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Why are our senses important?

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Alzheimer's is a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and affects a person's memory, thoughts, and behaviors.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Alzheimer's disease affected nearly 5.7 million adults living in the United States in 2016.

Many people who have Alzheimer's receive daily assistance and care from their family members, partners, or close friends. According to the , 32% of caregivers of people with dementia provide care for 5 or more years.

In this article, we discuss nine tips to help people care for someone with Alzheimer's. We also cover self-care tips for caregivers and when to seek professional help.

Alzheimer's symptoms worsen as the disease progresses, which brings new challenges for caregivers. Understanding the stages of Alzheimer's and their associated symptoms can help people plan ahead.

Alzheimer's disease consists of three stages: mild, moderate, and severe.

Mild

People who have mild or early stage Alzheimer's disease can still function independently. They can continue participating in professional and social activities.

During this stage, people may have difficulty concentrating or remembering recent events. They may forget certain words or names.

Difficulties with writing and problem solving are some of the other early signs of Alzheimer's. Learn more about mild signs and symptoms here.

Moderate

Moderate Alzheimer's disease involves significant memory loss, confusion, and physical symptoms.

People at this stage may exhibit the following symptoms:

difficulty recognizing family members and close friends

difficulty organizing or following instructions

trouble performing regular daily tasks, such as getting dressed

restlessness or trouble falling asleep

wandering or getting lost

urinary or fecal incontinence

personality changes

Severe

People in the final stage of Alzheimer's disease require help with almost all their basic daily activities, such as sitting up, walking, and eating.

During this stage, people may lose the ability to engage in conversation. They may have difficulty chewing or swallowing.

Many people with severe Alzheimer's lose awareness of their environment and can no longer recognize their family members.

Caregivers can help someone feel more comfortable by establishing a constant daily routine. Doing this can help reinforce a sense of familiarity in the person who has Alzheimer's.

Caregivers should try to avoid making significant changes to a routine, as this can be confusing for someone.

Sometimes, there are changes that are unavoidable, such as introducing a new care provider or switching care settings. Individuals with Alzheimer's often require time to adjust to new people and places, so caregivers should try to implement changes gradually.

Planning activities, such as listening to music, can help keep a person with Alzheimer's engaged.

Caregivers can keep their loved ones engaged and active with the following daily occupations:

cooking and baking

exercises, such as walking, stretching, and light weight training

dancing

listening to music

playing a simple board game

household chores, such as folding laundry and gardening

going to a favorite restaurant, museum, or park

seeing a movie

visiting friends and family

A caregiver can try planning outings around the time of day when the individual with Alzheimer's is at their best, which can vary from person to person.

Some people may feel brightest in the morning, while others have more energy and are more alert at night. A caregiver can observe the individual's energy levels during an outing and return home before they get too tired.

Some caregivers chose to carry small business cards to inform others, such as service workers, about their loved one's conditions. The caregiver can hand these over discretely when appropriate.

The cards may say something like "My partner has Alzheimer's disease and may say or do unexpected things. Thank you for your understanding."

Alzheimer's disease can significantly impact a person's ability to communicate with others. They may have difficulty interpreting or remembering specific words. They may also frequently lose their train of thought in the middle of a sentence.

Caregivers can use the following strategies to make communication easier:

maintain eye contact and smile

ask only one question at a time

use the other person's name

use open and relaxed body language

speak with a soft, calming voice, but avoid baby talk or oversimplifying

try to remain calm during angry outbursts

Promoting ongoing communication can give the person with Alzheimer's the chance to participate in conversations and activities. Communication may also help relieve pressure for the caregiver.

