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Invention of the first Wheel (4200--4000 BC)

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Invention of the first Wheel (4200--4000 BC)

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First, transport. The wheel began to be used on carts and battle chariots. Second, and more importantly, it contributed to the mechanisation of agriculture and craft industries.

Source: https://www.citeco.fr/10000-years-history-economics/the-origins/invention-of-the-wheel#:~:text=First%2C%20transport%3A%20the%20wheel%20began,the%20basic%20mechanism%20in%20windmills).

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The Neolithic Revolution Begins.  (10,000 BCE)

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The Neolithic Revolution Begins.  (10,000 BCE)

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The Neolithic Revolution was the critical transition that resulted in the birth of agriculture. Its viewed as a single event that occurred in a single location, Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now southern Iraq, specifically the site of a realm known as Sumer, which dates back to about 4000 B.C.E. It then spread to India, Europe, and beyond.

Source: https://www2.nau.edu/~gaud/bio301/content/neolth.htm#:~:text=The%20Neolithic%20Revolution%20was%20the,directed%20the%20labor%20of%20their

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The Agricultural Revolution Begins (around 10,000 BCE)

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The Agricultural Revolution Begins (around 10,000 BCE)

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The Agricultural Revolution in Britain allowed population to exceed earlier peaks and sustain the country’s rise to industrial preeminence. It gave Britain the most productive agriculture in Europe, The increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of population in England and Wales, from 5.5 million in 1700 to over 9 million by 1801.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/effects-of-the-agricultural-revolution/#:~:text=The%20Agricultural%20Revolution%20in%20Britain,worker%20at%20a%20similar%20rate.

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Gunpowder made warfare all over the world very different, affecting the way battles were fought and borders were drawn throughout the Middle Ages. Gunpowder somehow remained a secret of the Chinese until the 13th century, when it was passed along the ancient silk trade route to Europe and the Islamic world.

Source: https://www.livescience.com/7476-gunpowder-changed-world.html

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The modern printing press helped in mass production of books, and spreading of knowledge. It helped create a more uniform language and made the prices of books become considerably lower and more affordable for the masses.

Source: https://pressbooks.wtamu.edu/mediacommunication2e/chapter/how-the-printing-press-helped-in-shaping-the-future/#:~:text=The%20modern%20printing%20press%20was,more%20affordable%20for%20the%20masses.

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Columbus “discovers” the Americas (October 12th 1492)

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Columbus “discovers” the Americas (October 12th 1492)

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Columbus's journeys to the Americas opened the way for European countries to colonize and exploit those lands and their peoples. Trade was soon established between Europe and the Americas. Plants native to the Americas were imported to Europe. This trade route also paved the way for the slave trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/question/What-was-the-impact-of-Columbus-s-travels#:~:text=Columbus's%20journeys%20to%20the%20Americas,between%20Europe%20and%20the%20Americas.

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The Protestant Reformation brought an end to the ecclesiastical unity of medieval Christianity in western Europe and profoundly reshaped the course of modern history. Sometimes called the Protestant revolution, the Reformation appealed to the founders of the United States, and some of its concepts of individualism and free expression of religion are incorporated into the First Amendment.

Source: https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/protestant-reformation/#:~:text=The%20Protestant%20Reformation%2C%20a%20religious,the%20course%20of%20modern%20history.

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The Protestant Reformation’s concepts of individualism and free expression of religion are incorporated into the First Amendment.

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The Council of Trent focused on defending and elaborating on Catholic doctrine, as well as answering the criticisms of members of the Protestant faith. It affirmed that both faith and works were necessary for salvation, clarified the importance of sacraments, and improved clergy discipline and education.

Sources: https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-council-of-trent-the-catholic-church-survives-the-reformation.html#:~:text=The%20Council%20of%20Trent%20focused,improved%20clergy%20discipline%20and%20education.

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Steam power became the energy source for many machines and vehicles, making it cheaper and easier to produce in large amounts. This increased the demand for raw materials used to build more machines that can produce even more.

