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"During a breakfast visit to the home of Gita, a forty-three-year-old manager, her husband barked to her to "Serve food!" in front of their seventeen-year-old son, thirteen-year-old daughter and me." (108)

This shows the power dynamic between men and women in India. Even though a woman my have a higher economic status than the men, it does not give them any more power than they might already have, as the men have more social power.

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CD (Page #) and Commentary (How does it connect to the key concept

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While women who work the night shift enjoy more financial agency, social attitudes and beliefs often inhibit their ability to hold jobs that require them to traverse the nightscape as it is seen as a male domain and an inappropriate area for women to be in. On page 61, Patel discusses the “What will people think attitude” and says,  “What will people think?’ narrative inhibits women from going out freely as their male counterparts, and this narrative demarcates where a woman can and cannot go in the city” (61). This shows that socially, it is not accepted for women to work the night shift. Even though women in India have the physical agency to go out and work, when they go out into the city they are looked down upon in society, and therefore, their social relations with others will likely suffer.

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"As demonstrated in the lives of the women who participated in this study, call center employment does recodify the lives of women workers. The night shift requirement of this industry, in combination with a relatively high salary and the opportunity to work in a global environment, provides some women with a legitimate reason to get out of the house" (Patel 143).

This connects to the key concept of identity, which is defined as the collective identification and self-identification of individuals because it demonstrates how working the night shift allows them to be viewed as "working individuals" and earn money as a part of a greater society. With that being said, there are also negative aspects associated with that of women who work the night shift as it is often stigmatized for women to go out in the night. Regardless, these are still views that contribute to the way they are perceived by others. This role also contributes to their self-identification as it gives them more agency to be independent since they are receiving their own income from working.

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"Previously, night shift opportunities for women in the urban domain were primarily in the following fields: prostitution, bar dancing, medicine (nurses and ob-gyn doctors), and the hotel industry" (51). This quote does a good job of illustrating both how the identity of women working at night has been formed, as well as showing how the call center jobs help give women more agency by altering this narrative. What occupation that you hold plays a large part in how others view you, which is a key part of identity. Changing the view of women who work at night from "degenerate" careers to somewhat respected careers is important for allowing more agency to women, as working the night will become an option. Increasing mobility and making the night a space available to women without negative connotations, or changing the identity that goes along with the night shift, is key in improving women's agency in India.

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“Ashini, A 23-year-old employee, explain that when she joined company A  her father was furious. it was her first job ever and her father's response, “ call center job equals call girl job!”  left her shaken. Despite this tirade, she joined the industry and currently gives her father Rs 2,000  a month to support the household.”  (53)

This shows the key concept of social relations because the view of the daughter was disrupted negatively even though there was a positive impact on his household income. This creates a double standard although she is economically supporting the house she is ruining the reputation and being cast as a call girl in her own home. The father's use of words feminizing by using "call girl Job" shows the more intense consequences that females suffer from.

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"What if the mobility of men had to be negotiated through the use of identity cards and the presence of a female security guard or a female counterpart to ensure their safety, maintain their social reputation, and justify their presence in the urban nightscape? This dynamic might not be viewed as a protective force but as an unnecessarily restrictive one"(144).

In this society, the women traditionally distinguished themselves by staying at home, doing household duties, and protecting their families' reputations. "Society is created and sustained by social relationships and institutions", When women started to emerge from the mold of the traditional Indian woman and get jobs at call centers at night, the oppressive society attempted to control them even more.

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Call center jobs were marked as a "site where undignified and dishonorable behavior is a norm from which women must be protected," as these took place during the nightscape.

Furthermore, whether it is police scrutinizing women who work at night, neighbors calling, or 'keeping names,' in general, there is the "belief that night shift employees equals bad character" (58). In many ways, women continue to be limited despite working in the night shift, whether it is because of physical safety reasons or the stigma that comes from the social community and being labeled as someone with "bad character" and taking part in immoral activities.

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And unlike her male counterparts, who can migrate without being castigated as being bad fathers who do not care for their children, Poonam is viewed as an anomaly because her decision to be mobile does not fit the mold of where society expects a “good” mother to be” (Patel 116).

Poonam went against society’s norms and created a life that gave her power and agency within her own life, but there is this large double standard between women and men where men have the ability to continue to leave their families and join the work force while it is very difficult for women to do that. The backlash affects their lives and many people are critical of the decision they make.

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"Similarly, Anan explained that despite her success as a senior quality assurance manager, she's expected to awaken every morning before her husband, a mechanical engineer, to get his clothes ready prepare his tea, and get their three-year-old son ready for preschool." (108)

The quote reflects the expectations put on Anan as a woman, as part of the cultural beliefs of a traditional Indian woman. Even as a senior quality assurance manager, she's not able to increase the agency within her household, against the cultural expectations set on her.

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“Anxiety about a woman staying out all night is not only about risking her physical safety against bodily violence, but also about risking her social safety in the larger community. When a woman stays out all night, she risks rupturing her own reputation and that of her family, which are key concerns in communities where “keeping names” can make or break one’s social and marital opportunities,” (61). This relates to society’s view of women and their relationship with time and space. The reference to a woman’s “reputation” and “marital opportunities” reflects the aspects of culture that society deems “most important” for females. Overall, it seems as though women are bound by social and kinship-related constraints that keep them from having temporal and physical agency.

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“In many households, a mother-in-law ends up attending to the day shift domestic front… At an age when they should be retiring and enjoying a matriarchal status, elderly women continue to be treated as unpaid servants or managers of the household,” (109) In many ways, the kinship dynamics that occur when a woman works in the call center industry highlight the existing gender roles in the household. Even when a wife is working overtime to provide for the family, the husband will usually transfer the household responsibility to an older or younger generation of women. This demonstrates how a “woman’s place” in society is categorized by their contributions to the household and their overall servitude.  Because of these gendered expectations, women have less agency over their jobs, temporality, and physical mobility.