It is vital to help those with Alzheimer's eat well and stay hydrated. People with Alzheimer's may lose weight, especially if they:

cannot remember when they last ate

have forgotten how to cook

eat the same foods every day

are no longer aware of mealtimes

have lost the ability to smell and taste foods

have trouble chewing and swallowing

Caregivers can ensure a person gets enough nutritious food to eat by:

serving meals at the same time every day

serving food on colorful plates, which can help highlight the food

serve bigger portions at breakfast

encourage them to take a multivitamin

give them finger foods, such as cheese, fruits, or sandwiches cut into sections

make the dining area quiet by turning off the radio or television

select foods that are easy to chew and swallow

Looking and feeling good can help alleviate some of the anxiety Alzheimer's causes by allowing a person to feel "more like themselves."

Ways a caregiver can assist someone with hygiene and grooming include:

brushing their own teeth at the same time

helping them put on makeup if they usually wear it (but do not use eye makeup)

encouraging a person to shave if they usually do, helping if necessary

keeping their nails trimmed

allowing extra time for dressing

helping to choose and lay out outfits in order of how a person puts them on

buying them loose, comfortable clothing

buying clothing with Velcro or zippers instead of laces and buttons

Lots of everyday situations can make a person with Alzheimer's feel unsafe or put them in actual danger.

They may not be able to understand signs such as "wet floor." Even stepping from one type of flooring to another - such as from hardwood to carpet - can be confusing.

Some safety tips include:

making sure they have sturdy, comfortable shoes

putting brightly colored tape on the edge of steps

padding any sharp corners on furniture

limiting mirrors in the house

placing "hot" and "cold" stickers near taps

turning the boiler temperature down to avoid burns

installing safety locks on the stove

making sure they take their medication correctly

If a person is still driving, look for signs that their driving may be a danger to others. The National Institute on Aging has more advice on driving and people with Alzheimer's .

There are many benefits to having a pet for older people. Cats, dogs, and other animals can provide continuing love and companionship for someone with Alzheimer's. For those in the early stages, taking care of a pet can help them keep active.

If it becomes more difficult for the person to care for their pet, people can consider ways to keep them together. This may mean asking a neighbor or community member to take a dog for walks or ensure a cat receives its food on time.

Some organizations, such as Meals on Wheels America, may also be able to deliver pet food. Look for local charities that provide dog walking, cat sitting, and temporary fostering services for older adults with health conditions.

People can attend courses in person or do ones online that cover topics ranging from the early signs of Alzheimer's to behavioral changes and financial planning.

People can find more information about caregiving by visiting the Alzheimer's Association webpage or by reading this easy-to-use guide for caregivers from the National Institute on Aging (NIA).

These more comprehensive guides include step-by-step tips on how to help someone bathe, eat, and more.

Caring for a loved one with Alzheimer's can affect a person's life in many ways, including their ability to work and socialize. Caregivers may face new challenges every day, which can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being.

While caregivers may prioritize their loved one's well-being above their own, it is important to keep in mind that quality care starts with a sound body and mind.

People can try these self-care tips to help reduce stress, cultivate compassion, and ward off fatigue.

Talk about it. Caregivers may avoid discussing their loved one's condition with close friends and family. However, talking about one's experiences, frustrations, and fears can help relieve emotional tension. People can try talking to a friend or counselor or joining a support group.

Get enough sleep every night. Adults require 7-9 hours of sleep each night. People who do not get enough sleep can experience irritability and confusion during the day.

Exercise daily. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommend that adults participate in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each week. Physical activity can relieve stress, increases energy levels, and improve sleep.

Practice self-compassion. Caregivers may hold themselves to reaching unrealistic standards. While it is important for caregivers to stay calm when interacting with the person under their care, it is reasonable to experience negative feelings, such as anger, frustration, and sadness. Instead of feeling guilty when negative emotions surface, people will do better to observe these feelings without judgment.

A person may require professional help if they need full assistance with daily and personal care activities.

People who have Alzheimer's disease will require more care as their condition progresses. Caregivers may need assistance in performing physically demanding tasks, such as bathing, moving, or dressing a person.

Caregivers may want to consider seeking professional help if their loved one:

requires full assistance with daily and personal care activities

loses the ability to walk

experiences a seizure

unexpectedly loses a significant amount of body weight

experiences a fall or other type of injury

has periods of anxiety or agitation

tends to wander away or get lost

Caregivers who experience adverse health effects, such as chronic stress, fatigue, or depression, may require professional assistance.

