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COBie is a piece of information placed on to a spreadsheet that is used as a resource to help deliver asset data. Within this spreadsheet it will include information on the project which in this case would be Ramsey Health Care. The information that will be in this spreadsheet will be organised into individual tabs focusing on building facilities, floors, spaces, systems, installed equipment and documents. The worksheet is set out by using a specific algorithm made up of letters and numbers that is integrated in with another spreadsheet, this allows anyone who is required to access it an easy method to find the necessary information. COBie was made mandatory legislation in 2016 for all construction projects in the UK. In relation to the health centre, COBie is a useful asset for the project due the fact it helps to increase the quality of the construction. This is because they can predict the costs of planning as well as reducing risks that may occur within the construction phase. This helps to reduce the overall cost of the project. This also helps to prevent Clash detection that can lead to additional cost on average of £2500 per each time this occurs. COBie, also helps to incentivise a more sustainable project, due to less waste materials as this spreadsheet prevents situations where excess material will occur meaning only the materials required for the health centre are required. COBie also helps to focus on the most sustainable and environmentally friendly practices of work which is another benefit of having this data collection method. COBie also helps to reduce the time taken in the projections, on average, up to 26% of BIM projects been completed ahead of the estimates scheduled date. One of the key benefits of using COBie, is the impact it has on the overall lifecycle of the health centre. Once the project is complete, it increases the cost efficiency up to 80% for maintenance and operations. The diagram shows the way the information and data for the project will be delivered in a spreadsheet where it can be listed into specific tabs of information focusing on building facilities, floors, systems, spaces installed equipment and many other categories.Common Data Environment (CDE) is the way that all information will be stored for the project. In the scenario of the health centre, the Common Data Environment will be an effective method as it helps to reduce times and costs due to the increased levels of information sharing enabling the project been more coordinated. Within Common Data Environments, it requires it to be shared workspace where it can be accessed by anyone who will require access within the project. It is important that this work is protected and to do so, authorisation method will be imposed. It is important to keep the files encrypted to ensure that the process is carried out smoothly. Across the process CDE files will be placed into 4 states Work In progress, Shared State, Published State and Archived State.

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Deployment strategies required for the BIM project (Technology)

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Deployment strategies required for the BIM project (Technology)

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Within BIM Projects, they are many types of technology that can be used, that enable the design team to create sufficient construction plans prior to it been constructed on-site. These types of advanced technology are useful for exact size specifications for the buildings meaning that the client can visualize what the product will look like before it is to be built.

Mobile Mapping System (MMS) -

One piece of technology that is used part of the many strategies used in the pre-construction phase is the mobile mapping system. This type of technology is used to develop a detailed plan of foundations and walls for the project. This equipment will help to determine the floorplan for the health centre by using a scanner placed on a tripod with a laser on. The benefits of using this piece of equipment in comparison to a traditional method is how it extracts a larger quantity of points from the laser for a more accurate measurements of the layout. Using this equipment is also more cost effective due to less people required to carry out the task as it can be done by one person, who’s only task is to set up the equipment. In comparison to traditional methods of surveying, MMS is a safer method since it doesn’t require people to physical measure plot points, and therefor this method is more suited for active highways where vehicles will be passing.

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Deployment strategies required for the BIM project (Technology)

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Deployment strategies required for the BIM project (Technology)

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Lidar Capture -

Lidar Capture is a scanning method used for creating a model of the room by either drone technology or lasers by measuring the time for the laser to bounce off the wall and to be reflected to the receiver. Lidar data is collected in a point cloud format. The use of Lidar Capture in relation to the Health Care centre, allows for the model to be plotted accurately. Lidar Capture is used within many BIM projects due to be the most cost-effective method that allows for a 3D representation to be done of the project before it is completed. Many big organisations are developing more ways of using technology within BIM Projects. In an article published by Autodesk, they reiterate how Autodesk Revit and Autodesk ReCap are used for creating a visual model of the proposed building before it is built.

