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Definition: A nonfiction text feature is something that adds to and helps enhance writing.
Benefit: Nonfiction text features help readers understand content better. They also may be included to help enhance and give examples of what is in the text.

Example with source:
https://www.pinterest.com/rlfrankl/text-features/

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BENEFIT: Timelines are how people can keep track of present and past events.
DEFINITON: It lists the major parts of a book along with their page numbers, outlines the main topics or main points.

Example:https://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/World-War-I-Chronology/606522

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Definition:The meaning of DIAGRAM is a graphic design that explains rather than represents; especially : a drawing that shows arrangement and relations.
Benefit:A diagram is essentially a picture that communicates information. You can often explain statistical data and other important information, like how a particular system functions, quickly and with less of a strain on resources.
Example with Source:https://venngage.com/blog/types-of-diagrams/

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Definition: A diagram is a picture that labels individual parts of the subject in said photo. There should be labels, captions, and more to help understand.

Benefits: The benefits of a diagram is explaining the way the subject of the article looks, works, and what the functions could do. It can help reader understanding by it being a visual aid in showing all the parts of an animal or object.
Example & Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/58054282666507724/

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Feb 21, 2012 - This Pin was discovered by Creating Global Learners| TpT . Discover (and save!) your own Pins on Pinterest

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Definition: A piece of text describing a picture.

Benefits: A caption helps the readers understand what the picture is showing or what it means. The caption can also explain why the picture is involved in the article.

Other example: “A HISTORY of DOGS 101.” Animals, 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/domestic-dog. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

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A subheading is the words circled in red in this picture. (You might have to click on the picture to see it, sorry.)

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Definition: A subheading is a title for every section in an article. They seperate every paragraph from the the other ones. They tell you what the paragraph is about.
A benefit: Subheadings can help you find out what the next paragraph/topic is about. They benefit you so you don't have to read the whole story over and over to find a topic.
Example with source: Alligator article
(citation:)  "Alligator." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Mar. 2022. school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/alligator/272817. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

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Definition: A drawing that has labels, captions, and titles on it, that explain what the picture is trying to show you
Benefit: The benefit of a diagram is that it can explain to you what you didn't understand in words.

Website with example https://www.webmd.com/heart/picture-of-the-heart

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Text can be used to underline, highlight, color, bold, or italicize a word. These words stand out and are important to the text.
They benefit the article because it highlights important words or sentences in the text. Making sure the readers will come out of the text with a full understanding.

Image source link : https://www.fonts.com/content/learning/fontology/level-2/text-typography/bold-type-in-

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Definition- An alphabetical listing of topics and titles with page numbers.
Benefit- The index is the easiest way to find the page of a topic you need and it is the easiest way to find a topic you need.
Example with source-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(publishing)

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definition:the stuff like color,style,bold,italic are all different types of text.text is what you type and send to someone or keep for your self.
benefit:text can show more of what you feel than normal text.like have it bold when you are mad.or highlight a word to know it is important.

picture with source:
text

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Ex: Kareem Abdul Jabbar dunking in his days as an NBA player for the lakers. 

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Definition: A caption explain or describe an image or illustration.

Benefit: If the picture of illustration is blurry or hard to see the the caption can explain it.

Example is above.

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Definition: The definition of a subheading is the name of a section in the story and not the name for the whole story.
Benefit: The benefit of a subheading is if there is a name for a section in a story than you get to know a little about what that section is about.
Example with source: https://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/flower/274354

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DEFINITION-The index is an alphabetical list of names, topics, etc., with references to the places where they occur, usually found at the end of a book.
BENEFIT-
to give the reader an informative, balanced portrait of what is in the book and a concise, useful guide to all pertinent facts in the book
EXAMPLE WITH SOURCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(publishing)

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Definition: A subheading tells you the heading of a smaller piece of information.
Benefit: Subheadings help turn the text into a better chunked and broken down into segments to understand the concept of the text.

Example with source:
https://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/crystals/273872

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Definition: subheadings break up the page into little paragraphs
Benefit: They make the page easier to read and it looks nicer

A source with example: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00502-

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Definition: The definition of a text is the color and style of what the reader is reading that makes them understand the elements and signals of the words.
Benefit:  Text makes readers understand what words and important by making the bold,different fonts and colors. This sends a signal to the reader that the word that is in a different text is important.
Example with source: Planet." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Nov. 2012. school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/planet/276448. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

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Definition:

The text box in a passage tells the reader any side details or more stuff about the topic.

Benefit:
The benefit of having a text box is for you to get more knowledge on the topic then you were expecting. It might have a mystery that you really want to know so you would probably look in a textbox.

cited source:

https://www.khanacademy.org/ela/cc-2nd-reading-vocab/xfb4fc0bf01437792:cc-2nd-the-moon/xfb4fc0bf01437792:reading-for-understanding-informational-text/v/using-text-features-to-locate-information-reading

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BENEFITS: Time lines are something that can help you keep track of an event in the past or present.
What it means: A timeline lists the important things along a book or with a human being, shows the most important event.
https://www.google.com/search?q=timeline&rlz=1CADHKE_enUS998&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK17H2-aL3AhUTrmoFHekJBKUQ_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1366&bih=617&dpr=1&safe=active&ssui=on

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An index is a listing of key names, Terms, events, and topics (with page numbers included.) The index is also in alphabetical order. Readers use the index to find pages that hold some of the information they need and to help them find certain topics they are looking for.
Click HERE to get to the definition.

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Definition of Index - an alphabetical list of names, subjects, etc., with references to the places where they occur, typically found at the end of a book.

Benefit of Index - An index can save you a lot of time and reading because you can just find the topic using the index instead of reading everything.

Example With Source: https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/book-authors/prepare-your-manuscript/indexing.html

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Tables in books are a visual graph that help the reader find out about facts, information,  anything, in a certain order or not, to display facts about a topic or subject in columns. One benefit of using this text feature is that it can help you understand information about a topic and give you extra knowledge about a certain topic in an orderly and organized way.