Ultimately, it is up to the caregiver and their family to decide when to seek professional help.

Caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease may experience a vast range of emotions, both positive and negative when helping their loved one.

There are many ways to help someone manage the effects of Alzheimer's, including those in this article. Caregivers may require help from other family members or professional healthcare services as their loved one's condition progresses.

Self-care is a vital but often overlooked aspect of caregiving. Caregivers can prevent adverse health effects from stress by building a strong support network, protecting their physical health, and practicing self-compassion.

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Caring for someone with Alzheimer's: Our guide and tips

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Alzheimer's is a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and affects a person's memory, thoughts, and behaviors. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Alzheimer's disease affected nearly 5.7 million adults living in the United States in 2016. Many people who have Alzheimer's receive daily assistance and care from their family members, partners, or close friends.

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Management and care streategies for diabtetes

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Management and care streategies for diabtetes

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9. Treatment Strategies for Diabetes | ATrain Education

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This is the best time in the history of the world to have diabetes because there are so many treatment strategies, pharmacologic options, and resources. The overall goal for a person with diabetes is to learn to live as full and healthy a life as possible within their physical limitations and to avo…

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How to Treat Shock - First Aid Training - St John Ambulance

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How to balance hormones naturally: 11 ways

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There are many ways to help balance hormones. Learn more about natural ways to balance hormones here.

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1. Use the video to describe how pain relievers work

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How Do Pain Relievers Work? - George Zaidan

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Use the website to describe alzheimers disease

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Use the website to describe what is meant by dementia

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What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis

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Dementia is a loss of thinking, remembering, and reasoning skills. It is not a normal part of aging. Read about the different types of dementia and how it is diagnosed.

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Use the website to describe what is meant by sciatica

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Overview

Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Typically, sciatica affects only one side of your body.

Sciatica most commonly occurs when a herniated disk, bone spur on the spine or narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) compresses part of the nerve. This causes inflammation, pain and often some numbness in the affected leg.

Although the pain associated with sciatica can be severe, most cases resolve with non-operative treatments in a few weeks. People who have severe sciatica that's associated with significant leg weakness or bowel or bladder changes might be candidates for surgery.

Symptoms

Pain that radiates from your lower (lumbar) spine to your buttock and down the back of your leg is the hallmark of sciatica. You might feel the discomfort almost anywhere along the nerve pathway, but it's especially likely to follow a path from your low back to your buttock and the back of your thigh and calf.

The pain can vary widely, from a mild ache to a sharp, burning sensation or excruciating pain. Sometimes it can feel like a jolt or electric shock. It can be worse when you cough or sneeze, and prolonged sitting can aggravate symptoms. Usually only one side of your body is affected.

Some people also have numbness, tingling or muscle weakness in the affected leg or foot. You might have pain in one part of your leg and numbness in another part.

When to see a doctor

Mild sciatica usually goes away over time. Call your doctor if self-care measures fail to ease your symptoms or if your pain lasts longer than a week, is severe or becomes progressively worse. Get immediate medical care if:

You have sudden, severe pain in your low back or leg and numbness or muscle weakness in your leg

The pain follows a violent injury, such as a traffic accident

You have trouble controlling your bowels or bladder

Causes

Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve becomes pinched, usually by a herniated disk in your spine or by an overgrowth of bone (bone spur) on your vertebrae. More rarely, the nerve can be compressed by a tumor or damaged by a disease such as diabetes.

Risk factors

Risk factors for sciatica include:

Age. Age-related changes in the spine, such as herniated disks and bone spurs, are the most common causes of sciatica.

Obesity. By increasing the stress on your spine, excess body weight can contribute to the spinal changes that trigger sciatica.

Occupation. A job that requires you to twist your back, carry heavy loads or drive a motor vehicle for long periods might play a role in sciatica, but there's no conclusive evidence of this link.

