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The Wright Brothers & the airplane December 17, 1903

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The Wright Brothers & the airplane December 17, 1903

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Germany was not united before due to the difference in religions nor did they speak the same language. The way Prussia wanted to get all the land was by going to war and proving that they are powerful enough to defeat other countries if they united. Otto Von Bismarck used war to get more land and more power. This caused other countries to be threatened so they go to war against Germany and other German lands join to help defeat the other countries.

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The dispute between the two dominant member states of the Confederation, Austria and Prussia, over which had the inherent right to rule German lands ended in favor of Prussia after the Seven Weeks' War of 1866. This led to the creation of the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership in 1867.

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The Opium Wars September 4, 1839- October 24, 1860

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The Opium Wars September 4, 1839- October 24, 1860

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Execution of King Louis XVI January 21, 1793

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Execution of King Louis XVI January 21, 1793

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During the French Revolution, many commoners were starving and they were upset when Marie was having a "party" since they are starving so they decided to kill their king and queen. King Louis XVI used all of his money for him and his family instead of solving the problem with starvation for the commoners. King Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee to the Tuileries Palace but then was found and was killed by the guillotine.

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Louis XVI, also called (until 1774) Louis-Auguste, duc de Berry, (born August 23, 1754, Versailles, France-died January 21, 1793, Paris), the last king of France (1774-92) in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789. The monarchy was abolished on September 21, 1792; later Louis and his queen consort, Marie-Antoinette, were guillotined on charges of counterrevolution.

Early life and accession

Louis was the third son of the dauphin Louis and his consort Maria Josepha of Saxony. At first known as the duc de Berry, he became the heir to the throne on his father's death in 1765. His education was entrusted to the duc de La Vauguyon (Antoine de Quélen de Caussade). He was taught to avoid letting others know his thoughts, which has led to sharp disagreement about his intelligence. Louis nevertheless possessed an excellent memory, acquired a sound knowledge of Latin and English, and took an interest in history and geography. In 1770 he married the Austrian archduchess Marie-Antoinette, daughter of Maria Theresa and the Holy Roman emperor Francis I.

On the death of his grandfather Louis XV, Louis succeeded to the French throne on May 10, 1774. At that time he was still immature, lacking in self-confidence, austere in manner, and, because of a physical defect (later remedied by an operation), unable to consummate his marriage. Well-disposed toward his subjects and interested in the conduct of foreign policy, Louis had not sufficient strength of character or power of decision to combat the influence of court factions or to give the necessary support to reforming ministers, such as Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot or Jacques Necker, in their efforts to shore up the tottering finances of the ancien régime.

In late 1774 he reversed Louis XV's and Chancellor René Maupeou's controversial attempt to reduce the powers of the parlements that had been undertaken in 1771; this decision was popular but placed obstacles in the way of any major reforms. His approval of French military and financial support for the American colonists led to a foreign policy success, but the borrowing required to pay for the war drove the government to the brink of bankruptcy and led the king to support the radical fiscal, economic, and administrative reforms proposed by Charles-Alexandre de Calonne, the controller-general of finance, in 1787. The refusal of a specially summoned Assembly of Notables to approve these measures, and the opposition of the parlements, forced the king in July 1788 to summon the Estates-General -the representatives of the clergy, nobility, and commoners-for the following year and thus set in motion the Revolution.

Louis's reaction to the Revolution

After 1789 Louis XVI's incapacity to rule, his irresolution, and his surrender to reactionary influences at court were partially responsible for the failure to establish in France the forms of a limited constitutional monarchy. He allowed himself to be persuaded that royal dignity required him to avoid communication with the deputies assembled at Versailles, and he made no attempt to lay out a program that might have attracted their support. At critical moments, he was distracted by the illness and death of his eldest son, the dauphin (June 4, 1789).

By this time the fundamental weakness of the king's character had become evident. Lethargic in temperament, lacking political insight, and therefore incapable of appreciating the need to compromise, Louis continued to divert himself by hunting and with his personal hobbies of making locks and doing masonry. His dismissal of Necker in early July 1789 set off popular demonstrations culminating in the storming of the Bastille, which forced the king to accept the authority of the newly proclaimed National Assembly. Despite his reluctance, he had to endorse its "destruction" of the feudal regime and its Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August. The king privately continued to believe that the Revolution would burn itself out. Publicly, however, he appeared ready to accept his new role as constitutional monarch, and gestures such as his visit to Paris after the storming of the Bastille led to an upsurge in his popularity; in early August 1789 the National Assembly proclaimed him the "restorer of French liberty."