Image Link

Image Citation: “LibreOffice: Tables.” Ellak.gr, 2017, elearn.ellak.gr/mod/page/view.php?id=3003&lang=el. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

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Definition: A map is a clear representation of where things are located on an area of land.
Benefit: A map can help readers understand how to get from one place to another, or just the learn layout of an area of land.
Example with source:
https://geology.com/world/world-map.shtml

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Definition: A glossary is where people go to look up unknown or vocabulary words in a nonfiction text.

Benefits: when the nonfiction text has an unknown word that some people wouldn't know the meaning of appears, then that person can go to the glossary and find the definition for that word to better understand the subject.

https://www.google.com/search?q=glossary&rlz=1CADHKE_enUS987&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4yLfp-aL3AhVNkmoFHRJSAOEQ_AUoAXoECAIQAw&cshid=1650468514762736&biw=1517&bih=702&dpr=0.9&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=ouj6U-5uZ_rQLM

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Definition: An image that shows how the land looks and the features of land.

Benefit: Maps can help readers see how the land looks and what the author wants the reader to envision it as.

Example with Source:
https://www.bimago.co.uk/wall-murals/world-maps/vintage-world-map-108271.html

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Definition:  The Definition of of text is the color,font,bold,style,highlights those are different kinds of text. A text is where you send a message or text to a person

Benefit:  The benefit is that a it makes readers understand what words or sentences are important and they make it bold so you can sense that its important

Image link:
https://4vector.com/free-vector/text-file-icon-100713

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Definition:
An on-screen box in which you type words in
Benefits:
We benefit from having a text box because we are able to learn more information about the topic rather than just trying to infer from looking at pictures.

Citations
https://www.yourdictionary.com/text-box

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Definition: A list of key terms where everything is defined.

Benefit: A glossary helps readers know what the words they are reading mean. They are usually found at the end of the book.

Link: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glossary#learn-more

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Definition: An image or illustration is a visual representation of information.
Benefit:  Images and Illustrations help the reader understand the ideas that were unclear in the text.
Example with source:  https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history

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Definition: Titles show the reader the main idea of article, and what topic the reader is going to read about.

Benefits: A title helps you know about what topic you going to read. A title also helps, because you may not want to read that topic, but without a title you would have no idea what the book is even about.

Sources: https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Audios&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&hitCount=144&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&docId=GALE%7CA675538791&docType=Audio+file&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZMID-MOD1&prodId=MSIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA675538791&searchId=R1&userGroupName=j043905057&inPS=true

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Ex: This alligator decided to take a walk on the golf course

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Citation: “Redirect Notice.” Google.com, 2022, www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Foffbeat%2Fcaption-this-giant-alligator-takes-a-stroll-on-a-golf-course-746041&psig=AOvVaw1p3y5Gv8ubX3ZudY0Nv2J3&ust=1650554791200000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCPiBnvr5ovcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

Definition: A caption is a small piece of writing or text used to explain an image.

Benefit: Makes understanding images easier.

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Definition-  A page where the main words of the book/textbook is in this page.
Benefit - The index helps you locate specific key words that you need to find for whatever reason.
Example With Source-
https://www.flipsnack.com/templates/index-page-template

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Definition: A drawing or picture that helps to represent or explain something.
Benefits: Helps to understand something.

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Definition: A map is a an image that shows a piece of land and it shows where things are located inside of map.
Benefit:A map can help someone learn about geography and learn about where countries are. Also if you are traveling it will help tell you if you will cross a body of water.
Example with source: https://www.mapsofworld.com

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Definition: A Glossary is where you can find the definitions to unfamiliar word that you don't understand.

Benefit: You will better understand the text so if you don't understand a word that is in BOLD. You can go to the glossary to find the definition.

Link: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=%2ft7HLPNx&id=CB2DEA898F27B6AA5EB6167F6941266A08B2C279&thid=OIP._t7HLPNxoFe8vVfGIHjcQwHaEK&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fglenn.zucman.com%2fwebsites%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2018%2f05%2fglossary.jpg&cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.fedec72cf371a057bcbd57c62078dc43%3frik%3decKyCGomQWl%252fFg%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=1080&expw=1920&q=Glossary&simid=607988041640001474&FORM=IRPRST&ck=751EE073DE95404ECD926030F9C85550&selectedIndex=5&adlt=strict

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Find high-quality images, photos, and animated GIFS with Bing Images

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Definition:  A map is a picture or an image, it shows the locations of different places.
Benefit: It can help readers locate where a specific land is and how to go to each land, or you can learn about all of the places.
Example with source:  https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/maps.htm

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Definition:
A textbox in a passage is a on-screen box with words that provides information about a topic.
Benefit:
The benefit of having a text box is we are able to learn more information about the topic and gain more knowledge. This also benefits us because it gives us additional information rather then just graphs and pictures.

Citations:
“Textbox in a Passage - Google Search.” Google.com, 2013, www.google.com/search?q=textbox+in+a+passage&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwic-vidlKP3AhXObc0KHZm2AUYQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=textbox+in+a+passage&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQQzoFCAAQgAQ6BAgAEBg6BggAEAoQGFDEAlj0MWCPM2gCcAB4AIABeYgBwwySAQM4LjiYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=yEFgYpx2ztu1BpnthrAE&bih=702&biw=1517&rlz=1CADHKE_enUS967US967&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=JRkiqOtIWGy1lM&imgdii=CvJoT87GINKNqM. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

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Definition: A map is an illustration of a specific area, that shows how an area would look from above.
Benefits: A map is used mostly as a tool to find your way around somewhere, it can also be used to get from one place to another.
Example with Source:
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/map.htm

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It's easy to think of maps as sets of visual directions. Whether you're trying to get to the top of Mount Everest or to a friend's new home, a map can help you find your way. But maps can do more than help you figure out where you are and where you're going. They are representations of information that can describe nearly anything about the world.

If you wanted to get an idea of which dog breeds are most popular in different regions, you might spend days looking at lists and charts. Or you could look at a map and get an instant grasp of the same information. Learning about the physical features, imports, exports and population densities of different countries would take ages if you relied on written descriptions in a book. But with a map, all of the numbers, patterns and correlations are right in front of you. As Ian Turner, senior cartographer at GeoNova, puts it, "A map is a type of language. It's a graphic language. It presents information in hopefully a way that is very easy to understand."