Prolonged sitting. People who sit for prolonged periods or have a sedentary lifestyle are more likely to develop sciatica than active people are.

Diabetes. This condition, which affects the way your body uses blood sugar, increases your risk of nerve damage.

Complications

Although most people recover fully from sciatica, often without treatment, sciatica can potentially cause permanent nerve damage. Seek immediate medical attention if you have:

Loss of feeling in the affected leg

Weakness in the affected leg

Loss of bowel or bladder function

Prevention

It's not always possible to prevent sciatica, and the condition may recur. The following can play a key role in protecting your back:

Exercise regularly. To keep your back strong, pay special attention to your core muscles - the muscles in your abdomen and lower back that are essential for proper posture and alignment. Ask your doctor to recommend specific activities.

Maintain proper posture when you sit. Choose a seat with good lower back support, armrests and a swivel base. Consider placing a pillow or rolled towel in the small of your back to maintain its normal curve. Keep your knees and hips level.

Use good body mechanics. If you stand for long periods, rest one foot on a stool or small box from time to time. When you lift something heavy, let your lower extremities do the work. Move straight up and down. Keep your back straight and bend only at the knees. Hold the load close to your body. Avoid lifting and twisting simultaneously. Find a lifting partner if the object is heavy or awkward.

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Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Typically, sciatica affects only one side of your body. Sciatica most commonly occurs when a herniated disk, bone spur on the spine or narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) compresses part of the nerve.

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1. Describe sysmptoms of MND?

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1. What is meant by Multiple Sclererosis?

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What is Multiple Sclerosis? An Overview of MS Causes, Symptoms, Treatments & Research

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1. Describe Parkinsons disease

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1. Describe deficiencies from low growth hormone levels

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The is a structure in our brain that produces different types of specialised hormones, including growth hormone (also referred to as human growth hormone or HGH). The roles of growth hormone include influencing our height, and helping build our bones and muscles. Natural levels of growth hormone fluctuate during the day, seemingly influenced by physical activity. For example, levels rise when we exercise.

Growth hormone levels increase during childhood and peak during puberty. In this phase of development, growth hormone promotes the growth of bone and cartilage. Throughout life, growth hormone regulates the fat, muscle, tissue and bone in our bodies, and other aspects of our metabolism such as insulin action and blood sugar levels. Growth hormone levels naturally reduce from middle age onwards.

Most commonly, doctors prescribe synthetic growth hormone to help children who have impaired hormone levels to reach their full height.

However, there is a black-market trade in synthetic growth hormone, particularly among athletes, bodybuilders and those whose positive body image depends on looking muscular. These people may take growth hormone (in combination with other muscle-building substances) in the mistaken belief that it will boost their muscle strength. However, any improvement in muscle strength is actually due to other muscle-building substances, such as .

How growth hormone works

Our bones need enough growth hormone during our childhood and adolescence in order to lengthen to adult proportions. Growth hormone prompts our liver to make a substance called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). This and other similar compounds are involved in bone growth.

Growth hormone for children

Some children lack sufficient natural growth hormone to grow to their full height. Taking synthesised growth hormone can help them reach their full height. For example, children may be prescribed human growth hormone in cases of poor growth due to growth hormone deficiency, , and kidney failure.However, research suggests that a child with normal levels of growth hormone, who takes the synthesised version, will not grow any taller than they would have naturally, unless they take very large amounts.Children who are experiencing stunted or slowed growth should have their natural growth hormone levels checked by medical professionals before they are prescribed any medication for their condition.

Growth hormone for adults with growth hormone deficiency

Adults with growth hormone deficiency (which may result from problems with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus) may have symptoms including:

poor bone density (which can lead to osteoporosis if untreated)

reduced muscle mass

fatigue

depression

poor memory

increased body fat around the waist.

They can benefit from treatment with growth hormone injections, which can help:

increase bone density, thereby preventing fractures

increase muscle mass

increase energy levels

increase the capacity for exercise

decrease body fat

reduce the risk of heart disease.