Attempt to flee the country

Louis's resistance to popular demands was one of the causes of the forcible transfer of the royal family from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace in Paris on October 6. Yet he made still more mistakes, refusing to follow the secret advice tendered to him after May 1790 by the comte de Mirabeau, abdicating his responsibilities, and acquiescing in a disastrous attempt to escape from the capital to the eastern frontier on June 21, 1791. Caught at Varennes and brought back to Paris, he lost credibility as a constitutional monarch. Thenceforward he seems to have been completely dominated by the queen, who must bear the chief blame for the court's subsequent political duplicity.

From the autumn of 1791 the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the dubious prospects of foreign intervention. At the same time, he encouraged the Girondin faction in the Legislative Assembly (which had succeeded the National Assembly in September 1791) in their policy of war with Austria, in the expectation that French military disaster would pave the way for the restoration of his authority. Prompted by Marie-Antoinette, Louis rejected the advice of the moderate constitutionalists, led by Antoine Barnave, to faithfully implement the constitution of 1791, which he had sworn to maintain, and committed himself to a policy of subterfuge and deception.

The outbreak of the war with Austria in April 1792, the suspected machinations of the queen's "Austrian committee," and the publication of the manifesto by the Austrian commander, the duke of Brunswick, threatening the destruction of Paris if the safety of the royal family were again endangered, led to the capture of the Tuileries by the people of Paris and provincial militia on August 10, 1792. It also led to the temporary suspension of the king's powers by the Legislative Assembly and the proclamation of the First French Republic on September 21. In November, proof of Louis XVI's secret dealings with Mirabeau and of his counterrevolutionary intrigues with the foreigners was found in a secret cupboard in the Tuileries. On December 3 it was decided that Louis, who together with his family had been imprisoned since August, should be brought to trial for treason. He himself appeared twice before the Convention (December 11 and 23).

Condemnation to death

Despite the last-minute efforts of the Girondins to save him, Citizen Capet, as he was then called, was found guilty by the National Convention and condemned to death on January 18, 1793, by 387 votes (including 26 in favour of a debate on the possibility of postponing execution) to 334 (including 13 for a death sentence with the proviso that it should be suspended). When a final decision on the question of a respite was taken on January 19, Louis was condemned to death by 380 votes to 310. He was guillotined in the Place de la Révolution in Paris on January 21, 1793. Nine months later his wife met the same fate. Louis XVI's courage on June 20, 1792, when the royal palace was invaded by the Paris mob after his dismissal of the Girondin ministry, and his dignified bearing during his trial and at the moment of execution did something to redeem, but did not reestablish, his reputation.
Albert Goodwin Jeremy David Popkin

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Louis XVI | Biography, Reign, Execution, & Facts

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Louis XVI, the last king of France (1774-92) in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789. The monarchy was abolished on September 21, 1792; later Louis and his queen consort, Marie-Antoinette, were guillotined on charges of counterrevolution.

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The storming of the Bastille was the start of the French revolution. This building is a prison and also a symbol of a tyranny of Bourbon monarchs. This building was stormed by many commoners due to their enragement towards King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. They all broke in and released the prisoners and also took all the weapons. Since they were let in by Launay because he put up a white flag, he was executed. After this event the French Revolution continued,

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Parisian revolutionaries and mutinous troops storm and dismantle the Bastille, a royal fortress and prison that had come to symbolize the tyranny of the Bourbon monarchs, on July 14, 1789. This dramatic action signaled the beginning of the French Revolution, a decade of political turmoil and terror in which King Louis XVI was overthrown and tens of thousands of people, including the king and his wife Marie Antoinette, were executed.

By the summer of 1789, France was moving quickly toward revolution. Bernard-René Jordan de Launay, the military governor of the Bastille, feared that his fortress would be a target for the revolutionaries and so requested reinforcements. On July 12, royal authorities transferred 250 barrels of gunpowder to the Bastille, and Launay brought his men into the massive fortress and raised its two drawbridges.