It's the job of a mapmaker, or cartographer, to put all of this information into a format that people can understand and learn from. Exactly what a person can learn depends on the type of map. Most maps start with an outline of a location, like a piece of land or a body of water. Then, they provide information about the location's attributes. Different maps incorporate different attributes. For example:

Physical maps illustrate landforms like mountains, deserts and lakes. With a physical map, you can get a basic sense of what all or part of the planet looks like and what its physical features are. Physical maps usually show differences in elevation through hypsometric tints, or variations in color. Topographic maps, on the other hand, illustrate the land's shape and elevation using contour lines.

Political maps display cultural information about countries, their borders and their major cities. Most political maps also include some physical features, like oceans, rivers and large lakes. You can check out political maps of the world at our interactive atlas.

Thematic maps add information on a specific theme, or subject. Examples of common themes are population density, land use, natural resources, gross domestic product (GDP) and climate. Thematic maps can also show extremely specialized information, such as the availability of internet access in different parts of the world.

This combination of locations and attributes makes it possible to put lots of information into a very small space. A single map can show you all of the countries on a continent, their borders, their approximate populations and their primary imports and exports. People can also use specialized thematic maps to analyze trends and patterns in all kinds of data. A map showing communication costs in different parts of the world, for example, could help a nonprofit organization decide where to build a low-cost wireless network. As Turner explains, "Maps are more than about capitals and countries - it's really about how economics and climate and natural features, how all the different variables that make up a society relate to one another."

Common conventions help cartographers present all this information in a way that makes sense. We'll look at them in more detail in the next section.

Even though they can incorporate diverse sets of data, maps usually follow several basic conventions that help people make sense of them right away. Turner explains, "[One convention] used in cartography on political maps, on most maps is that the water is blue. It can throw people when you try to use a different color to signify something like water." In addition, on physical maps, land masses are usually brown or tan, and vegetation is green.

Maps depict their subject matter from above and use lines and color to differentiate between regions. Political maps tend to use similar symbols and type sizes to indicate borders, cities and other objects. On many, but not all, maps, north is at the top - other maps often include an arrow to indicate directions. Most maps have a legend explaining their symbols, and many have a scale noting relationship between the size of the map and the size of the real world, such as 1 inch to 100 miles. Some maps express scale as a ratio, such as 1:25,000.

Most maps also include some kind of coordinate system to help people find specific locations. On a street map of a city, this might be a simple grid marked with letters and numbers. Larger maps usually use imaginary lines known as longitude and latitude. On a globe, these lines are orderly and evenly spaced. All lines of longitude, or meridians, run in a north-south direction are the same length. The lines of latitude, or parallels, all run east and west and are shorter the farther they are from the equator.

Maps, on the other hand, can wreak havoc on the parallels and meridians. This is because Earth is shaped roughly like a pumpkin and getting a flat piece of paper to accurately resemble the entire surface of a pumpkin isn't easy. You can get an idea of the difficulties involved by drawing a picture on an inflated balloon. Then, stretch the deflated balloon until it lies flat. You can still imagine what the original picture looked like, but the sizes and shapes are all wrong.

You can make the deflated picture a little more accurate by cutting it into pieces so that the balloon resembles the gores used to make spherical globes from flat paper. Unfortunately, the resulting series of pointed segments still doesn't look much like the original picture. Adjacent parts don't touch each other, and you have to imagine what they would look like without the gaps.

To get around the shortcomings of flat paper, cartographers use a variety of map projections. We'll explore them in the next section.

Even though they are easy to fold up and carry around, neither greatly distorted maps nor disassembled globe gores have much practical use. For this reason, cartographers have developed a number of map projections, or methods for translating a sphere into a flat surface. No projection is perfect - they all stretch, tear or compress the features of Earth to some degree. However, different projections distort different qualities of the map.

"All maps have some degree of inaccuracy," Turner explains. "We're taking a round Earth and projecting it onto a two-dimensional surface - onto a piece of paper or a computer screen - so there's going to be some distortion." Fortunately, the variety of available projections makes it possible for a cartographer to choose one that preserves the accuracy of certain features while distorting less important ones.

Creating a map projection is often a highly mathematical process in which a computer uses algorithms to translate points on a sphere to points on a plane. But you can think of it as copying the features of a globe onto a curved shape that you can cut open and lay flat - a cylinder or a cone. These shapes are tangent to, or touching, Earth at one point or along one line, or they are secant to Earth, cutting through it along one or more lines. You can also project portions of Earth directly onto a tangent or secant plane.

Projections tend to be the most accurate along the point or line at which they touch the planet. Each shape can touch or cut through the Earth at any point and from any angle, dramatically changing the area that is most accurate and the shape of the finished map.

Some projections also use tears, or interruptions, to minimize specific distortions. Unlike with a globe's gores, these interruptions are strategically placed to group related parts of the map together. For example, a Goode homolosine projection uses four distinct interruptions that cut through the oceans but leave major land masses untouched.

Different projections have different strengths and weaknesses. In general, each projection can preserve some, but not all, of the original qualities of the map, including:

Area: Maps that show land masses or bodies of water with the correct area relative to one another are equal-area maps. Preserving the correct area can significantly distort the shapes of the land masses, especially for views of the entire world.

Shapes: In the pseudoconical Robinson projection, the continents are shaped correctly and appear to be the correct size - they look "right." However, distances and directions are incorrect on a Robinson projection. It's a good tool for studying what the world looks like but not for navigating or measuring distances.

Distances: Maps that maintain correct distances between specific points or along specific lines are equidistant maps.

Directions: Many navigational maps have straight rhumb lines, or lines that intersect all of the parallels or meridians from the same angle. This means that, at any point on the map, compass bearings are correct.

You can learn more about the specific map projections and their strengths and weaknesses from NASA, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The National Atlas of the United States ended in 2014, but much of their work is available at other websites.

Choosing the right projection is just one part of creating a successful map. Another is finding the right data. We'll look at where map information comes from in the next section.