Side effects of growth hormone use

Approximately one third of people who use synthetic growth hormone will experience side effects. These may include:

fluid retention (which leads to swelling in the arms and legs)

joint and muscle pain

carpal tunnel syndrome

high blood sugar levels

high cholesterol levels.

Acromegaly and growth hormone

is a disorder caused by excess levels of growth hormone, most commonly as a result of a tumour in that person's pituitary gland. It causes an irreversible overgrowth of bones, particularly those of the face, hands and feet. The person's skin is also affected and becomes thick, coarse and hairy. Other side effects include high blood pressure and heart disease. If the tumour occurs in childhood, then increased height may occur leading to gigantism.

Long-term use of synthetic growth hormone can also cause acromegaly, but not gigantism. This is because it is impossible for an adult to grow taller using synthetic growth hormone. The ends of the long bones (epiphyses) in the mature skeleton are fused in adults. High doses of growth hormone can only thicken the person's bones rather than lengthen them.

Any increase in muscle size due to use of synthetic growth hormone is actually the result of an increase in connective tissue, which does not contribute to muscle strength. For this reason, use of synthetic growth hormone does not lead to increase muscle strength. In fact, in the long term, muscle weakness (including weakness of the heart) can be a result.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and growth hormone

In the past, growth hormone used to treat people was extracted, at autopsy, from the pituitary glands of people who had died. In some countries (not including Australia), it was discovered that a progressive and incurable disease of the brain called (CJD), which results in dementia and death, was in rare cases transmitted by this method.

Nowadays synthetic growth hormone is used, and there is no risk of CJD.

Other chemicals used to increase muscle size

Some athletes or bodybuilders who abuse growth hormone in an attempt to gain muscle size and strength also use other medications or illicit drugs to speed up their physical transformation. The dangers of mixing these different chemicals are not fully known.

Some of the substances people may use include:

- synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone. These build muscle tissue and aid rapid recovery

beta-blockers - to counteract trembling, a common side effect of steroids

diuretics - to counteract fluid retention (by making the person urinate).

Treatment for abuse of synthetic growth hormone

Giving up synthetic growth hormone can be extremely difficult for adults whose positive body image depends on looking large and muscular. Some users continue to take the hormone, even though it is affecting their health and wellbeing.

Counselling may help you to stop using synthetic growth hormone. See your doctor for information and referral, or contact an in your area.

Where to get help

Your doctor

Endocrinologist

Alcohol and other drug service

Tel 1800 888 236 - for 24-hour confidential alcohol and other drug counselling, information and referral

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The is a structure in our brain that produces different types of specialised hormones, including growth hormone (also referred to as human growth hormone or HGH). The roles of growth hormone include influencing our height, and helping build our bones and muscles. Natural levels of growth hormone fluctuate during the day, seemingly influenced by physical activity.

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Overview

Addison's disease, also called adrenal insufficiency, is an uncommon disorder that occurs when your body doesn't produce enough of certain hormones. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands, located just above your kidneys, produce too little cortisol and, often, too little aldosterone.

Addison's disease occurs in all age groups and both sexes, and can be life-threatening. Treatment involves taking hormones to replace those that are missing.

Products & Services

Symptoms

Addison's disease symptoms usually develop slowly, often over several months. Often, the disease progresses so slowly that symptoms are ignored until a stress, such as illness or injury, occurs and makes symptoms worse. Signs and symptoms may include:

Extreme fatigue

Weight loss and decreased appetite

Darkening of your skin (hyperpigmentation)

Low blood pressure, even fainting

Salt craving

Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting (gastrointestinal symptoms)

Abdominal pain

Muscle or joint pains

Irritability

Depression or other behavioral symptoms

Body hair loss or sexual dysfunction in women

Acute adrenal failure (addisonian crisis)

Sometimes the signs and symptoms of Addison's disease may appear suddenly. Acute adrenal failure (addisonian crisis) can lead to life-threatening shock. Seek emergency medical treatment if you experience the following signs and symptoms:

