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Chinese Horse, Lascaux Cave, Dordogne, France. ca. 15,000–13,000 bce

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Animal (horse) inconsistent arrangement of animals, profile/aerial view, purpose to teach or tell stories.

Notes:

Discovered in 1994. FA: SM: Paint is of animal fat, FE: maybe painted at different time. Function: represent world around them. Capture the animals successfully.

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Statuettes from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq, c. 2,700-2,600 BC

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People praying, Wide eyes, Guardian or watching over. purpose to watch over and pray while you are unable to.

Notes: 3 statues, abstract/naturalistic, Clear features, shoulders/arms are exaggerated on male, feet are trunk like. Eyes are exaggerated to let the people praying know that the statues will always pray and watch over. They wont fall asleep. There are male and female statues, maybe for different purposes, Praying to the male to get power, wealth or land. or praying to the female for fertility, love, and strength. Its still unsure why there are clearly two different genders represented in the statues.

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Black engraved stone, king or royalty at the top.

Purpose were laws or "code" to follow engraved into the stone.

notes:

Law of Hammurabi, Similar to Law of moses, or Laws given in the US. Hammurabi took different laws and codes around their location and created them all under, Law of Hammurabi. Each law comes with extreme measures that typically resulted in Death for mocking the king, your spouse, or a God. 7ft Stone. The Stele is made from Basalt which needed to be imported.

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Citadel of Sargon II, Khorsabad, c. 720 BC

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Large Creature, engraved into stone, Animal like features, purpose is to guard or protect/intimidate.

notes:

Lion- Power Human face on a lion- Giving them the power of a Lion.

Meant to be seen from front or side. 15-18ft tall. Fantastical beast used to scare of evil spirits and claim authority.

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Triangle like flat stone, Stories or history engraved upon stone. Purpose is a makeup pallete. carved (relief) registers

Notes:

Narmer: From upper egypt who fought to unite upper and lower egypt. 1st emperor or king of both. Palette of Narmer is a makeup palette that opens up and holds makeup. Pharoh is victorious, Registers for different stories, Hierarchy of scale, showed the people he’s concquered. Large crown on his head, Bowling Pin crown is from upper egypt. Composit View. Lower Egypt with the lotus growing from the head. (shows upper and lower egypt are coming together)

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Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three Daughters, c. 1,353-35 BC

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Portrays king and his wife in their home. Akhenaten and his family look "different" then the usual norm of the body. Purpose was to set an example to others.

Notes:

Akhenaten: Male, different compared to other Egyptian art, Proportions are different, roundness, loss of canon proportions, crossed arms, beard. Cut off at knees.  rain of ARMANA period. Breaks the Egyptian priest's power, abolishes the idea of multiple gods. And only one God (sun god) art starts to break down and break away from canon grid.

Three daughters: Family portrait, sweetness and loving portrayal of the royal family, celebration of affection and family love, hierarchy of scale, kilt with belly poking out, wrinkles, Disk (son god) raining down light which symbolizes light. The use of line is elegant and free flowing. Think lips, curvilinear lines, naturalistic.

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Spring Fresco, from Akrotiri, Thera. ca. 1600–1500 bce. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

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Wall Paintings of flowers and landscape, Documented history of volcanic environment. the flowers, the colors, the animals and the feeling.

notes:

In the basement of a home. Almost all the homes had true frescos in them in many rooms. First known example of a true landscape in the European area. Egyptian artists

influenced Minoan art. The Minoan people conveyed the land around them in art. Nature was their primary inspiration. This will set a precedent of popularity in having frescos in the home for Pompeii culture.

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Mask of Agamemnon, from shaft grave, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1600–1500 bce. 

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Gold Mask, Facial Features of a man. uneven features, big ears. Purpose to cover faces of the dead during funerals or ceremonies then buried in "shafts" Mask was found with several others. This mask was named after the King Agamemnon.

notes:

Family portrait, sweetness and loving portrayal of the royal family, celebration of affection and family love, hierarchy of scale, kilt with belly poking out, wrinkles, Disk (son god) raining down light which symbolizes light. The use of line is elegant and free flowing. Think lips, curvilinear lines, naturalistic.

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Kroisos (Kouros from Anavysos). ca. 540–525 bce. Marble

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Soft features, more realistic features, more detail, painted. Purpose was for headstones, specifically Kroisos, who died a hero’s death in battle.

notes:

much more naturalistic, weight looks like it’s shifting forward. Still space between the arms and legs. The wrists are still connected but sculpted that way instead of a

block of stone in the middle. Archaic smile is there. The kneecaps are more naturalistic and less represented in lines. The braided hair is still stylized and still stereo-metric. The function of a kouros if found in a sanctuary is an offering to Gods. If found in a graveyard it was an offering to spirits of the dead or representing the deceased. The pink hair means it was painted red. We don’t know what the reason for red hair is. Maybe for beauty, maybe to represent the person as dead, maybe bright colors from far away help you distinguish the forms.

