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limitations in adaptive behaviors and intellectual functioning, which can be applied to both social and practical skills

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Learning disabilities is when a person's ability to process or communicate information is affected by neurological conditions. These difficulties are not due to intellectual disabilities, sensory impairments or lack of education, but how their brain processes the information being presented to them. Some common types of learning disabilities are dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia.

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A thorough evaluation approach that considers adaptive behavior, developmental history, and intellectual functioning is necessary to diagnose intellectual disability. Cognitive skills including reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thought are measured with intellectual functioning assessments. With adaptive behavior assessments everyday skills necessary for independence and social responsibility are assessed. Developmental history is used to recognize developmental delays.

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Some characteristics of someone with intellectual disabilities are challenges with memory, delay in language development, limited independence, dependence of routine, and delayed motor development.

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Some instructional strategies to use with students with intellectual disabilities are guided practice and repetition, color coding and highlighting, hands-on activities, frequent review, engaging families in the learning process.

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A low tech device that could be helpful for a student with intellectual disabilities is color coded materials. An example of this is, colored tabs or sticky notes. This can help students organize their work which will increase comprehension. A high tech device that could be helpful is text to speech software. TTS software can read the text aloud which will help students with reading comprehension difficulties.

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initial AND revised...thoughtful reflection about beliefs prior to
learning and revision in said beliefs

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Some ways to assess whether or not someone has a learning disability is through cognitive, academic, behavioral, and language evaluations. These assessments can help understand the individual's abilities to diagnose specific learning disabilities.

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Some characteristics of someone with a learning disability are academic difficulties such as comprehension, processing difficulties such as slow processing speech, and language and communication difficulties like expressive language challenges.

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Some instructional strategies that can be used with a student with a learning disability is using explicit and direct instruction, incorporating multisensory learning, using graphic organizers and visual aids, using repetition, review and practice, and promoting a positive learning environment.

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A low tech device that can be used for a student with a learning disability is graphic organizers. This gives the students a visual tool that can help with organizing their thought process. A high tech device that can be used is text to speech software. TTS can help with reading comprehension and provide students with the opportunity to engage in the content more effectively.

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ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects a person's ability to sustain attention, manage hyperactivity, and regulate impulses.

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Some common ways and types of assessments use to diagnose someone with ADHD is conners' rating scales which are used typically for children and adolescents. Another assessment used is parent and teacher interviews where a clinician typically interview a parent or teacher to under their behavior in their home and school.

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Some characteristics of someone with ADHD are difficulty sustaining attention, frequent forgetfulness, disorganization, fidgeting or squirming, interrupting others, and lack of attention to detail.

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Some instruction strategies that can be used with students with ADHD are consistent routines, simplifying directions, incorporating movement, extended time on tasks, and assistive technology tools.

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A low tech device that can be used is a visual timer which helps the student know the amount of time passed in order to manage time for tasks more effectively. A high tech device is a electronic organizer which can help students manage their schedules and tasks better.

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Emotional and behavioral disorders are known as conditions where a child has a hard time regulating their emotions or behavior. This can have repercussions of the child's ability to perform well in school or in building relationship.

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Some common ways to diagnose someone with an emotional and behavioral disorder is through behavioral observations, which includes observation in various settings to watch how the child responds. Another way to diagnose is through standardized testing evaluations like Child Behavior Checklist or Social Skills Improvement System.

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Some common characteristics of EBD is aggressive or disruptive behavior which includes acting out or defiance when given instruction. Someone who struggle with EBD can tend to withdrawal from social interactions or engage in activities being presented to them. They tend to have a hard time following rules and instruction because of a lack of ability to have structure and boundaries.

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Some instructional strategies that can help a student with EBD are setting clear expectations and rewards, positive reinforcement, teaching students to recognize their emotions, setting and maintaining a clear routine, and teaching interpersonal skills.

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One low tech support for students with EBD are token boards for behavior management. This helps the student stay accountable for their behavior and motivates the student to try to control their emotions. A high tech support are apps like Calm which tracks the students behavior to also assist with stay accountable for behavior.

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Autism Spectrum Disorders are disorders that include difficulties with social communication, and repetitive behaviors. There is a range of the severity of autism and how it affects an individual.

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Some commons ways to assess if someone has autism is by comprehensive diagnostic evaluations which are medical and psychological assessments by a provider. Another way to assess is through behavioral observations which include observing social, communication and interactions with others in multiple different settings. The autism diagnostic interview revised is also another way to assess whether or not someone has autism.

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Some characteristics of autism spectrum disorder are social challenges which can include a variety of different things but some example are difficulty understanding social cue or forming relationships. Autism can cause communication difficulties that includes limited verbal skills or struggles with taking turns during conversations. Repetitive behaviors such as hand flapping or shaking of head can also be something that is seen with autism spectrum disorder.

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Culturally responsive instructional strategies: 

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Culturally responsive instructional strategies: 

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Some instructional strategies that can assist with autism are visual supports such as picture cards to help with understanding, structured teaching, peer mediated instruction, positive behavior supports, and adjustment of teaching methods to meet individual needs. A child with autism may need extra attention or explanation when given an instruction as well as sensory breaks.

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One low tech support to assist with a child with autism is the picture exchange communication system which can help with communication non verbally. A high tech support is Proloquo2Go which can help student expressive what they are feeling.

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This assignment has taught me a lot about the different disorders that I may encounter in my teaching career. Some of these disorders I did not know a lot about so this assignment has given me further knowledge in areas that I did not know about. I feel the common theme for working with students with disabilities is they may require more attention and support in instruction, but in order to make sure they are getting the education they need we must be willing to give them the help they need.