Severe weakness

Confusion

Pain in your lower back or legs

Severe abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, leading to dehydration

Reduced consciousness or delirium

In an addisonian crisis you will also have:

Low blood pressure

High potassium (hyperkalemia) and low sodium (hyponatremia)

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you have common signs and symptoms of Addison's disease, such as:

Darkening areas of skin (hyperpigmentation)

Severe fatigue

Unintentional weight loss

Gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain

Lightheadedness or fainting

Salt cravings

Muscle or joint pains

Causes

Addison's disease is caused by damage to your adrenal glands, resulting in not enough of the hormone cortisol and, often, not enough aldosterone as well. Your adrenal glands are part of your endocrine system. They produce hormones that give instructions to virtually every organ and tissue in your body.

Your adrenal glands are composed of two sections. The interior (medulla) produces adrenaline-like hormones. The outer layer (cortex) produces a group of hormones called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids include:

Glucocorticoids. These hormones, which include cortisol, influence your body's ability to convert food into energy, play a role in your immune system's inflammatory response and help your body respond to stress.

Mineralocorticoids. These hormones, which include aldosterone, maintain your body's balance of sodium and potassium to keep your blood pressure normal.

Androgens. These male sex hormones are produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands in both men and women. They cause sexual development in men, and influence muscle mass, sex drive (libido) and a sense of well-being in both men and women.

Primary adrenal insufficiency

When the cortex is damaged and doesn't produce enough adrenocortical hormones, the condition is called primary adrenal insufficiency. This is most commonly the result of the body attacking itself (autoimmune disease). For unknown reasons, your immune system views the adrenal cortex as foreign, something to attack and destroy. People with Addison's disease are more likely than others to have another autoimmune disease as well.

Other causes of adrenal gland failure may include:

Tuberculosis

Other infections of the adrenal glands

Spread of cancer to the adrenal glands

Bleeding into the adrenal glands. In this case, you may have an addisonian crisis without any previous symptoms.

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

The pituitary gland makes a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormones. Benign pituitary tumors, inflammation and prior pituitary surgery are common causes of not producing enough pituitary hormone.

Too little ACTH can lead to too little of the glucocorticoids and androgens normally produced by your adrenal glands, even though your adrenal glands themselves aren't damaged. This is called secondary adrenal insufficiency. Mineralocorticoid production is not affected by too little ACTH.

Most symptoms of secondary adrenal insufficiency are similar to those of primary adrenal insufficiency. However, people with secondary adrenal insufficiency don't have hyperpigmentation and are less likely to have severe dehydration or low blood pressure. They're more likely to have low blood sugar.

A temporary cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs when people who take corticosteroids (for example, prednisone) to treat chronic conditions, such as asthma or arthritis, stop taking the corticosteroids all at once rather than tapering off.

Complications

Addisonian crisis

If you have untreated Addison's disease, you may develop an addisonian crisis as a result of physical stress, such as an injury, infection or illness. Normally, the adrenal glands produce two to three times the usual amount of cortisol in response to physical stress. With adrenal insufficiency, the inability to increase cortisol production with stress can lead to an addisonian crisis.

An addisonian crisis is a life-threatening situation that results in low blood pressure, low blood levels of sugar and high blood levels of potassium. You will need immediate medical care.

People with Addison's disease commonly have associated autoimmune diseases.

Prevention

Addison's disease can't be prevented, but there are steps you can take to avoid an addisonian crisis:

Talk to your doctor if you always feel tired, weak, or are losing weight. Ask about having an adrenal shortage.

If you have been diagnosed with Addison's disease, ask your doctor about what to do when you're sick. You may need to learn how to increase your dose of corticosteroids.

If you become very sick, especially if you are vomiting and you can't take your medication, go to the emergency room.

Some people with Addison's disease worry about serious side effects from hydrocortisone or prednisone because they know these occur in people who take these steroids for other reasons.

