonstrate a commitment to sustainable practices, which can enhance their reputation and build trust among stakeholders. Additionally, renewable energy adoption contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, directly aligning with SDG 13 and ensuring a balance between economic growth and ecological responsibility. Promoting energy efficiency, energy saving and the use of renewable energy in energy generation are the best options to reduce GHG emissions in Azerbaijan. The country has set a target of 20% reduction of GHG emissions by 2020 as part of its renewable energy and energy efficiency goals (Vidadili et al., 2017).

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The adoption of circular economy principles, such as recycling, reusing, and designing products for longevity, can significantly reduce industrial emissions. By creating systems that minimize waste and encourage the continuous use of resources, companies can balance economic activity with environmental sustainability. The circular economy is a regenerative system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimised by slowing, closing, and narrowing material and energy loops (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017). This approach is supported by Virtue Ethics, which values the cultivation of environmentally conscious behavior. Circular business models, such as product take-back schemes and remanufacturing programs, can also foster innovation and open new revenue streams. The emphasis on sustainability in production and consumption helps align business practices with the broader goals of climate action.

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This role involves leading policy and institutional reviews and supporting the development of biodiversity finance plans. The analyst will work under the guidance of a senior finance specialist to assess national biodiversity strategies, review economic valuation studies, and analyze the legal framework for biodiversity finance. The position focuses on sustainable finance solutions, aligning with SDG 13 by addressing climate and biodiversity challenges through regulatory and policy measures. This role directly relates to the ethical dilemma of balancing economic benefits with environmental sustainability, as the analyst’s work supports policy creation that mitigates emissions while promoting economic growth.

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Impactpool | Jobs in United Nations, NGO, European Union

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Environmental Policy Analyst | UNDP - United Nations Development Programme

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United Nations Development Programme vacancy: Environmental Policy Analyst in Accra

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As a Sustainability Consultant, the individual will guide clients in developing emission reduction programs and align these efforts with leading environmental frameworks. The consultant will also help clients calculate GHG emissions and implement strategies that meet targets like those outlined by CDP, GRI, and SASB. This position embodies the practical application of ethical theories such as Kantian Ethics, ensuring truthful reporting and transparency. By fostering a culture of genuine commitment to emission reduction, this role supports the SDG 13 target of integrating climate action into corporate strategies.

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Your Ray ID for this request is 8e361376c8d743bd

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This position requires overseeing project budgets, managing regulatory analyses, and ensuring the successful delivery of renewable energy projects. The Green Energy Project Manager coordinates teams and manages stakeholder relationships to achieve project goals related to clean energy transitions. By facilitating the development of renewable energy infrastructure, this role contributes to lowering carbon emissions, addressing the SDG 13 goal of enhancing renewable energy use and mitigating climate change. The ethical challenge of balancing economic interests and environmental responsibilities is central to this position, as project managers must align project execution with sustainability targets.

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Your Ray ID for this request is 8e3614535fe4c329

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Climae Change and Sustainability Services - Climate Advisory Senior Manager

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Climae Change and Sustainability Services - Climate Advisory Senior Manager

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At EY, this senior-level role involves leading climate advisory services to help clients navigate decarbonization and sustainability strategies. The position requires strategic guidance, risk management expertise, and a strong understanding of climate change disclosure practices. The role is vital in promoting SDG 13 as it helps organizations integrate climate risk into their business operations and transition toward sustainable practices. This job is rooted in Utilitarianism, as it seeks to maximize benefits by guiding businesses to adopt practices that lead to both profitability and reduced environmental impact.

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Assistant Project Manager - Utility and Renewable Energy, TX

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Assistant Project Manager - Utility and Renewable Energy, TX

# data[].attributes.body
This position supports large-scale renewable energy projects such as solar and energy storage initiatives. Key responsibilities include project administration, cost control, team coordination, and compliance monitoring. The role emphasizes the importance of transitioning to renewable energy, helping to achieve SDG 13’s target of increasing sustainable energy sources. The job highlights the ethical challenge of shifting from traditional energy production, which is often economically driven, to renewable alternatives that prioritize long-term environmental sustainability. This role reflects Virtue Ethics by fostering a culture of environmental responsibility and stewardship.

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Your Ray ID for this request is 8e3618fbf8498c1d

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This anthology contains a collection of essays on climate ethics, exploring different ethical perspectives and theories in relation to climate change. It deepens our understanding of how ethical theories like Utilitarianism, Kantian Ethics, and Virtue Ethics can be applied to the issue of greenhouse gas emissions and economic interests. It helps in further analyzing the ethical challenges and potential solutions in the context of SDG 13.