At dawn on July 14, a great crowd armed with muskets, swords, and various makeshift weapons began to gather around the Bastille. Launay's men were able to hold the mob back, but as more and more Parisians were converging on the Bastille, Launay raised a white flag of surrender over the fortress. Launay and his men were taken into custody, the Bastille's gunpowder and cannons were seized, and the seven prisoners were freed. Upon arriving at the Hotel de Ville, where Launay was to be arrested and tried by a revolutionary council, he was instead pulled away by a mob and murdered.

The capture of the Bastille symbolized the end of the ancien regime and provided the French revolutionary cause with an irresistible momentum. In 1792, the monarchy was abolished and Louis and his wife Marie-Antoinette were sent to the guillotine for treason in 1793.

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French revolutionaries storm the Bastille | July 14, 1789 | HISTORY

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Parisian revolutionaries and mutinous troops storm and dismantle the Bastille, a royal fortress and prison that had come to symbolize the tyranny of the Bourbon monarchs, kicking off the French Revolution.

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When factories started to create factories and made people work there for as long as 12 hours a day. Many only ate one meal a day causing a lot of starvation and many to die. The factories caused a lot of air pollution and the people had to breathe that which made them become very ill. Most of the time children were used to work in factories or mine coals since they have smaller limbs and can fit in tinier spaces.They were also paid less, as well as women. This caused many to die at young ages and for many to become ill.

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Industrialization ushered much of the world into the modern era, revamping patterns of human settlement, labor, and family life.

Subjects

Social Studies, Economics, U.S. History, World History

Image

Power Looms

Women and children were often employed in the textile industry during the first century of industrialization. Their smaller fingers were often better at threading the machinery. Despite routinely working 16 hours, or longer, a day they were paid little.

Photograph by Nancy Carter

The Industrial Revolution is an appropriate name for a period in history where major innovation led to huge worldwide change. This era created changes in business, the work that people did, and society. These shifts continue to affect the world today.

Before the Industrial Revolution, most people in Europe worked either as farmers or artisans making hand-crafted goods. The ways in which people lived had not changed significantly since the Middle Ages. Once industrialization began, however, work and family life would be transformed forever.

Populations Shift fom Farms to Cities

Most historians say that the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around 1750. Before this time, people rarely traveled beyond their small villages. Rural people worked as subsistence farmers, meaning they grew crops to feed themselves and their families.

Populations grew during the 18th century and farmers increased food production to feed the larger population. Machines started to be used in farming, so fewer agricultural workers were required. Larger, more advanced farms replaced subsistence farms.

The Industrial Revolution demonstrates the idea of economies of scale. According to this principle, increased production of goods improves overall efficiency. For peasants, the large-scale production of goods such as crops meant fewer opportunities. Conditions further worsened due to the enclosure movement. Previously, villages had common lands that could be used by all villagers. Once large-scale agriculture became widespread, wealthy people bought these lands and used them for private farms.

Due to these shifts, more rural people struggled to survive and many headed for towns and cities to find new jobs. The growth of British cities was further accelerated by the development of factories. Industrial cities such as Manchester and Leeds grew dramatically in just a few decades. In 1800, only one in five Britons lived in a city. By the middle of the 19th century, that number had risen to half. Other Western European nations, including France, the Netherlands, and Germany, also saw an increase in their urban populations.

Factory Jobs Often Meant Family Separations

Factory work in cities differed from farming. Before the Industrial Revolutions, most goods were made by craftsmen, including jewelers and blacksmiths.

The dawn of industrialization came alongside inventions such as the coal-powered steam engine, and the pace of work increased. In factories, coal mines and other workplaces, people worked long hours in miserable conditions. As countries industrialized, factories became larger and produced more goods. Earlier forms of work and ways of life began to disappear.

Perhaps the most harmful consequences of industrialization were those affecting families. Throughout history, most people worked with their families. Married couples and their children often worked together on farms or in shops. In 18th-century Great Britain, women and men performed jobs like spinning wool into textiles and weaving textiles into cloth. This system was called the "putting-out" or domestic system.