However, if you have Addison's disease, the adverse effects of high-dose glucocorticoids should not occur, since the dose you are prescribed is replacing the amount that is missing. Make sure to follow up with your doctor on a regular basis to make sure your dose is not too high.

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Addison's disease, also called adrenal insufficiency, is an uncommon disorder that occurs when your body doesn't produce enough of certain hormones. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands, located just above your kidneys, produce too little cortisol and, often, too little aldosterone. Addison's disease occurs in all age groups and both sexes, and can be life-threatening.

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Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Medication

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Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid gland makes and releases high levels of thyroid hormone. It’s treatable with medication.

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Activity:

1. What is meant by diabetes?

2. How many types of diabetes are there?

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There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2.

Both types of diabetes are chronic diseases that affect the way your body regulates blood sugar, or glucose. Glucose is the fuel that feeds your body's cells, but to enter your cells it needs a key. Insulin is that key.

People with type 1 diabetes don't produce insulin. You can think of it as not having a key.

People with type 2 diabetes don't respond to insulin as well as they should and later in the disease often don't make enough insulin. You can think of it as having a broken key.

Both types of diabetes can lead to chronically high blood sugar levels. That increases the risk of diabetes complications.

If not managed, type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to symptoms such as:

People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes may also experience irritability, mood changes, and unintentional weight loss.

People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes may also have numbness and tingling in their hands or feet. Good glucose management significantly reduces the risk of developing numbness and tingling in someone with type 1 diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA).

Although many of the symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are similar, they present in very different ways.

Many people with type 2 diabetes won't have symptoms for many years, and their symptoms often develop slowly over the course of time. Some people with type 2 diabetes have no symptoms at all and don't discover they have the condition until complications arise.

The symptoms of type 1 diabetes develop quickly, typically over the course of several weeks. Once known as juvenile diabetes, this type usually develops in childhood or adolescence. However, it's possible to develop type 1 diabetes later in life.

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes may have similar names, but they're different diseases with unique causes.

Causes of type 1 diabetes

The body's immune system is responsible for fighting off foreign invaders, such as harmful viruses and bacteria.

In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakes the body's own healthy cells for foreign invaders. The immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. After these beta cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin.

Researchers don't know why the immune system sometimes attacks the body's own cells. It may have something to do with genetic and environmental factors, such as exposure to viruses. Research into autoimmune diseases is ongoing.

Causes of type 2 diabetes

People with type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance. The body still produces insulin, but it's unable to use it effectively.

Researchers aren't sure why some people become insulin resistant and others don't, but several lifestyle factors may contribute, including being inactive and carrying excess weight.

Other genetic and environmental factors may also play a role. When you develop type 2 diabetes, your pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin. Because your body is unable to effectively use insulin, glucose will accumulate in your bloodstream.

Type 2 diabetes is much more common than type 1.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2020 National Diabetes Statistics Report, 34.2 million people in the United States were living with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes in 2018. That's a little over 1 in 10 people. Ninety to 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2.

The percentage of people with diabetes increases with age.

About 10.5 percent of the general population has diabetes. Among those 65 years old and older, the rate reaches 26.8 percent. Only 25 out of every 10,000 Americans under 20 years old had been diagnosed with diabetes in 2018.

Men and women get diabetes at roughly the same rate. However, prevalence rates are higher among certain races and ethnicities.

American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Mexican Americans have the highest prevalence of diabetes among both men and women. In general, Black and Hispanic populations have higher rates of diabetes than non-Hispanic whites or non-Hispanic Asians.

Prevalence rates are higher for Hispanic Americans of Mexican or Puerto Rican descent than they are for those of Central and South American or Cuban descent.

Among non-Hispanic Asian Americans, people with Asian Indian ancestry have higher rates of diabetes than people with Chinese or Filipino ancestry.

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes include:

Family history: People with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of developing it themselves.

Age: Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, but it's most common among children and adolescents.

Geography: The prevalence of type 1 diabetes increases the farther away you are from the equator.