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Deployment strategies required for the BIM project (Technology)

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Deployment strategies required for the BIM project (Technology)

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BIM Software

Many types of BIM software are usually digital since BIM focuses on been innovative with digital technology.  They are many companies who focus on developing software in relation to BIM, some of these companies include Autodesk, Tekla, Synchro Software and Bentley. The aims of these companies are to be able to create and maintain building information models. The software should incorporate features to allow for interoperability. Some things the software will focus on is the awareness of clash detection, allowing for collaboration between models and creating reports from the design models for later use. The use of these innovative software’s allows for a more effective design model as well as reduced time constraints due to the overall efficiencies of these software’s. the table below specifies all the specific areas BIM software covers and the different software’s that can be used in each section.

BIM Software & Hardware

BIM Hardware requirements are usually requirements which specify the computer system version, memory size of the computer (RAM), hard drive and the graphic card in the system. The RAM of computers usually differs from 32GB – 64GB. The larger the GB is for larger projects that require more files and data.

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Flow and Security of Information for the Project 

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Flow and Security of Information for the Project 

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In relation to the security of the information for the health centre, the standards that focus on this is the BS EN ISO 19650 – 2020. This standard was created from PAS 1192-5 2015, due to this focusing on a security minded way of work regarding information management. There are many ways that digital data can be stored, some of these include magnetic storage device, flash memory devices, solid state storage (SSD), online cloud storage and optical storage devices.  The source below shows the BS EN ISO 19650-2020 (the standards focusing on the security of the project)

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Flow and Security of Information for the Project 

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Flow and Security of Information for the Project 

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Digital Data

There are 3 types of digital data, these are known as dynamic storage, static storage, and optical disks. A dynamic storage device enables the user to work within the file and is also able to make changes to the work. This is usually done on a computer's hard drive. The next digital storage that can be used is known as Static Storage, this is used to save data that can’t be altered and deleted for example a CD which can only be written on a one-time occasion. Finally, the last digital storage that can be used is optical disks. Optical Disks are used as an electronic data storage medium that can be used as storage point as well as to back up information or sharing it too. Some examples of this include CDs and DVDs. However, due to the reduced use of these examples nowadays, this is a less used method than the other 2 stated above.

Physical Data Storage

A type of physical data storage commonly used is storing it on a computer primary storage, this is a short-term memory, which is made up of the CPU also known as central processing unit as well as RAM (random- access memory). The diagram below describes the different ways CPU and RAM primary storage are used and what other storage types fall under this category.

Secondary Stage

Within the secondary stage consists of devices such as USB’s or in other words Hard disk drives. This is a physical piece of equipment that can be inputted into the computer as an external way of storing data. For older computers, they have magnetic storage type for example floppy disks will be a secondary storage stage. These devices are on a decline in the amount they are used, due to better alternatives methods to store data. However, some key benefits of using USBs are how they are easy to access and able to store work for a long duration. USB’s have the lifespan of between 3000 and 5000 write cycles.

Online Data Storage

Part of online data storage includes the online cloud. This is the most common online data storage that everyone knows. Part of the online cloud is that this is where you save documents or data into an online storage space. For this to be efficient it will require a secure connection to enable the data is safe and cannot be accessed by parties who are not required to use this. So called cloud storage can be accessed by anyone who has access to internet will have a cloud storage facility. Dependent on certain variables some services are free, some others may require a subscription or fee. Benefits of using this storage method include the face it can create backups of non-private information. As well if the physical storage drive was to be vandalised, the data can still be accessed without the physical drive.

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Flow and Security of Information for the Project 

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Flow and Security of Information for the Project 

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Protecting Online Data / Encryption of data

Protecting online data is important for the health centre. It ensures patient information confidentiality, so that no one that shouldn’t have access to it doesn’t. The diagram below shows some of the ways that can be used to enhance the security of the online data. Encryption is where files, data and information is secured by creating a code as a barrier. This prevents access for unauthorised individuals. The benefits of this in the scenario for a health centre are how patients' data is extremely confidential, this is a form of an extra security barrier to ensure it is harder for unauthorised people to access it. Some types of encryptions include both hardware and software encryption. Hardware has an increased level of encryption in comparison to software, due to the fact hardware required PIN pad authentication. As data at the health centre will be on database that can be accessed by many external sources such as other health organisations, it is important it is encrypted to reduce chance of cyber-attacks or data breaches. Some ways to protect it when data is been transported between external and internal networks are by adding protected tunnels for example HTTPS or SSL/transport layer security.