At their core, maps are visual expressions of measurements. The measurements for the first maps most likely came from mapmakers' exploration of the local terrain. Eventually, more people traveled and documented the locations of distant land masses and bodies of water. Mapmakers compiled these in-person measurements, sketches and notes into representations of more of the world. Cartographers also built on the knowledge of their predecessors, a trend that continues with today's derivative maps, which use other maps as sources.

Some of today's maps also rely on physical measurements taken by real people. Surveyors use instruments to take precise measurements of land and water, as well as the positions of man-made features. This information is vital to accurate topographic maps. Similarly, geological maps also rely on geologists' field studies. Improved instruments, including GPS receivers and electronic data collectors, have made such field research increasingly accurate. Researchers can also study deeds and sales records and interview local residents to determine the correct place names for maps of previously unmapped areas.

Today's technology also makes it possible for cartographers to make detailed maps of places they have never been. The field of remote sensing, or aerial and satellite photography, has given cartographers a vast amount of new information about the Earth. Remote sensing isn't particularly new - the first use of aerial photography for mapmaking took place in 1858. However, its use in mapmaking wasn't widespread until after World War II, when cartographers started using reconnaissance photographs as map data.

Most of the time, converting satellite and aerial images to maps requires the skill of a human cartographer. Cartographers can measure the features of an image at regular intervals, or they can trace entire outlines. These two methods are known as raster and vector encoding, and both can be time consuming. Computer programs can help with the process, and some can even recognize differences in old and new photographs. This may eventually automate the process of updating map data. We'll take a look at thematic maps in the next section.

Cartographers and computers can also use parallax, or the difference in angle between two images of the same subject, to measure altitudes. The process is similar to the way your eyes perceive depth. It allows cartographers to use remote sensing imagery to create physical and topographical maps.

For thematic maps, the shape of the world is just the beginning. When making a thematic map, cartographers have to find accurate, up-to-date sources of information for a range of social and environmental phenomena. "We use a variety of sources to best generalize the feature we want to display," says Turner. "For example, for a population density map, every 10 years in the U.S. there is a census. The new census data will be made available to the public, and we'll be able to take that information and make new maps from that."

Cartographers must also determine which source of information is the most current, accurate and complete. "If we're doing a state map of Virginia, we might receive information from the state at one period, that was developed at one time," Turner explains. "We might receive information from a city or a county that was developed at another time, and part of the fun of my job is interpreting [which source] is correct."

Most thematic maps contain a citation explaining where the information came from. A few common sources are:

Along with data about the size and shape of the planet, much of this thematic information is stored in databases. The cartographer's job is to combine the information from the various databases and existing maps to create a new, understandable map. We'll look at how this happens in the next section.

Humans have been making maps for thousands of years. Babylonians etched maps into tablets as early as 2300 B.C.E. [source: Britannica]. Some older paintings may also be examples of maps, but archaeologists and anthropologists disagree about whether the artists intended to make a map or paint a picture. Regardless, maps have been around for a long time, and during most of that time, people have drawn and painted them by hand.

Hand-drawn maps became more accurate as people made new discoveries in math and geography. Accurate estimates of the Earth's diameter helped cartographers depict land masses and oceans in the right proportions. This was especially true after cartographers started mapping both the Eastern and Western hemispheres at the same time. In the 17th and 18th centuries, advances in clock-making made it possible for travelers to determine their longitude accurately, making it easier to get accurate measurements for maps.

Even as advances in technology made it easier to get accurate map data, creating a good map still required the skill of an artist. A mapmaker had to be able to draw or paint all of the map's features so that they were accurate, legible and attractive. The same is true today. Computers and geographic information systems (GIS) have automated many mapmaking tasks to add depth and informative features to maps. A software platform, GIS collects, analyzes and organizes data that helps maps present an easy-to-read pictorial of patterns. Any time you've looked at a map color-coded by illness incidence in a particular area or poverty levels you've appreciated the capabilities of GIS.

However, the best maps still come from skilled cartographers who utilize all of the available technology, but with a human touch.

When making a map, a cartographer has to consider several factors, including:

The purpose of the map: This will determine which data the cartographer needs to gather. It will also affect what the map looks like. For example, a large-scale map that will hang on a wall will have significantly more detail than a small-scale map that will be part of a desk atlas.

The intended audience: "One of the most important considerations that a cartographer has to make," says Ian Turner, "is the audience for which it is intended. A map for a young elementary-school student is generally much simpler, has less type, fewer colors and is much easier to read than a map for an older student or an adult."

Maps intended for online viewing also have different requirements than those meant to be viewed on paper. Turner explains:

If you're developing a map specifically for the internet, generally the fonts have to be larger so you can read the type on screen. You have fewer choices in color because not every color will necessarily output correctly if somebody's trying to print that map. So, because of limitations in color, because of the limitations in type size, compared to a print map it generally has to be much simpler...You generally develop a map that's going to fit on a standard computer screen so that the user doesn't have to pan around to be able to interpret the information.

With all of this in mind, the cartographer has to gather data and figure out how to use visual elements to present it on the map. This requires more than just accurately outlining continents and bodies of water. The cartographer has to use colors, lines, symbols and text to make sure that the reader can interpret the map correctly. These visual elements help make it clear which parts of the map are most important, as well as which parts are in the foreground and which are in the background. Often, the cartographer can use a GIS to examine multiple versions of the same map to determine which one will work best.

Even with the help of a GIS, successfully creating a map requires a cartographer to have a lot of specialized knowledge. Many cartographers have degrees in cartography or in related subjects, such as geography, surveying or mathematics. Because of the prevalence and complexity of geographic information systems, cartographers also need to be skilled at using computers. In addition, many cartographers are also interested in fields that make use of lots of maps. Turner says, "For me, it's weather and politics. For others it might be languages or geology. For some it might be history, whether American history or world history."

Improvements in cartographic techniques and in geographical information systems have made it possible for people to get very specialized maps very quickly. This is a big improvement that has taken place in recent decades. Previously, getting a high-quality, specialized map could be challenging, especially on short notice. The next challenge is to get new maps into public view faster.