Once factories were built, most men no longer worked at home. Some left their families behind in the country for jobs in the city. Sometimes, an entire family moved to the city to remain together. Even when men stayed with their families, factory jobs were so difficult that they had little time to relax and enjoy family life.

Women and Children Took on Dangerous Factory Work

Women also worked outside the home. Unmarried women worked as servants in other families' homes, and many others worked in textile mills. During the first century of industrialization, children worked in factories. Factory owners wanted workers whose fingers were small enough to weave thin threads. Despite their importance and hard labor, women and children received low pay. They were forced to work 16 hours per day or longer. Although their work conditions could be very dangerous, women's jobs were seen as less skilled than those of their male co-workers.

Industrialization caused similar changes in the United States. U.S. manufacturing began after the nation gained independence from England in the 1770s. During his administration from 1801 to 1809, President Thomas Jefferson established a trade embargo. The embargo banned foreign countries from sending products to the United States to trade. This meant Americans had to buy more U.S.-made goods.

During the War of 1812, the British navy blocked ships from sailing in and out of U.S. ports, which further drove the growth of U.S. factories. By the 1830s, the United States was one of the world's leading economic powers.

Industrialization Meant Economic Growth

In the first 50 years after American independence, many farmers moved to factory jobs. As in Great Britain, textile production led the way. Industrialization, along with new inventions in transportation including the railroad, generated economic growth. There was now a large working class, and this would eventually lead to conflict between workers and factory owners. Working men and women led strikes to demand better working conditions.

Starting in the late 1800s and early 1900s, industrialized countries such as Great Britain and the United States passed laws to help workers. However, harsh conditions arose in other parts of the world as it too was industrialized. We continue to live with the Industrial Revolution's effects today.

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Director

Tyson Brown, National Geographic Society

Production Managers

Gina Borgia, National Geographic Society

Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society

Program Specialists

Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society

Margot Willis, National Geographic Society

other

Last Updated

October 19, 2023

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Industrialization ushered much of the world into the modern era, revamping patterns of human settlement, labor, and family life.

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Toussaint L'Ouverture 1743- April 7, 1803

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Toussaint L'Ouverture 1743- April 7, 1803

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John Locke: Two Treaties of Government 1689

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John Locke: Two Treaties of Government 1689

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Issac Newton December 25, 1642- March 20, 1727

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Issac Newton December 25, 1642- March 20, 1727

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Issac newton was a very famous English mathematician and physicist. His beliefs weren't that accepted especially by the church since that went against what the church believed so he was imprisoned for some time. Issac newton shaped our modern world a lot by inventing the telescope, creating calculus, discovering gravity and the laws of motion. He then died during his sleep at the age of 84.

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Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1927) was an English mathematician and physicist who developed influential theories on light, calculus and celestial mechanics. Years of research culminated with the 1687 publication of “Principia,” his landmark work that established the universal laws of motion and gravity.

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Martin Luther's 95 Theses October 31, 1517

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Martin Luther's 95 Theses October 31, 1517

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The Black Plague also known as the Bubonic plague, is the first recorded plague. It has killed 1/3 of Europe and also many out of Europe. Some of the symptoms are painful bubos in the neck, groin, and armpits. Since there wasn't any cure they died and the doctors tried to avoid getting the plague by wearing suits and putting some aromatic plants in their masks.

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It's possible that outbreaks of other diseases such as smallpox and leprosy were also attributed to plague at the time. But the pattern of symptoms described were largely consistent with one disease, and the collective experience was of that disease.

Common symptoms were the appearance of painful bubos⁠-hence the name bubonic plague⁠-in the groin, neck and armpits, which later secreted pus and blood. These were followed by acute fever and vomiting blood. Victims usually died between two and seven days after being infected. The death rate was 60-90 per cent.

The medical authorities of the day had little to offer. 'Leave quickly, go far and come back slowly' was the general advice about what to do if an epidemic came to your town.

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Bubonic plague: the first pandemic | Science Museum

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The impact of the bubonic plague epidemics of the past still echo across the centuries, reminding us of the devastation that disease can inflict on communities. The Black Death is the name given to the first wave of the plague that swept across Europe in the 1300s.