Protecting Sensitive Data

Due to lots of data been stored within computers software which use internet and certain networks, allows them to be exposed to so called cyber-attacks and other malicious activities. Cyber-attacks can lead to poor performance of data or even lead to data been deleted or used for identifying thread or even fraud. For the healthcare scenario it is important the confidential data is secure and not at risk of some of these common threats such as phishing, password cracking, malware (malicious software) including viruses and spyware. The term phishing is a common cyber-attack method where a group or organization of people pretend to be a business to attempt to gather information of you. The usual ways they will do this is over phone calls or emails where they will attempt to access confidential information. The diagram below explains some of the ways you can spot an email that is attempting to be ‘phishing’.

Computer Security

One way to ensure that cyber-attacks are less likely to occur regarding the health Centre, could be to implement computer security. Computer security ensures that there are extra measures in place to protect important patient information for the health Centre. The three goals computer security is built up around is confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Confidentiality relates to the people who should have access to the data, for instance nurses who require background checks on the patients. Integrity focuses on the data been accurate and reliable, meaning any data used for medical purposes is correct to prevent issues with prescribing patients with incorrect medicines. Finally, the last computer security aim is for all data to be available, even in the scenario of a data breach, they should be stored onto a backup file.

Data Breaches

Data breaches are when classified information is stolen or accessed by an outside organisation without given access to use this information for fraud identity and many other uses. Ways that can be used to prevent these include updating software. This is due to most data breaches occurring due to outdated software where cyber criminals can gain easy access into to gather information. Another way of preventing data breaches can be to impose content filtering, this is where employees (medics, doctors, and nurses) will not be able to gain access to specific content that may be at risk of been a malware attack. Spam filtering is used on emails to protect email accounts by removing spam emails that could be a potential risk with links that could be clicked onto dodgy websites that may be able to access confidential data. Implementing anti-virus software is another way to prevent malware attacks, these systems are usually run in the background of the computer and not usually visible to the user itself. Another way to prevent data breaches is by backing up data offsite, this allows for a backup option in the case the data is breached, meaning all data should be accessible up to the point of the breach. The final method to reduce the chances of data breaches is the education of staff. The awareness of these specific issues allows for a better understanding of the consequences of data breaches, meaning that all staff are aware of keyways these issues may occur.

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Increased Sustainability when Implementing BIM

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Increased Sustainability when Implementing BIM

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Before BIM was introduced into many projects across the UK, sustainability wasn’t a focused subject within the industry. From an Autodesk study in 2021, 82% business in the construction industry have invested into sustainability teams. The duty of a sustainability team is to find more sustainable practices of work as well as materials. Part of BIM projects include BIM dimensions, these helps increase sustainability regarding the health centre due to the methods enabling increased efficiency. Within RIBA 2020 stage 3- spatial coordination, this focuses on planning applications. Due to new requirements incentivising net zero and other environmental requirements it causes a more complexed design process due to planning applications harder to get if not in place with the correct guidance. All of these strict legislations prevent excess wastes materials when going out on site. Not only this, due to all files been stored into a common data environment it is a more sustainable method as less paper models of designs been used in comparison to traditional where majority of times when o site the drawings will be presented on paper. This helps to reduce the carbon footprint for the project and help to aim toward the aim of Net Zero by the UK government for 2050.

3D

3-dimensional technology is an important aspect when it comes to sustainability for the health centre, due to the fact this allows for a visualised model for the client to seen before the project is built. This allows for the client to make improvements before the design has been done as well as helping to identify an issue with clash detection. This helps to create sustainability because it eliminaties issues with duplication of elements in the model, that can create additional costs if excess materials are ordered as well as reducing time constraints due to the correct quantities of materials been ordered before going out onto site.

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Increased Sustainability when Implementing BIM

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Increased Sustainability when Implementing BIM

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4D

4 dimensional models are another way to increase the sustainability in the BIM project of the health centre. This dimension focuses on the increased efficiency on the planning of how the project will be delivered. This ensures that the designers incorporate the best method for the project to be built. They do this by rehearsing on-site practises before going out onto site. This increases sustainability due to less reoccurring errors that could lead to increased materials been used as well as more accurate timescales so the whole project should be completed quicker.  This dimension also helps to focus on environment sustainability, due to the fact the design time will focus on implementing more sustainable practise of work that have less effect on the environment.