Source: https://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/steam-engine#:~:text=Steam%20power%20became%20the%20energy,can%20produce%20even%20more%20commodities.

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The Industrial Revolution was a period of major innovation. The Industrial Revolution shifted societies from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing one, with products being made by machines rather than by hand. This led to increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas.

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20Industrial%20Revolution%20shifted%20societies,rural%20areas%20to%20urban%20areas.

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American Revolution begins (April 19, 1775)

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American Revolution begins (April 19, 1775)

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The American Revolution unleashed powerful political, social, and economic forces that would transform the post-Revolution politics and society, including increased participation in politics and governance, the legal institutionalization of religious toleration, and the growth and diffusion of the population.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ushistory1ay/chapter/the-consequences-of-the-american-revolution/#:~:text=The%20Revolution%20also%20unleashed%20powerful,and%20diffusion%20of%20the%20population.

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Across France and the rest of Europe the consequences of the Revolution were huge. There were many new developments including the fall of the monarchy, changes in society with the rise of the middle class, and the growth of nationalism. It ended the monarchy in France and established democracy. It also caused other countries to declare war on France. Additionally, it led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Source: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/french-revolution/#:~:text=Across%20France%20and%20the%20rest,and%20the%20growth%20of%20nationalism.

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Haitian Revolution begins (August 22, 1791)

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Haitian Revolution begins (August 22, 1791)

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The haitian Revolution ended Napoleon's attempts to create a French empire in the Western Hemisphere and arguably caused France to decide to sell its North American holdings to the United States (the Louisiana Purchase)—thus enabling the expansion of slavery into that territory

Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Haitian-Revolution

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Its a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America's leading export.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/cotton-gin-and-eli-whitney

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Internal combustion engine invented (1864)

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Internal combustion engine invented (1864)

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The Internal combustion engine could power automobiles, locomotives, ships, and airplanes, and paved the way for mass mobility and the steadily rising exchange of people and goods worldwide. At the same time, this has caused massive changes to the landscape and the environment through the building of countless roads, global air pollution, and the increasing resource and energy consumption of high-energy societies.

Source: https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/invention-internal-combustion-engine#:~:text=These%20inventions%20could%20power%20automobiles,of%20people%20and%20goods%20worldwide.

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Invention of the Machine gun (The Maxim Gun) (1884)

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Invention of the Machine gun (The Maxim Gun) (1884)

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World War I popularized the use of the machine gun—capable of bringing down row after row of soldiers from a distance on the battlefield. This weapon, along with barbed wire and mines, made movement across open land both difficult and dangerous. Thus trench warfare was born.

Source: https://www.loc.gov/collections/world-war-i-rotogravures/articles-and-essays/military-technology-in-world-war-i/#:~:text=World%20War%20I%20popularized%20the,Thus%20trench%20warfare%20was%20born.

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Invention of the Machine gun (The Maxim Gun) (1884)

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The first Airplane was invented (Wright brothers) (December 17, 1903)

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The first Airplane was invented (Wright brothers) (December 17, 1903)

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The advent of human flight not only boosted our power of movement, but also enhanced our vision. We gained the ability to see the Earth from above. This monumental achievement set in motion a series of events which led to further innovation in the aviation industry. An age of powered, human flight had begun.

Source: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/call-new-world-180977307/#:~:text=The%20advent%20of%20human%20flight,human%20flights%2C%20mostly%20in%20balloons.

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Plastics made possible the development of computers, cell phones, and most of the lifesaving advances of modern medicine. Lightweight and good for insulation, plastics help save fossil fuels used in heating and in transportation. Though plastic pollution has become an increasingly large problem over the years.

Source: https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/classroom-activities/role-playing-games/case-of-plastics/history-and-future-of-plastics/#:~:text=Plastics%20made%20possible%20the%20development,in%20heating%20and%20in%20transportation.