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Contrapasso, human like features (realistic) Defined and detailed. Right side is moving, left side is relaxed. Right hand is meant to be holding a spear. Purpose to show off what the "perfect" body looks like.

Notes:

How to achieve a complete sense of beauty in art. The rule of how art needs to be done. Key element to achieve was symmetry (how to create a balanced composition) which is based on pythagorean thought. (opposites)

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implies movement, no head or arms, Focal point are wings, female, covered with cloth. Purpose to dedicate a victory of freedom of somesort

Notes:

Ionic border capitals, Freise of Athena and

related stories. Balustrade around the bottom of the temple. This sculpture has a heavy drapery style (sometimes called wet drapery). TIktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon 448-432

BC: head sculpture Phidias: the center of Greek architecture. This temple is set on the highest point and set top the side so you can see the totality of the structure. It's like a three-dimensional structure that looks perfectly proportionate. The Doric order with more slender

pillars. The largest classical-period temple. This has more than 3 steps up to it because it is built on other temple foundations.

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Banqueters and Musicians, Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia, c. 470 BC

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Repetition, musical instruments, people relaxing ,same use of colors, leopards. Males playing music, Females relaxing and watching. purpose is to celebrate the life that was lived by the Etruscans

notes:

The most well preserved murals in the area, very colorful and lively, movement, dancing, feasting, women were at the banquets, musicians were clothes and banqueters, slaves are naked.

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Exaggerated Features(nose), Extreme detail (wrinkles), eyes look unfinished, No hair. Purpose of this is maybe to dedicate the Roman Patrician for his knowledge and to show that it comes from experiences.

Notes:

This is a marble portrait sculpture representing an elderly man believed to be from Rome's upper class. It's meant to convey seriousness of mind and the virtue of a public career.

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Augustus of Primaporta. Possibly Roman copy of a statue of ca. 20 ce. Marble, height 6′8″ (2.03 m). Musei Vaticani, Braccio Nuovo, Rome

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Strong leader figure, Little baby holding his clothes with wings, contrapasso, weight on his left side. Pointing or getting peoples attention with his right hand. Cloth draped over the front of him and his arm. Purpose is to empower audience because of a victory or a win?

Notes:

Breastplate, that is covered with figures that interpret that Augustus has the gods on his side, he is an international military victor, and he is the bringer of the Pax Romana, a peace that encompasses all the lands of the Roman Empire.

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Acrolithic Statue of Constantine, AD 313

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Big Eyes which seem to be the focal point, Facial shape seems normal and "uneven" Just the head but is 40ft tall. Eyes are gazing upwards. Purpose is to show the significance of constantine?

notes:

Acrolithic means multiple substances used in this sculpture. There would be more than marble. Probably gold leafing.

One hand of the statue heald a Christian symbol (we don't know what that symbol was), and in the other the hand was pointing up to the heavens. We are uncertain about what the hand points at. His eyes are much larger. We don't know if that represents his being lead by Gods or Christ.

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Good Shepherd and Jonah, ceiling, catacomb of SS. Pietro e Marcellino, Rome, 4th century

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Looks like different phases of life are painted on the ceiling, Skulls and bones along the wall, four corners of the big circle have individuals with their arms stretched out. no christ or "god" depicted. Purpose: used for celebrations more than burials.

notes:

Underground cemetery, Christians would buy plots of land then build down. About 500,000 burials. Covered the tufa with plaster and would paint the plaster. With red and green lines that would divide the surface, similar to roman paintings. A young man with a sheep on his shoulders and surrounded by sheep (good Shepheard) figures with outstretched arms Oront (gesture of prayer representing a prayer of salvation) story of Jonah on the boat and the whale. The head of the whale is a depiction of a dog face. Like the roman alter. Early Christians used Jonah to symbolize Christ. Nude figure lying underneath Gord plant, (Jonah underneath the Gord plant is iconographic symbol of eternal rest.) personifications of the four seasons are symbolized as heads in the corners. (using personification) to connote time passing until time suddenly doesn't stop.

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Justinian mosaic, Justinian and Theodora mosaics, San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-547

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man in the middle is wearing purple, guards are on the far left, mixture of gold, purple, and white. looks like a few on the right have gifts or goods to give. purpose is to show the difference between the religion and stare.

notes:

Patten for bread for the church (donation) he's to the right of Christ. He’s inside the sanctuary. Gold background so he's in the sanctuary. There's a Deacon holding the incents, anther deacon with the book of the gospels, and then the archbishop with the crucifix. Justinian has the purple robe with the halo, following Justinian are senators and the military. The shield has letters that depict Christ name in Greek.  Justinian has red shoes which also show royalty. This mosaic lacks depth leading us to believe that they are moving to more abstract pieces.

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Carpet Page (fol. 26v), Lindisfarne Gospels, late 7th century

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outline of a cross through the design. Blues, Greens, reds, lighy brown, repetition, purpose: Represents something "bigger" maybe icons, or a law or rule.