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This collection gathers a set of seminal papers from the emerging area of ethics and climate change. Topics covered include human rights, international justice, intergenerational ethics, individual responsibility, climate economics, and the ethics of geoengineering. Climate Ethics is intended to serve as a source book for general reference, and for university courses that include a focus on the human dimensions of climate change. It should be of broad interest to all those concerned with global justice, environmental science and policy, and the future of humanity.

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The Intergenerational Ethics of Climate Change

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The Intergenerational Ethics of Climate Change

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It explores the intergenerational ethics of climate change, mentioning the research of Professor Stephen Gardiner and the role and claims of young people in climate action. The intergenerational aspect is closely related to the ethical issue as it highlights the long-term consequences of current actions (or inactions) on future generations. This is in line with Virtue Ethics as it calls for the current generation to exhibit the virtue of environmental stewardship and consider the well-being of future generations.

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The Intergenerational Ethics of Climate Change

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We owe the young climate activists our attention and support.

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Fairness of International Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Schemes

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Fairness of International Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Schemes

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The article tests whether the fairness justifications proposed in the 168 nationally determined contributions are in line with the principled framework of international environmental law. The issue of fairness in emission reduction schemes is directly related to the ethical dilemma of balancing economic development and emission control among different countries. In the context of SDG 13, it is important to ensure that all countries contribute fairly to global emission reduction efforts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
National ‘fair shares’ in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within…

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This article tests fairness justifications offered in 168 nationally determined contributions to the 2015 Paris Agreement against the touchstone of principles of international environmental law and finds some justify their contributions on the basis of indicators not backed by such principles.

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Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy – A New Sustainability Paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757–768.

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Ji, C., Hu, Y., & Tang, B. (2018). Research on carbon market price mechanism and influencing factors: A literature review. Natural Hazards, 91(2), 673–691.

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Abstract

Carbon emissions trading is being used by more and more countries or regions to solve the global warming problem. The establishment of China's carbon market mechanism is still under exploration and improvement. This paper focuses on the price determination mechanism in the carbon market. Based on the price theories, we analyze the theoretical basis of the carbon price formation and the carbon price transmission mechanism from the perspective of the agents that affect carbon price. From these angles including residents' demands, enterprises' actual emissions and indirect effects on residents' demands, the government's setting for carbon market institutions and indirect effects on residents and enterprises, as well as energy markets and financial markets, we analyze how these factors influence the carbon price. In turn, we discuss how carbon price affects the enterprise costs, energy-saving technologies and residents' welfare. Besides, we summarize the current price mechanism of domestic and overseas major carbon markets. Finally, based on the current research on carbon price theory and its influencing factors, we also present some further directions on carbon price mechanism and influencing factors including China's carbon market price mechanism design, the quantitative analysis of carbon price factors and improvement of carbon price theory.

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Notes

It should be noted that in this paper we discuss eight carbon markets in China except Sichuan, due to the lack of carbon emissions trading price in Sichuan.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71573013, 71521002, 71642004), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 9152014), Special Items Fund for Cultivation and Development of Beijing Creative Base (Grant No. Z171100002217023), Key Project of Beijing Social Science Foundation Research Base (Grant No. 15DJA084), National Key R&D Program (Grant No. 2016YFA0602603) and Special Items Fund of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education.

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Authors and Affiliations

1. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China

Chang-Jing Ji, Yu-Jie Hu & Bao-Jun Tang

2. School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China

Chang-Jing Ji, Yu-Jie Hu & Bao-Jun Tang

3. Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, China

Chang-Jing Ji, Yu-Jie Hu & Bao-Jun Tang

4. Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, China

Bao-Jun Tang

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bao-Jun Tang.

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Ji, CJ., Hu, YJ. & Tang, BJ. Research on carbon market price mechanism and influencing factors: a literature review. Nat Hazards 92, 761-782 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3223-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3223-1

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Research on carbon market price mechanism and influencing factors: a literature review - Natural Hazards

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Carbon emissions trading is being used by more and more countries or regions to solve the global warming problem. The establishment of China's carbon market mechanism is still under exploration and improvement. This paper focuses on the price determination mechanism in the carbon market.

# data[].attributes.body
Santos, C., Coelho, A., & Marques, A.M.A. (2024). Unmasking supplier greenwashing: how information sharing and green trust shape clients’ sustainability, Baltic Journal of Management, 19(4), 455-472.