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Increased Sustainability when Implementing BIM

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Increased Sustainability when Implementing BIM

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5D

5 dimensional has the priority of looking at cost data within the project. Each individual element within the model that the designer has created will have a cost next to it. This helps to increase sustainability within BIM projects as this dimension allows for accurate estimations as well as they been quick to gather certain costings of specific parts of the project. This costing breakdown also allows for an accurate measurement if the quantities of materials required for the project to ensure no excess materials are bought.

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Increased Sustainability when Implementing BIM

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Increased Sustainability when Implementing BIM

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6D

6-Dimensional technology is a crucial dimension regarding BIM projects, since this focuses on providing a sustainable project. In relation to the health centre this is a key role to increase sustainability. The main types of sustainability commonly used within BIM are environmental, economic, and social sustainability. Some positives of using these sustainable methods in BIM include more efficiency and accuracy in the design phase resulting in less significant changed to the project been made meaning it will help to reduce costing issues. Also, any external cost issues that cannot be predicted such as issues with environmental issues across the whole life cycle of the Project can be reduced to create a much more accurate costing of the health centre, which helps with the overall budgeting of the scheme.

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Statutory Approvals and Current Building Legislations for BIM Project (Planning Applications, Building Regulations & BIM)

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Statutory Approvals and Current Building Legislations for BIM Project (Planning Applications, Building Regulations & BIM)

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Within BIM projects, statutory controls and building legislations are an important part of the health centre. This occurs in the design phase of 3D models for the project because they allow for better collaboration and communication meaning all legislation is followed and obeyed. This can be done quicker as it is easier to obtain the planning application when the model can be visualised and if there are any issues, they can be changed to meet the standards quicker. In comparison to traditional method the use of BIM is a lot quicker process than traditional due to it easier to make quicker changes due to all documents been held in the common data environment so can be accessed easily and changed to suit requirements. For the statutory approvals and building legislations in BIM, it will further reduce the whole timescale of the project. Compared to traditional, that is a longer process as the model isn't 3D and cannot be visualized, leading to a longer process of gaining the planning applications as it will require an on-site visit for staff. The companies carry out the BIM project for the health care centre, will be able to take on more business due to the fact they can reduce the time scale the schemes can be completed because of the smooth process of gaining statutory approvals and building legislation. With more business for BIM projects, it comes with more profit. In comparison to the traditional method of construction for projects, this process is such a longer process with it been harder to gather legislation.

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Application of Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) Considering 3D BIM 

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Application of Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) Considering 3D BIM 

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Modern methods of construction in BIM 3D are useful to create a sufficient BIM project. The use of 3D BIM with its incorporation with modern methods allows for health and safety issues to be reduced since these methods are safer and carry out multiple checks before actually constructing them. The use of virtual reality technology allows for them to visualise the end finished project, which in this instance will be the health Centre. The benefit of this is how it allows them to raise any issues with the design before it has been built, which helps to keep additional costings low and reduces time for the project to be built as they are not having to make changes to the design. The use of Revit to standardise with families of specific elements helps to increase communication of the plans between clients as well as creating a detailed scheduling to help with costing and time frames. New families are always updated straight into this software, enabling them to increase productivity of the project due to it enabling the BIM project to use the newest innovative ways to design the model. Revit can also detect clash detection, this is another benefit of modern methods of construction for the health centre as this prevents extra materials been ordered, meaning less waste products and less cost constrains as well. Within these technologies that enable the 3D design models, they also provide specifications of materials, this helps to provide better quality assurance and accuracy when it comes to choosing the materials for the desired project.

