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Email, defined as "messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network" was invented by programmer Raymond Samuel Tomlinson in 1971 in order to create a more convenient and functional way to communicate. It is significant because it provided a more convenient and functional way to communicate, pushing Americans and American life away from physical mail and making sharing information more accessible.

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Roe v. Wade was a lawsuit in the supreme court between a Texas woman and Henry Wade, challenging a Texas law making abortion illegal (except by a doctors orders to save a woman's life) to determine if the Constitution recognized a woman's right to end her pregnancy by abortion. This case is significant because of how it found that right to privacy protects a pregnant woman’s choice whether to have an abortion or not and the Texas law challenged in this case violated this right, impacting Americans by establishing a precedent for the right to privacy and providing further fuel for the controversial debate regarding the consitutionality of abortion.

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The personal computer, defined as "a computer meant to be used by only one person at a time" was invented in 1974 by small American electronics company called MITS by a group of United States Air Force veterans to create more interest in computers. It was historically significant because it allowed people to accomplish tasks significantly more quickly and paved the way for newer ways of communication and businesses like email and ecommerce. It impacted American life because as cheaper computers hit the market it became used by individual actors, private businesses and the government throughout the nation and globally.

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The digital camera, defined as "a camera that captures photographs in digital memory" is unique in how they are able to display images on a screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from memory. This is significant because it signaled a shift away from the reliance on film cameras and chemically developing images to capture moments in time. What is considered the first actual digital still camera was developed by Kodak engineer Steven Sasson in 1975. Alongside his colleagues, he also had to invent a special screen just to look at them. Kodak was inspired by how electrical pulses could be displayed as a two-dimensional pattern (similar to a television). As the digital camera developed and became more accessible, it made the photography industry easier to access, as people started sharing images to websites like Flickr- eventually paving the way for other popular social media apps such as Instagram and Facebook. This caused a shift in the culture of American life- creating a new fascination with expression through photography and a culture centered on sharing the private lives of American individuals online.

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On January 20, 1981 Ronald Reagan was inaugurated into office for his first time, after winning his election with a significant landslide in the electoral college. This event is significant because it changed the American political landscape by shifting the government in favor of more conservative beliefs. He has been described at that time period as being "the first true conservative U.S. president in over 50 years" and was loved by American conservatives because of his promises to reduce the role government played in the market, while appealing to the "white backlash" of working-class white people who resented the advances that African Americans had made during the 60s and 70s.

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Tax cuts and increases over the decades, showing a substantial drop during Reagan's time

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After it was put into effect on August 13, 1981, this domestic policy introduced under the Reagan administration sought to cut taxes and stimulate economic growth. It is considered significant because it was one of the largest tax cuts in American history. While it effectively reduced taxes for the majority of Americans it created the biggest tax reduction for the wealthiest in the top marginal tax bracket, cutting it from 70% to 50%, which was characteristic of Reagan's approach to economics, dubbed "Reaganomics".

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The Reagan Doctrine was a foreign policy strategy implemented by the Reagan administration and first referenced in February 6, 1985, serving as a way of combatting the global influence of the Soviet Union during the cold war as it used diplomacy and assistance to arm anti-communist movements in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. It was significant because it was credited by its supporters and leaders from other countries in aiding the end of the Cold War and impacted Americans as it served to tilt the course of the world towards American interests of global democracy and reinforcing anti-communist rhetoric.

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Inauguration of President George H.W. Bush

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Inauguration of President George H.W. Bush

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The inauguration of George HW Bush on January 20, 1989 was significant because it served to provide a continuation of what Ronald Reagan left behind, while promising a "kinder" and "gentler" America. This and his aggressive campaign against Democrat Michael Dukakis allowed him to gather support from American conservatives who voted for Ronald Reagan in the past.

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Operation desert storm was the code name for the Gulf War, which was part of George HW Bush's foreign policy as an American military campaign beginning August 2, 1990 with the objective getting Iraq out of Kuwait. It was significant because was the first war that allowed American women to fight in combat and while it was a risky military operation, its success impacted Americans by restoring their confidence in America's position as a world superpower.

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The Americans with Disabilities Act, which was passed July 26, 1990, was a domestic policy that was important because it finally prevented disabled people from being denied access things such as jobs, schools, and transportation. The law had a profound positive impact on the lives of millions of disabled people in America by giving them rights not previously allowed, bringing hope to them and the supporters of the Disability Rights Movement which began in the 1960s.