"Typically," says Turner, "the lag time between when a map is developed and when it is available to the public in print or on the web is three to six months, and that is I think an area that people are going to expect improvement in."

Although we certainly wonder how we ever lived without GPS, the fact is that everyone did so just fine until not too long ago. However, the availability of this technology has transformed map-making into an even more precise enterprise than it already was. Known fully as the Global Positioning System (GPS), it is composed of dozens of satellites, which provide geographic coordinates for various earthly features. Originally put into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense, they've been available for civilian benefit since the 1980s, and since then the technology has revolutionized everything from aircraft navigation to land surveying and beyond. It even plays a role in gaming.

Since these satellites continuously orbit Earth (circling two times per day), data acquisition and application has dramatically sped up. This allows map-makers to create the most up-to-the-minute maps, especially important as land planning and environmental impact have become such hot-button issues in recent years.

GPS technology also led to the expansion of personal navigation tools, such as Waze and Google Maps. Previously, only military and transportation grade organizations were privy to this data. Today, anyone can (and does) use these real-time maps to get where they need to go using turn-by-turn instructions. No one really needs to know how to "read" a map to get directions. Now updated on a rolling basis, GPS maps have come a long way from even just a few years ago when there were plenty of "dead spots" to be found.

The exponential progress of technology will likely see map-making and usage continue to change over the next few years. However, despite the convenience of digital maps, it's unlikely that paper maps ever would (or should) be eradicated. Although one reason is that your phone could die leaving you mapless at any given time, there is a better reason to stick with paper if you really want to travel or understand an area deeply. Apparently, digital information is just fine for obtaining low-level information, like how to get from point A to B. The same information on paper, by comparison, is more likely to be better digested and retained, giving the user a more thorough understanding of the content and area.

Originally Published: May 14, 2007

How Maps Work FAQ

How do maps work?

How does Google Maps work and gather data?

What are some essential elements of a map?

How do cartographers create maps?

What are the five types of maps?

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It's easy to think of maps as sets of visual directions. Whether you're trying to get to the top of Mount Everest or to a friend's new home, a map can help you find your way. But maps can do more than help you figure out where you are and where you're going.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: An image that shows cities, countries, and continents. They help you look for where land and water are located. (Hint - IT'S EVERYWHERE)

Benefit: Maps help readers find where land is and that helps them locate places easily. This can also help the reader understand if it's landlocked or an Island.

Example with source:     https://www.bing.com/maps

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Map multiple locations, get transit/walking/driving directions, view live traffic conditions, plan trips, view satellite, aerial and street side imagery. Do more with Bing Maps.

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DEFINITION -  Is when you can see up above  land and can see an area of land.

BENEFIT- It can help people see what is  around them and the layout or where they are reading or traveling so they can understand the dimensions.

Source and cites -"Texas." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 24 Feb. 2022.school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/Texas/111270. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

wright, Bon. “Map - Google Search.” Www.google.com, 3 Dec. 2020, www.google.com/search?q=map&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjyzbn4laP3AhUaCs0KHXNqCLQQ_AUoAnoECAEQBA&biw=1300&bih=580&dpr=1.05&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=QQZrYJ8HT5j7-M. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A diagram is an illustration that represents information using visual techniques and different structures.
Benefits: Diagrams can give you a better understanding and make important information more efficient and quicker than text.
Example with Source: https://the-teacher-next-door.com/product/nonfiction-text-features-nonfiction-text-features-activities/

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A Bumblebee getting pollen from a flower.

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Definition: Captions help readers understand what is going on in a picture that may or may not be mentioned in the text.

Benefit: If you did not know what a picture was showing you, you could use captions to figure out.

“Bumblebee | Description, Species, Life Cycle, & Facts | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2022, www.britannica.com/animal/bumblebee. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

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# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A photo or Illustration is a drawing that is often put in texts and are use to represent a thought and information
Benefit: Photos and Illustration can help people understand more inform in a easier way
Example with  ://www.everypixel.com/image-3806541867052862148

# data[].attributes.body
Definition:
The main idea of the article in two or three words before you actually read the article, or it tells the reader the topic of the text/article.

Example of a Title:
"Dogs." Gale Middle School Online Collection, Gale, 2018. Gale In Context: Middle School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/EZTYNQ030181978/MSIC?u=j043905057&sid=bookmark-MSIC&xid=abf5b9da. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A heading given to a subparagraph in a writing piece
Benefit: They help you know what the subparagraph is going to be about

Example with source: Montana-Media-Arts. “Web Development, MART341.” Github.io, 2022, montana-media-arts.github.io/mart341-webDev/modules/week-3/basicStructure/. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

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# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A photo or Illustration is a drawing that is often put in texts and are use to represent a thought and information
Benefit: Photos and Illustration can help people understand more inform in a easier way
Example with  ://www.everypixel.com/image-3806541867052862148

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A list of names/subjects/both at the end of a book or article.

Benefit: Helps the reader find a page with specific topics.

Link: https://www.pdfindexgenerator.com/what-is-a-book-index/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: An index is sort of a table of contents at the end of a nonfiction book. It  helps people find specific sub headings or pages related to a word.
Benefits: Indexes help people find things in big textbooks for example let's say a science textbook had many topics but you needed to find only taxonomy to find the word you could look in the index and find the page.
EXAMPLE;
https://selfpublishingadvice.org/how-to-create-a-book-index/

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This is a treasure chest on the beach and a very pretty shell

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: The definition of a caption is, a sentence that can describe a picture accurately.

Benefit: The Benefit of having a caption is organization and also it helps the reader tell what is in the photo like if it was a blurry photo you could just read the caption and know what was in the photo

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: They divide the passage/article into different parts.
Benefit: they introduce the reader to the paragraph
Example with Source: "Earth Day." Environmental Encyclopedia, edited by Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Gale, 2011. Gale In Context: Environmental Studies, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2644150405/GRNR?u=j043905057&sid=bookmark-GRNR&xid=fc9d21ff. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

# data[].attributes.headline
Satwik Pokala Non- Fiction Features Diagram

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Satwik Pokala Non- Fiction Features Diagram

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: the meaning of the word diagram is a design that is used to show a thing labeled so people can see it better in detail.