In comparison to traditional methods of construction, BIM Methods of construction are more efficient and productive. Looking into traditional methods, due to data and information of models and designs of the project not been kept in a common data environment, it means that they have to co-ordinate with other teams to share the drawings. This process is very time consuming and due to the information having to be provided by all parties sometimes leads to miscommunications and errors been made. Traditional methods are usually kept on hard copies instead of a cloud storage system that can be accessed by all parties, meaning it is more likely to be lost, leading to lack of important information on the construction of the project. The diagram below displays the MacLeamy Curve diagram. This diagram reiterates my point on how traditional methods create additional costs along the design process due to the reasonings I have stated above about the inability to collaborative as well and not having that common data environment as a place to store all data.In relation to the health centre, the methods of construction suggested for a 3D BIM model will help to create a cheaper costing project as well as more efficient with the correct materials to create a longer lifecycle of the health Centre. Statistics found by NBS (2023) suggest that the use of BIM in the construction industry had increased to 70%. This percentage is thought to be the level of professionals who have adopted BIM in some format and carry it out in the day to day going of schemes. This figure hasn’t drastically increased from 2018 due to some limitations of using BIM. Some of these limitations include the initial cost of implementing it, hence the reason there hasn’t been a drastic increase since 2018. One explanation of this could be due to the fact many smaller construction firms cannot afford to invest into this innovative way of construction. Additionally, many businesses would have to drastically change the workforce they employ to implement BIM or spend enough funds into educating staff and training them up to the correct standard.

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Off and On-Site Interrelationships (Improved Communications)

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Off and On-Site Interrelationships (Improved Communications)

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Collaborative working has the principle that all processes throughout the BIM project should be carried out collectively as a team. Within collaborative working the 3 principles that are predominantly focused on are Common vision leadership, collaborative culture and behaviours and collaborative process tools. Collaborative vision and leadership in relation to the health Centre, will be to focus on completing the end goal in the most efficient way through good leadership by the appointed party to ensure it is completed in the correct manor. Collaborative cultures and behaviours require key communication skills between any organisation involved in the project, to ensure all issues and problems have a solution before it is taken into the construction phase. With having this collaborative workspace, it helps to create a trust between the client and the contractors as well as transparency between all the parties involved. Collaborative processes and tools investigate ways to promote the use of information collaborative platforms, open book costing, lean and waste elimination, and project bank accounts. All these processes when used, enable a collaborative working environment that will help the BIM project run efficiently and more productive. The diagram below displays the ways collaborative working is portrayed as well as the focus point of success if this is to be carried out correctly. The six success factors include early involvement, selection by value, aligned commercial arrangements, common process and tools, performance measurement and long-term relationships. When all these collaborations process are met, it will provide a collaborative project with minimal mistakes due to substantial communication between parties preventing any steps on the process from been missed.

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From this brochure, I have covered the seven topics part of the BIM process that will help to create a better health centre than if we were to use traditional methods to construct the project. From all the information I have provided the use of BIM will help create a more sustainable health centre that will have a longer lifespan than if traditional construction was used to create the project.

The use of CoBie within this project will be an important piece of formatting the data and information. This will help to increase the productivity of the process due to it storing all data and information in one spreadsheet meaning costings can be worked out before the project has been taken onto site. Whereas traditional construction can have difficulties with having an accurate costing before the project is complete due to changes commonly occurring in the construction phase meaning additional costings that can increase the price of the scheme.

In relation to different types of technology been used within the BIM project such as Autodesk, Tekla, Synchro Software and Bentley, these innovative software’s help to reduce costs across the project. This is enabled due to these software’s determining clash detection, this prevents the duplication of materials that could further lead to increase costs across the project. In comparison to traditional methods of software, they cannot detect clash detection usually meaning more waste materials making the scheme more expensive as well as it been less sustainable for the environment due to excess materials been wasted.

Regarding the security of information within the project, this is important due to the project been a health centre that will have lots of private information on patients within the establishment that is confidential and shouldn’t be accessed by anyone but staff who are required to use it at the health centre. The use of encryption for the files is also beneficial to prevent cyber-attacks as if a data breach was to occur within the health Centre it could lead to fraud identity occurring. The use of encryption helps to create an extra barrier to make it more difficult for external sources to access this information.

The 3 topics of increased sustainability within BIM, Statutory approvals and legislation in BIM and Modern Methods of construction all fall in a similar category.  Modern Method of construction within BIM such as software allowing a 3D model to be created and visualised before the project is started to be built links to the fact it is easier to comply with legislation before the project is taken onto site. Both factors allow for no issues with clash detection meaning no waste materials occurring as well as the time to complete this been a shorter process meaning the BIM project is more sustainable as less environmental impact of waste materials and models been made and shown as an electronic copy so less hard copies of the models.

Finally, the last topic I covered was focusing on the collaboration between off and on-site interrelationships. Full collaboration within BIM regarding the health centre should increase productivity due to less errors occurring due to always having a solution.