Noted:

Used in a book for the introduction page (gospels) using design of the cross for decoration purposes. Very exact complicated and rich. Hidden animals throughout the piece, Traced with black ink from a quill. Nonfigurative and ornamental. Migratory aesthetic in a Christian aesthetic. Artist loved layers of interlace.

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Man documenting something, Nature looks like its blowing in the wind, Side profile but also face view (composit view?)

Purpose: Maybe a painting of a historical even being written down or documented.

Notes:

Long skinny fingers, change from the previous art piece. More realistic. Giving the depth with foot coming down and the book pages. boarder of the book is laced in gold. Trying to give depth in the background but its flat. Drapery is also flat in most places but is trying to give depth coming off the knee.

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Trumeau and jambs, south portal, church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

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Animal Like creatures in the front face side. Human on the side of the "pillar" The humans legs are crossed, The animals on the front are overlayed to look like they are crossing. more zigzag shape. the pillar stands before a doorway. Purpose: To guard or watchover the people coming and going?

Notes:

Three crossed pairs of stylized lions. elongated bodies of the lions. Jeremiah smushed into the side, his drapery folds imitate the linear qualities of manuscript illumination. In the final analysis. It seems odd to have figures of this importance on the less visible narrow sides of the trumeau.

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Royal Portals, Cathedral, Chartres, France, c. 1145-70

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Long tall human figures, Feet look like hooves (no definition) Each figure is carrying something that seems significant. 3 Men 1 woman. Purpose is maybe to show that all historic men and women are important (kings, queens, rulers)

notes:

The drapery folds imitate the linear qualities of manuscript illumination. In the final analysis, it seems odd to have figures of this importance on the less visible narrow sides of the trumeau.

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Cathedral, Chartres, France, rebuilt c. 1145-1220

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Different Registers with different pictures, big female? figure in the middle taking up 3 registers, Could represent The Virgin Mary. Purpose: Maybe to show different stories of Mary.

Notes of Cathedral, Chartres

1194 there was a fire, they continued to build afterwards. Relic is supposedly the white dress Mary wore when she was birthing Jesus. The dress was miraculously saved, and the people took that as a sign to keep building. Pride within the city but also a competition to see who can build the best cathedral in the cities. Cruciform massive rose window, meant to draw upwards. The right-side cone they ran out of money so it's a cone.

Pointed arch, Quadro part vaulting. The vaulting is so tall and big it allows space for windows. The piers can be smaller because the vault is taking on so much weight. If you visited, you could be healed from your sickness. Sloped floors, 188ft 3-part nave elevation,

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Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux, Saint-Denis, France, 1339

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statue is placed on a stand with different buttresses and stories portrayed on them. On the stand there are also words written, Gold female (most likely mary) statue carrying a child. Carrying a sceptre in her right hand. Baby (christ) is holding a ball which probably represents the world. Purpose is to maybe remind us of the healing powers of christ and how he is our ruler?

Notes:

Made of gold= important person. Mary becomes prominent in the Late French gothic period. 2nd only to Christ. Pervasive image to testify of the doctrine of incarnation. (Divine Christ took upon the nature of mortal man.) Mary dominates Christian art at different periods of time. “Marian types” Moter emobules” shows the love between a mother and a child. Ultimate mother. Stylistically the gothic sway, Christ child's arm reaching to her face. Idealized. More naturalistic scale. Reliquary box.

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Thorn crown, pierced hands feet and side, healthy woman (mary) Dying man (Jesus) Faces express wiery or dread of upcoming death. Jesus looks skinny and puppet-like to show he is nearing the end of his life Purpose Maybe supposed to be used for an alter. Also to draw up feelings of grief and and pity of christs death.

Notes:

non scriptural moment of mary mourning her son. Changes of scale and proportions are intentional. Larger on these bodies. ondox builder is a contemplation image. Can be used in the home. Smaller statue. so worshipers would say their evening prayers while meditating on this image. Figure of mary seated with christ on her lap. Not naturalistic. emphasis is the message of pain and suffering. Shows marys grief and sorrow. Christ is small and dead weight. huge thorns in the crown. Mary's hair is down to show she's suffering. Marks of the stigmata where he was pierced in his hands, feet, and side. originally painted. Made of wood. Wounds are GAPING holes. Blood has run down his arms but is dried on his skin.

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Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned. ca. 1280–90.

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angels, prophets, Royalty in Purple (mary) with her son jesus. two middle angels looking towards christ, 3 other angels looking outward towards audience. Purpose is for an alter or church wall?

notes:

Miasta- majesty term used for Mary with or without the Christ and is accompanied by angels.

Panel with gold leaf, Hierarchy of scale, angels are small Mary is huge, Baby Jesus is more toddler like. Halo on Mary, angles and Jesus. Blue and gold repetition is royalty. Supreme intercessor with Christ, known as the “new eve” Her prominent place is secured. Queen of heaven and almost a symbol of the church. Inclining of the heads to the center, eyes are looking at the viewer.