Genetics: The presence of certain genes points to an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

You're at risk of developing type 2 diabetes if you:

The primary test used to diagnose both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is known as the A1C, or glycated hemoglobin, test.

This blood test determines your average blood sugar level for the past 2 to 3 months. Your doctor may draw your blood or give you a small finger prick.

The higher your blood sugar levels have been over the past few months, the higher your A1C level will be. Test results are expressed as a percentage. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher indicates diabetes.

The A1C test isn't accurate for people with sickle cell anemia or the sickle cell trait. If you have this condition or trait, then your doctor will have to use a different test.

There's no cure for type 1 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes don't produce insulin, so it must be regularly injected into the body.

Some people take injections into soft tissue, such as the stomach, arm, or buttocks, several times per day. Other people use insulin pumps. Insulin pumps supply a steady amount of insulin into the body through a small tube.

Blood sugar testing is an essential part of managing type 1 diabetes, because levels can go up and down quickly.

Type 2 diabetes can be managed and even reversed with diet and exercise alone, but many people need extra support. If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may prescribe medications that help your body use insulin more effectively.

Monitoring your blood sugar is an essential part of type 2 diabetes management too. It's the only way to know if you're meeting your target levels.

Your doctor may recommend testing your blood sugar occasionally or more frequently. If your blood sugar levels are high, your doctor may recommend insulin injections.

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difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

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What Are the Differences Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?

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There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. Both types of diabetes are chronic diseases that affect the way your body regulates blood sugar, or glucose. Glucose is the fuel that feeds your body's cells, but to enter your cells it needs a key. Insulin is that key.

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1. What is meant by addisons disease?

2. What are the causes of Addison's disease?

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Addison Disease - Causes, Symptoms, Treatments & More…

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What is Dwarfism? + more videos | #aumsum #kids #science #education #children

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1. Describe the difference between hyper and hypothyroidism

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Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidism | Picmonic Nursing Snippet

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Research lesson  NQA task 5- research task- groups of 4

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Research lesson  NQA task 5- research task- groups of 4

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Topic 5: Demonstrate understanding of the effects and management of disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems

5.1 Describe the diabetes types I and II, hypo and hyperthyroidism, growth hormone disorders, Addison’s diseases example of endocrine system disorders

5.2 Describe multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, motor neuron disease, sciatica, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease as examples of nervous system disorders

5.3 Describe care strategies available to manage endocrine and nervous system disorders including neurophysiology of medication, eg for pain relief, hormonal imbalance; behavior change for stress management; first aid for shock response, eg from hemorrhage or anaphylaxis

5.4 Explain the care strategies available to manage two disorders of the nervous and endocrine system including diabetes types I and II and Alzheimer’s disease

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Milestone 2- task 1-PC 4.1-4.5 - groups of 4

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Milestone 2- task 1-PC 4.1-4.5 - groups of 4

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1.  Identify sensory receptors in the skin such as Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, free nerve endings around hair follicles

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What is the structure and function of the skin? | Biology | Extraclass.com

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Describe the structures of the eye with their functions

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Structure of the Human eye | Don't Memorise

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Describe the visual cerebral cortex

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Dr.G Bhanu Prakash Animated Medical Videos

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VISUAL PATHWAY ANIMATED - MEDVIZZ animated anatomy lectures USMLE Step 1

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What is the role of the rods and cones in the eye? describe how we have colour vision

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Describe the ear structures and functions of outer, middle and inner ear, organ of Corti, auditory cerebral cortexof the Human Ear

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Topic 4: Explain the structure of the sense organs in relation to their functioning

4.1 Identify sensory receptors in the skin such as Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, free nerve endings around hair follicles

4.2 Recognize the cause of distribution of cutaneous sensation

4.3 Describe olfactory and gustatory sense organs and the link between them

4.4 Describe the ear structures and functions of outer, middle and inner ear, organ of Corti, auditory cerebral cortex

4.5 Describe the eye structure and function of parts, retina (rods and cones), mechanism for adaptation to light intensity, focal length, colour vision, movements of eyes, visual cerebral cortex