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Chinese Revolution begins (October 10, 1911)

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Chinese Revolution begins (October 10, 1911)

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The Chinese Revolution not only put an end to the monarchy of China but also greatly promoted democracy among the Chinese people, therefore contributing much to the country's transition from a monarchy to a republic as well as its political modernization. The Revolution freed the Chinese people's minds. It transformed the monarchy, once seen as sacred, into something evil and unacceptable. The idea of restoring the monarchy became impossible, and the old feudal system was dismantled. The majority, previously considered ignorant and powerless, became the true leaders of the country.

Source: http://ph.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/Xinhai/201201/t20120112_1334732.htm#:~:text=The%201911%20Revolution%20not%20only,well%20as%20its%20political%20modernization.

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The Battle of the Somme begins (July 1, 1916)

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The Battle of the Somme begins (July 1, 1916)

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A more professional and effective army emerged from the battle. And the tactics developed there, including the use of tanks and creeping barrages, laid some of the foundations of the Allies’ successes in 1918. The Somme also succeeded in relieving the pressure on the French at Verdun. Abandoning them would have greatly tested the unity of the Entente.

Source: https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-somme#:~:text=A%20more%20professional%20and%20effective,on%20the%20French%20at%20Verdun.

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The 1916 Somme offensive was one of the bloodiest battles of the First World War. But it provided the Army with a tough lesson in how to fight a large-scale modern war.

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Russian Revolution begins (March 8, 1917)

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Russian Revolution begins (March 8, 1917)

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Civil War broke out in Russia in late 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution. The warring factions included the Red and White Armies. After many years of violence and political unrest, the Russian Revolution paved the way for the rise of communism as an influential political belief system around the world. It set the stage for the rise of the Soviet Union as a world power that would go head-to-head with the United States during the Cold War.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/russian-revolution

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An atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki (August 6, 1945)

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An atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki (August 6, 1945)

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The United States bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the first instances of atomic bombs used against humans. It killed tens of thousands of people, obliterating the cities, and contributing to the end of World War II.

Source: https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/hiroshima-nagasaki-75#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20bombings%20of,end%20of%20World%20War%20II.

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Photograph of Hiroshima after the atomic bomb. (National Archives Identifier 22345671)

Online Exhibits

Photograph Gallery

Additional Photographs

Atomic Bomb Preparations at Tinian Island, 1945

Photographs used in the report Effects of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

Manhattan Project Notebook

Atomic bomb/Enola Gay preparations for the bombing missions

Post-bombing aerial and on-the-ground images of Hiroshima

Empty bottle of Chianti Bertolli wine signed by scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project

Archival Film
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Effects, 1945
The Last Bomb, a 1945 film, done in Technicolor, by the Army Air Forces Combat Camera Units and Motion Picture Units covering the B-29 bombing raids on Japan
Effects on the human body of radiation from the atomic bomb
Additional Records
Photos: Atomic Bomb Preparations at Tinian Island, 1945
Photographs used in the report Effects of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

Manhattan Project Notebook

Atomic bomb/Enola Gay preparations for the bombing missions

Post-Hiroshima bombing aerial and on-the-ground images

Color image of Hiroshima after bombing

Blogs and Social Media Posts

Unwritten Record: Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Unwritten Record: Witness to Destruction: Photographs and Sound Recordings Documenting the Hiroshima Bombing

Forward with Roosevelt: Found in the Archives: The Einstein Letter

Pieces of History: Little Boy: The First Atomic Bomb

Pieces of History: Harry Truman and the Bomb

Pieces of History: Morgantown Ordnance Works (part of the Manhattan Project) Panoramas, 1940-1942

Today's Document: Petition from Manhattan Project Scientists to President Truman

For Educators

Docs Teach resources on the atomic bomb

Teaching with Documents: Photographs and Pamphlet about Nuclear Fallout

Kennedy Library: "The Presidency in the Nuclear Age"

At the Presidential Libraries

Roosevelt Library: Albert Einstein's letter to FDR regarding the atomic bomb

Truman Library: "The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb "