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While the possibility of his election to office was harmed by his numerous scandals, Bill Clinton won due to George HW Bush's ineffective campaign and the presence of popular third party candidate Ross Perot, given that Perot was able to steal a large percentage of the conservative voter base's votes. The inauguration of Bill Clinton on January 20, 1993 was significant because it marked a change in direction from the previously republican-led presidencies, impacting Americans by significantly garnering middle class support after middle class democrats and republicans had grown frustrated with George HW Bush's inability to act on the occurring recession.

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Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993

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Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993

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This domestic policy came in the form of an economic package bill, originally stemming from a budget proposal made by Bill Clinton and signed into law August 10, 1993. It was significant because helped the US in 1993 see its first budget surplus since the 1960s as a result of the tax increases he put on wealthier individuals benefitting from the booming economy. It also created historically low interest and unemployment rates, increasing the strength of the American economy and benefitting American consumers.

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The North American Free Trade Agreement (or NAFTA) was a foreign policy agreement inspired by the success of the European Economic Community and signed into law by Bill Clinton December 8, 1993. Its purpose was to remove barriers to trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada and promote deregulation and free trade. It was significant because while it added 80 billion dollars to the American GDP, it also strengthened diplomatic relations between all three countries involved. It impacted American life because it successfully lowered the price of consumer goods for Americans as a result of the lowered tariffs.

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Inauguration of President George W. Bush

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Inauguration of President George W. Bush

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January 20, 2001

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The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), was signed into law Jan. 8, 2002 a domestic policy and collaboration between civil rights groups and business groups, is to provide money to help improve the academic progress of poor children and sought to close the achievement gap between disadvantaged students and their more advantaged peers. It is significant because of how it finally scaled up the federal role in holding schools accountable for student outcomes and impacted Americans by giving states and school districts flexibility to allocate funds as needed by their schools.

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Bush speaking at the dedication ceremony for those killed during the 9/11 attacks

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The Bush Doctrine (introduced starting September 17, 2002) consisted of multiple foreign policy principles and mainly served to describe the US's right to secure itself against countries that aid terrorist groups and took prominence after the 9/11 attacks. It was significant because it expanded presidential powers in terms of national security, and while it is outlined in the constitution, it set a new precedent for the modern role of the US president. This was all justified by the Bush administration using Article II of the U.S. Constitution (which describes the President as commander in chief) and the administration also used legal authorizations from Congress. This impacted the American people because it caused them to rally behind Bush's leadership, shown by Bush's approval ratings rising to 90% as the country supported his quick and powerful decisions to utilize force in the name of American safety.

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January 20, 2009

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The Affordable Care Act of 2010, also called "Obamacare", was a domestic policy signed by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010 that made affordable healthcare insurance available to more people while supporting innovative medical care delivery methods. It was significant because it successfully reduced the percentage of uninsured Americans to historically low levels. It impacted Americans by reducing health disparities across demographic lines, working to especially benefit those with lower incomes.

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Withdrawal of United States’ forces from Iraq 

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Withdrawal of United States’ forces from Iraq 

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Fulfilling a promise from his 2008 campaign, Obama withdrew tens of thousands of American troops from Iraq as a foreign policy to fulfill his even bigger promise of ending the war. This policy was declared December 16, 2010 and it impacted Americans because at the time it showed the US was capable of modern peaceful relations in the Middle East and because of this was described at the time as "a monumental change of focus for our military and a fundamental shift in the way that the our nation will engage in the world" highlighting that while it showed that the US was capable of modern peaceful relations, it also brought hope to the American people at the time.

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Snyder v. Phelps was a lawsuit between the family of a deceased veteran and a church, determining if the First Amendment right to free speech protects protesters (from the church) at a funeral from liability for intentionally distressing the family. This court case is significant because it found that the first amendment right did protect them, establishing a precedent for the extent of free speech. This is significant in how it protects the right to free speech, even given extreme circumstances and impacts Americans by establishing a fuller extent to free speech.

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Riley v. California went to the Supreme Court to determine if the evidence admitted from Riley's cell phone discovered through a search violated his right to be free from unreasonable searches. It resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that searching cell phones without a warrant was unconstitutional. It is significant because it established a solid precedent for maintaining privacy in the digital age, specifically in the case of cell phones. It impacted the millions of Americans with access to digital phone use by establishing barriers to privacy between them and the government.