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Unmasking supplier greenwashing: how information sharing and green trust shape clients’ sustainability | Emerald Insight

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Vidadili, N., Suleymanov, E., Bulut, C., & Mahmudlu, C. (2017). Transition to renewable energy and sustainable energy development in Azerbaijan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1153–1161.

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Zofío, J. L., & Prieto, A. M. (2001). Environmental efficiency and regulatory standards: The case of CO2 emissions from OECD industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 23(1), 63–83.

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Hunnes, J. A., & Ntim, C. G. (2019). More planet and less profit? The ethical dilemma of an oil producing nation. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
More planet and less profit? The ethical dilemma of an oil producing nation

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Every oil producing nation is confronted with a complex and fundamental ethical dilemma. On the one hand, there are moral arguments for the nation to use the petroleum resource for the benefit of s…

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Dhanda, K.K.,& Hartman, L.P. (2011). The Ethics of Carbon Neutrality: A Critical Examination of Voluntary Carbon Offset Providers. J Bus Ethics, 100, 119–149.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

In this article, we explore the world's response to the increasing impact of carbon emissions on the sobering threat posed by global warming: the carbon offset market. Though the market is a relatively new one, numerous offset providers have quickly emerged under both regulated and voluntary regimes. Owing to the lack of technical literacy of some stakeholders who participate in the market, no common quality or certification structure has yet emerged for providers. To the contrary, the media warns that a relative "cowboy" atmosphere prevails in the current environment, and that there are "widespread instances of people and organizations buying worthless credits that do not yield any reductions in carbon emissions" (Harvey and Fidler, Financial Times, 2007). At this point in the evolution of the market, only a handful of offset provider-rating schemes exist; and, even these systems leave consumers with few answers when they seek to find a means by which to ensure that the said systems are having their intended impact. The purpose of this article is, first, to provide a grounded understanding of the nature of the offset market, a tendency toward carbon neutrality as a possible point of equilibrium, and the ethical tensions that surround it from the perspective of the consuming public. Second, we outline the standards environment for offset providers to illustrate most effectively the need for a single set of criteria among providers that is readily understandable by the common consumer stakeholder. We then explore the differences among the providers and articulate the specific criteria upon which providers may be evaluated by this particular stakeholder constituency, by bringing together best practices based on currently available analyses. Finally, we share the results of preliminary data collection in connection with 117 offset providers and highlight early findings. These findings allow us comparing providers effectively and efficiently on a common scale that services both providers, who thereby have greater guidance for self-assessment purposes, as well as consumer stakeholders, who then have the ability to make useful and more informed choices about carbon emission reduction in the future.

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Authors and Affiliations

Department of Management, DePaul University, 1 E. Jackson Blvd., Ste. 7000, Chicago, IL, 60604, U.S.A.

K. Kathy Dhanda & Laura P. Hartman

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Correspondence to Laura P. Hartman.

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The authors' names are listed alphabetically.

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Dhanda, K.K., Hartman, L.P. The Ethics of Carbon Neutrality: A Critical Examination of Voluntary Carbon Offset Providers. J Bus Ethics 100, 119-149 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0766-4
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Ethics of Carbon Neutrality: A Critical Examination of Voluntary Carbon Offset Providers - Journal of Business Ethics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In this article, we explore the world's response to the increasing impact of carbon emissions on the sobering threat posed by global warming: the carbon offset market. Though the market is a relatively new one, numerous offset providers have quickly emerged under both regulated and voluntary regimes.

# data[].attributes.body
Besio, C.,& Pronzini, A. (2014). Morality, Ethics, and Values Outside and Inside Organizations: An Example of the Discourse on Climate Change. J Bus Ethics, 119, 287–300.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Morality, Ethics, and Values Outside and Inside Organizations: An Example of the Discourse on Climate Change - Journal of Business Ethics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The public debate on climate change is filled with moral claims. However, scientific knowledge about the role that morality, ethics, and values play in this issue is still scarce. Starting from this research gap, we focus on corporations as central decision makers in modern society and analyze how they respond to societal demands to take responsibility for climate change. While relevant literature on business ethics and climate change either places a high premium on morality or presents a strong skeptical bias, our sociological model depicts morality as an indeterminate force: it can lead to both workable solutions or merely reinforce the status quo, depending on what different corporations make of it. We describe, on the one side, the diffusion of moral values in the media discourse on climate change and, on the other side, the specific responses of corporations. While the media discourse generates a pressure on corporations to act responsibly, their moral claims do not provide clear advice for action. As a result, morality becomes available to organizations as a medium that can be re-specified according to their internal dynamics. Corporations transform moral values into something compatible with their own structures through a variety of different responses: introducing formal ethical structures (e.g., codes of conduct), initiating value-oriented projects, or developing informal moral norms, and so on. In some occurrences, morality becomes a mere façade, while in others it serves as a decision-making criterion and deeply influences core activities in firms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
More planet and less profit? The ethical dilemma of an oil producing nation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Every oil producing nation is confronted with a complex and fundamental ethical dilemma. On the one hand, there are moral arguments for the nation to use the petroleum resource for the benefit of s…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Unmasking supplier greenwashing: how information sharing and green trust shape clients’ sustainability | Emerald Insight