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(G2) However, the call-center industry can also be socially damaging on one's identity, because of the night-shift requirement and the communal taboo revolving around women going out at night. As such, women have less agency because nosy neighbors can track their names and inhibit marital and socioeconomic opportunities, which can be hindering socially.

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(G2) However, the call-center industry can also be socially damaging on one's identity, because of the night-shift requirement and the communal taboo revolving around women going out at night. As such, women have less agency because nosy neighbors can track their names and inhibit marital and socioeconomic opportunities, which can be hindering socially.

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"Another theme that emerged during the study is that of nosy neighbors. In some areas, it is believed that when a woman leaves her house in the middle of the night she compromises her own reputation and that of her family. Certainly no middle-class neighborhood wanted to be seen as the one containing "Those types of women."" (54)

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Excerpt taken from Poonam's story: "After three of four months of living at home, her parents were pressured by their peers with comments such as 'When are you going to leave her at her husband's place again?' Befuddled by her decision to stay in Chennai, her parents told her, 'What will people say? What will society say? You can't stay with us!" (Patel 114)

The concept of social relations represents the connections and interpersonal experiences an individual has with their surrounding environment, people, and society. Through Poonam's story and experience, it becomes evident that a woman's social relations are limited due to her status as a call center industry employee. Call center employment is heavily looked down upon by India's society, and therefore Poonam's social relations and overall status are negatively impacted by her aspiration to be part of such an area of study, shown through the condemning reactions of Poonam's family and peers.

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When women gain finanical independence their role in their family and society changes as they have more agency over financial decisions therefore gaining them more power in their relationships. In Poonams story she initially follows social norms and lives with her husband while working a lower paying job, however, when she realized how her future outcome would be like she fought for financial independence and moving away from her family.

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When working in the call centers while women do have slightly more agency to choose to work, when they go to work they are met with people/structures that hinder their agency. “The most recent legislation on night shift employment… states that no woman shall be required or allowed to work in any factory except between the hours of 6 am and 7 pm” (49). While the rules were more strict before, there is still an issue of agency surrounding their identity. Their mobility is limited and that affects their agency because they are being controlled by laws. There are not only agency issues with getting to work, “You can die for all I care, but you have to finish your work” (4). When working at the call centers they are mistreated by their bosses. This further affects their agency because they are forced into their work by their bosses, This forcing into submission restricts their agency and this restriction stems from their fixed identity.

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"The ability to confine a woman to specific areas of the home and forbid movement in the public sphere illustrated that the male head of the household had the financial means to support the family without female participation. It also indicated the control men had on women's physical mobility." (51)

This shows how mobility and social status is used as a tool of power. The men purposefully restrict the physical mobility and economic independence of their wives to show that they are the dominant power over their wives and convey their status/position to their community, in that they are economically powerful enough to support the family without female participation (which is looked down upon, as it shows that the male is weaker in terms of economic and domestic power.) As such, the call-center industry is looked down upon by many in India, because it breaks this relationship and grants women a legitimate reason to go out of the house.

2nd quote for further support: "From a geographical standpoint, linking morality to women's bodies generally has an immobilizing impact on their lives...All of these physical actions in turn encumber women's social and economic mobility, which results in both physical and symbolic isolation." (51)

This shows how women's bodies are used against them by their societies in order to control them through restricting their physical, economic, and sexual mobility. Actions that encumber women, such as deep pain from foot-binding or genital mutilation are used as tools to signify power as these practices are forced upon women as a sign of their insubordination to their cultural structures.

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"Other Companies, as part of the recruitment process, will have a manager or team leader visit a potential female employee's home to discuss employment with the women's family and convince them that the working conditions are safe and proper " (Patel #58)

This quote shows how in their society, women are often unsafe when traveling at night to their jobs. By working at the call center, women have gained more agency because they are able to operate in an environment where they otherwise wouldn't be able to.

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"A clear example of a mobility-morality narrative in India was the historical practice of purdah ... this practice entailed the seclusion and veiling of women" (51).

This was a cultural practice that involved keeping a woman in the household to show the economic status of the family. If they were able to keep the women inside, this symbolized that the male had the financial stability to sustain the household without female participation. It also showed that he had dominance over her mobility. This resulted in women having little agency to get a job, especially during the night, because the family wanted to keep her in the household to maintain their honor. When women worked the call center industry jobs at night, their family was seen as coming from a lower socioeconomic class. It displayed that the man needed the income of the woman to support the family.

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"The change in work time... an important part of the labor force that demands people skills and knowledge work." (36). This shows the demand for change in India's workforce especially for the female population and emphasizes that if India does not follow with its change then they may be left behind. Similarly, it draws upon the idea that this uprise in technology and computerization as a whole offers women the opportunity to integrate themselves into this labor force. These changes will lead to much more from women being able to have free physical space and more safety at night to financial and social mobility. That is why the first initial change may be seen as too big or having a negative impact because of how it will continue to give more rights to the women of India not just as workers but as humans.

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Restriction on mobility is a form of power and actively goes against the potential agency that women could have. By restricting the women’s ability to go to work that exercises power over them. Patel states that “Indian women are labeled subservient and homebound in comparison to their Western counterparts” (122). This quote exemplifies how as a result of men and other structures with power, women are expected to stay home. They use this power by not allowing them to get jobs, making them stay at home, controlling their money, etc. By restricting their mobility they exert power and this results in a women’s agency being hindered. This supports the Social Feminist Theory, that women can be independent when they are financially free, and restricting jobs makes it easier for oppressive structures to hold power.