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After 1918, the First World War ends

January--June 1919 The Paris Peace Conference: Allied leaders meet and draw up the Treaty of Versailles

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January 1920, The League of Nations starts to work. Its task is to sort out disputes between countries fairly.

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the reparation sorted, £6,600 million (132 billion gold mark)

Hyperinflation

Aaland Islands dispute

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Hyperinflation

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Crisis in Germany as France invades the Ruhr and inflation makes money worthless

Conflict in the Ruhr

Hyperinflation

Corfu conference

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Conflict in the Ruhr

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The Locarno Treaties: Germany appears to accept the Treaty of Versailles Bulgaria

1. Hitler's Plan:

2. abolish the Treaty of Versailles

3. expand German territory

4. defeat communism

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Germany joins the League of Nations

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The Kellogg-Briand Pact: most nations agree not to go to war to settle their disputes.

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In October 1929, The Wall Street Crash leads to a worldwide economic depression.

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1931-1933 The Manchurian Crisis: Japan expands its Pacific empire

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January 1933, Hitler becomes the leader of Germany and pledges to abolish the Treaty of Versailles

rearm Germany

Japan and Germany leave the League of Nations

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Tried to take over Austria but was prevented by Mussolini

Deteriorating international relations

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The Abyssinian crisis: Italy invades Abyssinia

Stresa Conference, April 1935

Anglo-German Naval Agreement, June 1935

Hoare-Laval Paet, December 1935

Held massive REARMAMENT rally in Germany

Reintroduced conscription in Germany

Deteriorating international relations

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March 1936, German troops enter the Rhineland

Deteriorating international relations

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Italy leaves the League of Nations

Anti-Comintern Pact, November 1937

Deteriorating international relations

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The policy of appeasement ends with the Munich Agreement giving the Sudetenland to Germany

Deteriorating international relations

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August: Hitler and Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact

September: They both invade Poland

Deteriorating international relations

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The Second World War

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1. The impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany

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1. The impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany

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6. Hitler's actions and particularly his foreign policy

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6. Hitler's actions and particularly his foreign policy

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The Nazis employed modern and effective campaigning methods, with Adolf Hitler as their most prominent asset. Hitler's powerful speaking skills and use of various media platforms such as films, radio, and records allowed him to reach millions of people and raise his profile. He presented himself as a dynamic leader with modern ideas and portrayed himself as someone who understood the people and their problems. Nazi posters and pamphlets were ubiquitous, and their rallies impressed people with their energy and size. The Nazis relied on broad slogans and avoided specific policy details, making it difficult to criticize them. They blamed Jewish people, communists, Weimar politicians, and the Treaty of Versailles for Germany's problems, while expressing contempt for the Weimar democratic system. In addition to their campaigns, the Nazis provided practical assistance such as soup kitchens and shelter for the unemployed.

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Cohesion means bringing together. The historian Gordon Craig believed the Nazis benefited from ‘negative cohesion’. People supported the Nazis not because they shared Nazi views (that would be positive cohesion) but because they shared Nazi fears: ‘If you hate what I hate, then I’ll support you!’

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Factor 3: Disillusionment with democracy

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Factor 3: Disillusionment with democracy

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Disillusionment with democracy in Weimar Germany stemmed from a sense of dissatisfaction with politicians' inability to address the challenges of the Great Depression. Chancellor Brüning's response to the crisis, which included cutting government spending and welfare benefits while urging Germans to make sacrifices, further deepened the discontent. In 1930, Brüning's decision to call for new elections proved disastrous, as it provided the Nazis with an opportunity to capitalize on the widespread dissatisfaction. Unemployment was soaring, reaching almost 6 million, and the average German's income had plummeted by 40% since 1929.

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Amid the crisis, the Nazis capitalized on rising Communist support. Street battles between communist gangs and the police were common, while the SA and SS projected discipline and order. Many unemployed men joined the SA to be part of the Nazi Party, as they believed it offered the order the country needed. Business leaders feared Communist plans for state control of businesses and the strength of trade unions. They saw the Nazis as a counter to these threats and began funding their campaigns. Farmers were alarmed by the Communist takeover of land in the USSR, while the Nazis promised support to struggling small farmers.

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The Nazis appealed to those who believed traditional German values were being eroded by Weimar's modern decadent culture. They promised to restore these old-fashioned values.

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The social democratic party made a grave mistake by underestimating the appeal of the Nazis' vague promises and accusations. They also failed to cooperate with other parties, including the Communists. The Nazis exploited the divisions among their opponents, leveraging bitter memories of Ebert's suppression of the Communists in 1919-20.

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1. Employment

2. education

3. marriage and family

4. health and welfare

5. political rights

6. propaganda and ideology

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1. married are forced to give up their jobs

2. discrimination against women in terms of jobs were encouraged

3. give incentives to women to stay at home

4. women fired from civil service

5. discrimination against single women

6. stereotypical female jobs

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1. emphasis on traditional roles

2. limited academic opportunities

3. excluded from certain professions

4. restrictions on subject

5. only 10% quotas for universities

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1. gave marriage loans

2. financial incentives

3. Mother and Child Agency "Reich Mother Service" has a huge number participated

4. Mother cross

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In July 1933, Married couples were given a state loan of 1,000 Reichsmarks that was partly repaid every time the wife gave birth. (Welfare)

Nazi regime's public health policies were concerned solely with promoting the health of so-called 'Aryan' Germans.

Nazi public health initiatives focused on increasing the size and health of the 'Aryan' population. e.g: the Lebensborn program is to raise the German birthrate.

Nazi public health campaigns often promoted the importance of fresh air and nutritious foods.

Nazi ideology taught that young German women should do graceful exercises to prepare them to become strong healthy mothers.

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1. mostly excluded from political rights and decisions

2. banned from certain professions

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1. Kitchen Children & Church

2. Glorify the role of the mother

3. Aryan women - racial purity