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Cause-effect paragraphs show either the reasons or the result of something

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Cause-effect paragraphs show either the reasons or the result of something

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CAUSE: answers the question, “Why does/did this happen?”

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CAUSE: answers the question, “Why does/did this happen?”

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EFFECT: answers the question, “What are/were the results of this?”

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EFFECT: answers the question, “What are/were the results of this?”

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1. The purpose of this paragraph is to explain the effects of the shrinking of the Aral Sea.

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1. The purpose of this paragraph is to explain the effects of the shrinking of the Aral Sea.

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3. Topic sentence: Since the 1960s, the South Aral Sea in Central Asia has shrunk to less than 10 percent of its original size, which has led to many negative consequences.

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3. Topic sentence: Since the 1960s, the South Aral Sea in Central Asia has shrunk to less than 10 percent of its original size, which has led to many negative consequences.

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4. Controlling idea: many negative consequences

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4. Controlling idea: many negative consequences

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5. Supporting details: increase in salt killing sea life, loss of jobs, abandoned boats

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5. Supporting details: increase in salt killing sea life, loss of jobs, abandoned boats

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Words that indicate a cause-effect paragaph

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Words that indicate a cause-effect paragaph

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Comparison (and contrast) paragraphs answer 2 questions: how things are the same or different, or what different elements exist in one thing

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Comparison (and contrast) paragraphs answer 2 questions: how things are the same or different, or what different elements exist in one thing

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similar to, similarly, in the same way,  likewise, equally, again, also, too, each of, just as

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similar to, similarly, in the same way,  likewise, equally, again, also, too, each of, just as

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on the other hand, different from, while, unlike, however, but, although, however, yet, unlike

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on the other hand, different from, while, unlike, however, but, although, however, yet, unlike

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1. The purpose of this paragraph is to compare relationships with family and friends.

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1. The purpose of this paragraph is to compare relationships with family and friends.

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Topic sentence: Personal relationships are an integral part...

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Topic sentence: Personal relationships are an integral part...

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2. Controlling idea: differences in relationships

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2. Controlling idea: differences in relationships

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3. This paragraph discusses 2 subjects and contrasts differences

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3. This paragraph discusses 2 subjects and contrasts differences

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compares similarities and contrasts differences

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compares similarities and contrasts differences

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Topic sentence: introduce the items to be compared or contrasted, noting similarity or difference

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Topic sentence: introduce the items to be compared or contrasted, noting similarity or difference

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Classification paragraphs group separate items into categories or groups

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Classification paragraphs group separate items into categories or groups

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The type of categorization = controlling idea

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The type of categorization = controlling idea

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1. The purpose of this paragraph is to classify runners.

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1. The purpose of this paragraph is to classify runners.

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2. Topic sentence: In the world of track-and-field, there are three...

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2. Topic sentence: In the world of track-and-field, there are three...

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3. Three types of runners are classified: sprinters, middle-distance runners, and distance runners

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3. Three types of runners are classified: sprinters, middle-distance runners, and distance runners

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4. Two characteristics used to classify runners: distance of race and physical qualities of runners

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4. Two characteristics used to classify runners: distance of race and physical qualities of runners

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Problem-solution paragraphs introduce a problem and offer one or more solutions

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Problem-solution paragraphs introduce a problem and offer one or more solutions

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1. The purpose of this paragraph is to describe a problem with textbooks and propose a solution.

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1. The purpose of this paragraph is to describe a problem with textbooks and propose a solution.

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2. Problem stated in topic sentence: negative impact of textbooks on the environment

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2. Problem stated in topic sentence: negative impact of textbooks on the environment

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4. Points that support the solution: fewer trees cut down, less trash in landfills, less water used

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4. Points that support the solution: fewer trees cut down, less trash in landfills, less water used

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Topic sentence: Introduce the items being classified and/or the categories for classification

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Topic sentence: Introduce the items being classified and/or the categories for classification

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Supporting sentences: provide more information about the items, and how their characteristics fit into a particular category

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Supporting sentences: provide more information about the items, and how their characteristics fit into a particular category

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Concluding sentence: repeat what classification the item or category belongs to

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Concluding sentence: repeat what classification the item or category belongs to

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Supporting sentences: identify, describe, and discuss any similarities or differences

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Supporting sentences: identify, describe, and discuss any similarities or differences

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Concluding sentence: summarize the similarities and differences discussed

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Concluding sentence: summarize the similarities and differences discussed