Benefit: it shows young people that are observing something to clearly understand or take in.

Cite: https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Leopard

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: It is where people go to see words what they don't know.

Benefits: When your trying to understand a book, you can look at the glossary if you find any unfamiliar words so that you can understand the book better.

https://www.bartlettinteractive.com/resources/glossary

Marzuq

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Definition: Smaller headings that divide the text into smaller segments
Benefit: Can help identify where to look in the article/book
Cited Source: https://www.scientific-editing.info/blog/apa-headings-and-subheadings/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Shows the important parts of the book with their page numbers and highlights the main topic and points.

Benefit: You don't have to scroll through the whole book looking for something that you need.
Example:
https://go.gale.com/ps/browseCategory?p=GRNR&u=j043905057

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A text box gives more information about the topic as a side note.

Benefits: You get to know more about this topic or idea.

-Akuti Deepak

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Definetion:  It is an image that shows the Earth, and where each peice of land is. It helps us see where all the states are.

Benifit: The map can help everybody to get from one place to another, and see where each state is.

Example with Source: https://geology.com/world/world-map.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A picture or illustration that represents thoughts or information in a visual way.
Benefit: Photos and illustrations help the reader easily understand the idea of the text that was unclear.
Example with Source:
https://www.livescience.com/earth.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Earth is our home, the only place in the universe where we know for certain that life exists. Earth formed a bit over 4.5 billion years ago from a swirling cloud of gas and dust that gave rise to our entire solar system, including our star, the sun. According to scientists' best theories, this gas and dust collapsed into a disk, with different parts of the disk coalescing into each of the planets in our solar system.

Where is Earth?

Our planet sits in a small corner of the Milky Way galaxy, 25,000 light-years from the galactic center and 25,000 light-years away from the rim, according to Universe Today. Our solar system is situated on a minor arm called the Orion-Cygnus arm, which branches off from the Sagittarius arm, one of the galaxy's two major spiral arms.

What is Earth made of?

Several enormous landforms known as continents exist in various places on the Earth's surface. The largest continent, which is sometimes known as Afro-Eurasia (though more commonly broken up into Africa, Europe and Asia), has a total area of 32,800,000 square miles (84,950,000 square km), according to the Encyclopedia of World Geography. North and South America together comprise 16,428,000 square miles (42 million square km), while the frozen continent of Antarctica is 5,405,000 square miles (14 million square km) and the area of Australia is 2,970,000 square miles (7,656,127 square km).

Processes below the Earth's crust cause these continents to move around over geological time periods. Geologists have discovered underground continents buried deep below the surface, and though nobody quite knows how or when they formed, they may be as old as the Earth itself.

Earth's atmosphere

The Earth's surface

Life on Earth

Perhaps the most striking thing about the Earth, and the feature that so far makes it unique throughout the known cosmos, is the presence of living organisms. Some of the oldest evidence of microbial life suggests that it was already widespread on our planet 3.95 billion years ago. Exactly how these microscopic creatures arose remains a mystery, though experts have proposed many theories.

Scientists estimate that there are as many as 1 trillion species on our planet, occupying niches that extend from the upper atmosphere to deep below the rocky surface. Bizarre and complex biospheres exist around hydrothermal vents at the ocean's bottom and in just about every rock and crevice ever explored. Whether this means that organisms exist on the bounty of worlds in our solar system or beyond remains an open question, though the diversity of life on Earth has given scientists hope that life might exist in extreme environments throughout the universe.
Additional resources:

Adam Mann is a journalist specializing in astronomy and physics stories. His work has appeared in the Wall Street Journal, Wired, Nature, Science, New Scientist, and many other places. He lives in Oakland, California, where he enjoys riding his bike. Follow him on Twitter @adamspacemann.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Earth is our home, the only place in the universe where we know for certain that life exists. Earth formed a bit over 4.5 billion years ago from a swirling cloud of gas and dust that gave rise to our entire solar system, including our star, the sun.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition-
Timelines show important events in order. These important events are in chronological order.
Benefit-
A benefit of using this nonfiction structure is, you can clearly see what event comes first and what comes after. This makes it an easier visual, to see everything is chronological order.

Citation: "World War II Chronology." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 21 Jan. 2020. school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/World-War-II-Chronology/606523. Accessed 21 Apr. 2022.

Article: https://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/World-War-II-Chronology/606523

# data[].attributes.body
Definition : a table of content show the numbers of pages that the main information is on

Benefit: you don't need to go look through the entire book or packet to find something that you need.

Example:
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6152270/

# data[].attributes.body
Tables is a nonfiction text feature that helps readers see facts, information, etc. in a visual way. They are very good as they help display info is a good way. A lot information can be shown in one place. It gives you lots of extra knowledge too.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Text is what people use to inform people on something or express information. There are different types of texts/fonts.
Benefit: The benefit is that the different types of texts show off important information and important words so it helps to figure out things an learn important things you need to know.

https://www.dafontfree.io/helvetica-italic-free/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A map represents a place in the world, and this place can be represented in many different ways on a map. (ex. political, physical, climate, population density, historical features, etc.)
Benefit: A benefit of maps is that when talking about a place in the world if you want to show something specific to readers, you can use maps. (ex. If you want to show readers how populated Japan is, you can use a population density map.) It can also help readers understand how elevated, populated, and big a place in the world is. It is also helpful to visual learners, as maps are very visual in seeing the whole world.
Cited Source: world climates . image. Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Mar. 2022. school.eb.com/levels/middle/assembly/view/201811. Accessed 21 Apr. 2022

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Timelines are a feature of a Non-Fiction Text which depicts a timed event made by plotting specific times with a date.

Benefit: Timelines are used for a shorter summary of a
event using plots, and it doesn't require as many words as a normal summary would.

Example Timeline Above: “World War II Chronology -- Britannica School.” Eb.com, 2022, school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/World-War-II-Chronology/606523. Accessed 21 Apr. 2022.