Truman Library: Additional records on the bombing of Hiroshima

Truman Library: President Truman's Diary Entry for July 17, 1945 (the day before Truman learned that the United States had successfully tested the world's first atomic bomb)

Truman Library: Memo for the Record, Manhattan Project, July 20, 1945

Truman Library: Petition from Leo Szilard and other scientists to President Truman

Eisenhower Library: Atoms for Peace

Kennedy Library: " The Presidency in the Nuclear Age: The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It"

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The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945

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Photograph of Hiroshima after the atomic bomb. (National Archives Identifier 22345671) The United States bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, 1945, were the first instances of atomic bombs used against humans, killing tens of thousands of people, obliterating the cities, and contributing to the end of World War II.

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The immediate impact of the Cuban Revolution was the overthrow of Batista and the rise to power of the revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. Cuba gradually became a communist government, supported by the U.S.S.R. At that time the Cold War between the capitalist and communist blocs was active.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/event/Cuban-Revolution

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The green revolution led to high productivity of crops through adapted measures, such as increased area under farming, double-cropping, highly increased use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, improved irrigation facilities, and improved farm implements and crop protection measures. There was a high investment in crop research, infrastructure, market development, and appropriate policy support.

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7611098/#:~:text=The%20green%20revolution%20led%20to,and%20pesticides%2C%20(5)%20improved

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon (July 20, 1969)

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon (July 20, 1969)

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The Apollo 11 mission inspired a sense of wonder and possibility, encouraging a generation to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). It became a symbol of human achievement and ambition. The landing was a significant victory for the United States in the context of the Cold War, boosting national pride and demonstrating technological superiority over the Soviet Union. It helped solidify the U.S. position as a global leader.

Source: https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/one-small-step-legacy-of-neil-armstrong/

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon (July 20, 1969)

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The digital revolution has transformed our society by revolutionising communication, commerce, education, and entertainment. However, it has also brought about negative impacts such as increased screen time, cyberbullying, privacy concerns, and job displacement due to automation.

Source:https://dapth.com/insights/digital-revolution#:~:text=The%20digital%20revolution%20has%20profoundly,job%20displacement%20due%20to%20automation.

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The Syrian Civil War begins (1980s Islamist Uprising) (2 February 1982)

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The Syrian Civil War begins (1980s Islamist Uprising) (2 February 1982)

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The conflict has resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands, including civilians and the fighting factions. Ongoing conflict has significantly damaged the nation’s roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and homes. People can’t access essential services due to the widespread devastation. With many businesses and industries damaged or disrupted, the nation has experienced high unemployment and widespread poverty.

Source: https://www.cfr.org/article/syrias-civil-war

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The Syrian Civil War begins (1980s Islamist Uprising)

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The world wide web opened up the internet to everyone, not just scientists. It connected the world in a way that made it much easier for people to get information, share, and communicate. It has since allowed people to share their work and thoughts through social networking sites, blogs, video sharing, and more.

Sources: https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-world-wide-web-the-invention-that-connected-the-world/ogVR4WcKh7UBIQ?hl=en

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Beyond being a mere social networking platform, Facebook has played a profound role in shaping global culture and connectivity since its inception in 2004. From connecting long-lost friends to influencing political movements, Facebook is certainly a cultural force.

Source: https://www.limely.co.uk/blog/20-years-of-facebook-the-evolution-of-a-social-media-giant#:~:text=Social%20%26%20Cultural%20Influence,is%20certainly%20a%20cultural%20force.

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Cambridge Analytica goes bankrupt (May 1, 2018)

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Cambridge Analytica goes bankrupt (May 1, 2018)

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Controversy around Cambridge Analytica’s alleged misuse of Facebook data raised a host of new questions about the social media giant’s role in the public discourse and elections, and helped prompt renewed scrutiny in Washington, where last month Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg testified before committees in both houses of Congress.

Source: https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/18/politics/cambridge-analytica-bankruptcy/index.html#:~:text=Controversy%20around%20Cambridge%20Analytica's%20alleged,committees%20in%20both%20houses%20of