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Abstract

In this article, we explore the world's response to the increasing impact of carbon emissions on the sobering threat posed by global warming: the carbon offset market. Though the market is a relatively new one, numerous offset providers have quickly emerged under both regulated and voluntary regimes. Owing to the lack of technical literacy of some stakeholders who participate in the market, no common quality or certification structure has yet emerged for providers. To the contrary, the media warns that a relative "cowboy" atmosphere prevails in the current environment, and that there are "widespread instances of people and organizations buying worthless credits that do not yield any reductions in carbon emissions" (Harvey and Fidler, Financial Times, 2007). At this point in the evolution of the market, only a handful of offset provider-rating schemes exist; and, even these systems leave consumers with few answers when they seek to find a means by which to ensure that the said systems are having their intended impact. The purpose of this article is, first, to provide a grounded understanding of the nature of the offset market, a tendency toward carbon neutrality as a possible point of equilibrium, and the ethical tensions that surround it from the perspective of the consuming public. Second, we outline the standards environment for offset providers to illustrate most effectively the need for a single set of criteria among providers that is readily understandable by the common consumer stakeholder. We then explore the differences among the providers and articulate the specific criteria upon which providers may be evaluated by this particular stakeholder constituency, by bringing together best practices based on currently available analyses. Finally, we share the results of preliminary data collection in connection with 117 offset providers and highlight early findings. These findings allow us comparing providers effectively and efficiently on a common scale that services both providers, who thereby have greater guidance for self-assessment purposes, as well as consumer stakeholders, who then have the ability to make useful and more informed choices about carbon emission reduction in the future.

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Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Management, DePaul University, 1 E. Jackson Blvd., Ste. 7000, Chicago, IL, 60604, U.S.A.

K. Kathy Dhanda & Laura P. Hartman

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura P. Hartman.

Additional information

The authors' names are listed alphabetically.

About this article

Cite this article

Dhanda, K.K., Hartman, L.P. The Ethics of Carbon Neutrality: A Critical Examination of Voluntary Carbon Offset Providers. J Bus Ethics 100, 119-149 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0766-4
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Key words

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Ethics of Carbon Neutrality: A Critical Examination of Voluntary Carbon Offset Providers - Journal of Business Ethics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In this article, we explore the world's response to the increasing impact of carbon emissions on the sobering threat posed by global warming: the carbon offset market. Though the market is a relatively new one, numerous offset providers have quickly emerged under both regulated and voluntary regimes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Morality, Ethics, and Values Outside and Inside Organizations: An Example of the Discourse on Climate Change - Journal of Business Ethics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The public debate on climate change is filled with moral claims. However, scientific knowledge about the role that morality, ethics, and values play in this issue is still scarce. Starting from this research gap, we focus on corporations as central decision makers in modern society and analyze how they respond to societal demands to take responsibility for climate change. While relevant literature on business ethics and climate change either places a high premium on morality or presents a strong skeptical bias, our sociological model depicts morality as an indeterminate force: it can lead to both workable solutions or merely reinforce the status quo, depending on what different corporations make of it. We describe, on the one side, the diffusion of moral values in the media discourse on climate change and, on the other side, the specific responses of corporations. While the media discourse generates a pressure on corporations to act responsibly, their moral claims do not provide clear advice for action. As a result, morality becomes available to organizations as a medium that can be re-specified according to their internal dynamics. Corporations transform moral values into something compatible with their own structures through a variety of different responses: introducing formal ethical structures (e.g., codes of conduct), initiating value-oriented projects, or developing informal moral norms, and so on. In some occurrences, morality becomes a mere façade, while in others it serves as a decision-making criterion and deeply influences core activities in firms.