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# data[].attributes.body
Definition:Photos and Illustrations represent information visually
Benefit:Photos and illustrations help the reader understand the topic more.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A map is an illustration of a geographical piece of land. There are three main types of maps: Thematic, Political and physical.
Benefit: They show people where something is and show a place in a basic visualization. They can give a sense of state to state or more size ratios.
Example with Source:
https://gisgeography.com/map-of-usa/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition- A caption is text describing a picture or illustration in a nonfiction text

Benefit-  A caption helps the reader understand what is happening in an image or illustration, it explains the action in a picture or what an image is.

Image source- little blue heron. image. Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Mar. 2022. school.eb.com/levels/middle/assembly/view/129619. Accessed 21 Apr. 2022.

# data[].attributes.body
Definitions-  The table of context it a place where it lists all the sections of the book or the main headings.

Benefit-  The benefit of a table of context is it saves you time for looking for a certain type of section, and you can just go to the table of context to see where that section it.

Example- An example of a table of context is if you want to read the section of birds instead of searching the whole book for that section you can just look in the table of context to know where it is.

Source- Birds: https://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/bird/273225

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
This colorful treasure was all found at a cave!

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A caption is a text usually under the picture to define what is shown in the picture.
Benefit: Captions help the reader understand what is shown in the picture.
Example with Source:
https://v1.padlet.pics/1/image.webp?t=c_limit%2Cdpr_1%2Ch_267%2Cw_372&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpadlet-artifacts.storage.googleapis.com%2Fdd69739416e20c7a49d7e9b21e9ba3be10d63eb0%2Fc7c36aefbe5271fec97fcbf56b6a0488-h-b0e28bbbf208e204943e262b11d53af4.jpg

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Text is something used to underline, bold, color, or italicize a word. These traits help the reader understand how it is supposed to be read.

Benefit: text in bold, color, or italic, will stand to draw the reader's attention.

Image with Source

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Example : The captions under the photo are describing the people in the photo.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition : A caption is a short piece of text that is located under an illustration or photograph. It's purpose is to provide a description of the activity or event taking place in the photo or illustration.

Benefit : Captions can help you understand the photo or illustration even better, it's kind of like a diagram. Photo, or illustration in an article or illustration. They are all provided to give you a better understanding and visually show you what's occurring in the story. A caption does that as well, except for pictures or illustrations.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: It is the style of the text that is shown, it uses bold, color, and italics to show different types of information. Italics is used for captions and other information that needs to be shown. When you need to show important words for definitions or other reasons you could use bold and color.

Benefit: If you use this you could use it to show different types of information, for example if you make it bold then you know that it's an important word, if you use italics then that means it isn't part of the information but just explaining something.

Citation: Kichline, Jason. “OnSong | Manual | Line Formatting.” Onsongapp.com, 2022, onsongapp.com/docs/features/formats/onsong/formatting/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2022.

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# data[].attributes.body
what it does and why it is there.you can learn extra thing about what you are reading the book or a passage.It can give you information for the image or the passage.

how it helps.you would be able to use it for notes it could be helpful and give you some notes.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: The Index is the list at the back of the nonfiction book. It serves as a more detailed table of contents with specific topics.
Benefits: The Index's main benefit is how you can easily find information and you can look for it. It can also be a reference in a long nonfiction book
Link:https://www.google.com/search?q=Index&rlz=1CADHKE_enUS999&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_o6ys1KX3AhUyl2oFHSR6DIoQ_AUoAnoECAIQBA&biw=1366&bih=617&dpr=1&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=-hOGCo4pcPKDwM

# data[].attributes.body
A table of contents is basically where you have a bulleted list of what's happening in the book, and what page it's on. It can help you in 2 ways. The first way is that you know what you're reading about. The second reason is that you know where to find everything. For example, if you wanted to know about where red pandas live, then instead of searching an entire book and wasting time, you could just use a table of contents and find out where red pandas live

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A photo/illustration helps the reader visualize what the text is saying.
Benefit: The benefit of using a photo/illustration is that the author/writer can clearly show something without using too many words. The reader will have an easier time visualizing what the text is talking about. For example, if a page in an article is talking about okapis and the text states that okapis have a zebra body and a giraffe neck, adding a picture will help the reader see what the okapi looks like.
Cited Source: okapi. image. Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Mar. 2022. school.eb.com/levels/middle/assembly/view/174870. Accessed 21 Apr. 2022.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A map is a representation of an area that tells us about that area.
Benefit: A map can help us to navigate and to inform us more about a given area.
Example with Source:
https://geology.com/world/europe-satellite-image.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A piece of text under an image to explain what's happening in the image

Benefits: Captions make you understand a image easier instead of studying the image for hours

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Photos and Illustrations provide a visual for the reader to go off of to further understand the topic of the article.
Benefit: Photos and Illustrations help visual learners or those who struggle with reading a full passage at once.

Example with Source:
LINK

# data[].attributes.body
Definition - Tables are a visual graph that gives people facts and information.

Benefits - It helps people obtain the information about a topic.

Citations -
https://www.google.com/search?q=table+nonfiction+text+features+benefits&rlz=1CADHKE_enUS998&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBudb51qX3AhVBlWoFHS7mDuEQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=617&dpr=1&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=7QnjL52XZmH00M

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A map is a clear, visual representation of the primary shape of the land and a variety of other features of it. Some of these include geographical, political, and historical features.

Benefit: Maps can help readers envision and understand where an event took place as well as the distance or how far away an event occurred.

Example with source: https://geology.com/world/world-map.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A table providing support for a heavy book or books, when in use, and frequently space for other books needed for consultation, and the like.
The benefit: This table lets you find everything in a book. It also arranges information to be more easily accessible, eliminating having to look for something, as well as showing key points of the info.This display is essentially like borders between pages and information.
Source:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1iMOYU-2naBfdJUbv7AyXENexLCpr5ZrJh8niYJXE8-k/edit?usp=sharing. I used the slides since in canvas it said I can use the slides to help complete the padlet.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition:
Titles are used to help reader figure what the story talks about and how it helps them to know the main idea

Benefits:
The title is there for you to know and to understand what you are reading. Another fact about titles is that its used to show you what you read to see if you like that book or not. if you didn't  have a title  you would be lost in your book.
Source:
https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T001&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&hitCount=418&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&docId=GALE%7CEJ2107200125&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZMID-MOD1&prodId=MSIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CEJ2107200125&searchId=R2&userGroupName=j043905057&inPS=true

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A caption tells us more about a picture or illustration. Captions help readers understand information that may or may not be presented by the text. The benefit of captions is that they help us on understanding pictures or illustrations.
Citation: 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

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: The stuff like color, style,bold,italic are all different types of text

Benefits:T ext can show more of what you feel than normal text.

Picture with source: text

Definition: makes readers understand what words and important.

Benefit: Text makes readers understand what words and important by making bold

Example with source:Planet." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Nov. 2012. school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/planet/276448. Accessed 20 Apr. 2022.

Definition:  The Definition of of text is the color,font,bold,style,highlights those are different kinds of text. A text is where you send a message or text to a person

Benefit:  The benefit is that a it makes readers understand what words or sentences are important and they make it bold so you can sense that its important

Image link:
https://4vector.com/free-vector/text-file-icon-100713

Definition: Text is what people use to inform people on something or express information. There are different types of texts/fonts.
Benefit: The benefit is that the different types of texts show off important information and important words so it helps to figure out things an learn important things you need to know.

https://www.dafontfree.io/helvetica-italic-free/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Photos and illustrations are a way to represent information in a visual way.

Benefit: They help give you a visual image on what you are learning. They also help clear up some confusion the text might have caused.

Photo Source: https://www.hongkiat.com/blog/25-breathtaking-nature-photography/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: The name of a text, book or artistic work

Benefit: The audience will know what the composition is about and what the focus (what the author wants us to see) of the composition is about.

Link

# data[].attributes.body
Definition - A textbox is something that gives more information than a text does about a certain topic.

Benefits -
- Textboxes include important information which helps us know where the important information is if we need only that.

- Textboxes are usually interesting so this can be a benefit because we don't have to read a bunch of boring, important stuff.

Sources used -
Source 1
Source 2

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A page at the end of an book/article containing specific topics & it's page number
Benefit: When struggling to find a certain page remembering key ideas then going to the Index, you will find what page it's on

https://www.pdfindexgenerator.com/what-is-a-book-index/

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Subheadings are what divides the text, subheadings point out specific texts like the main idea by making the text bolded and different than the rest of the text.
Benefit: Subheadings help the reader locate information easier and better, they help stand out text that is important. Example with source:
https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/craft-subheadlines-click

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: A image or illustration of a location

benefit: informs the reader on how the location looks/how to get there

source:https://www.google.com/maps/@33.1552818,-96.7392068,15z

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Definition: Diagrams are digital or visual pictures of a representation. They describe the different parts and structures of the item.

Benefit: The benefits of a diagram are that you can visualize the item better with pictures and labels. It is also much easier to explain to others.

Example with Source:
https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/how-to-create-beautiful-diagrams/

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Definition: A text box provides more information than is in the text about a topic.

benefits:Textboxes help readers understand by creating interest or emphasizing important information.

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Definition: Pictures and illustrations show information in a visual. And can make a clear to the readers.
Benefits: It helps readers understand what the article is about and paints a clear in their head. Also, they help readers understand parts of the article that were unclear. They work with headings and they tell a story.
Example with Source:
https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Civil-War

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tables are where you put peces of information in a small bokes with data,nunbers,etc.

it teels people information about something

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Definition: Text is something that you type out then send to someone.

Benefits: The benefits of texts are to be able to show who ever's on the other end. More of what you feel, the text can be bold when your angry.

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A timeline is a chart that shows important events in chronological order and they show different events of time and what happened. A benefit you could receive from this is that it can be very simple for a younger audience to understand or very complex for professional reasons. Its structure is very basic and it is a simple and efficient way to display information.

link for image-https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/korean_war_timeline.png

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Definition: An alphabetical list of terms or words found in or relating to a specific subject, text, or dialect, with explanations; a brief dictionary.

Benefit: A glossary helps people find a word they might not know, and find the meaning.

Link: https://www.google.com/search?q=glossary+definition&rlz=1CADHKE_enUS967&oq=glossary+de&aqs=chrome.0.0i512j69i57j0i512l5j69i60.2617j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on

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glos·sa·ry

an alphabetical list of terms or words found in or relating to a specific subject, text, or dialect, with explanations; a brief dictionary.

"a glossary of Inuktitut words"

A glossary also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book... Wikipedia

Apr 13, 2015 · Video shows what glossary means. A list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with their ...
Duration: 0:32
Posted: Apr 13, 2015

Washington DC (Hagerstown MD), Virginia - From your IP address - Learn more

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nounnoun: glossary; plural noun: glossariesan alphabetical list of terms or words found in or relating to a specific subject, text, or dialect, with explanations; a brief dictionary.“a glossary of Inuktitut words”

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A table is a piece of information that allows you to compare things. One of the benefits is that it allows you to have a good visual.

Citation: https://thesocietypages.org/graphicsociology/2009/01/23/hospital-pricing-graph-vs-table/

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Definition- It gives a short description of what the section is going to be about.

Benefit- You know what your in for and get to find out exactly what you wanted to find in the section.

Example with source - Garbus, Julia, and Noah Berlatsky. "Butterfly, Monarch." UXL Endangered Species, edited by Kathleen J. Edgar, 3rd ed., vol. 2: Arachnids, Birds, Crustaceans, Insects, and Mollusks, UXL, 2016, pp. 512-514. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3627500167/GVRL?u=j043905057&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=747d985c. Accessed 21 Apr. 2022.

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The definition of a textbox is to display little bits of information about the text.
The benefit of using a text box is that it can summarize a topic of a text in just a few or more sentences.

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Definition: The table of content is the place where you find where everything it is like when you want to skip the boring parts in books and you want to go to the next chapter but you don't know what page it on well that's what the table is for. It tells you what page every chapter starts
Benefits: Instead of looking through the whole book just check the table of content, which shows what page every chapter starts.
Example - you have to press student edition grade 6