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George Orwell was born in 1903 in India’s most precious imperial possession, India. His family moved to England in 1911 where he would experience both World Wars. Being born into the upper-middle-class of Britain’s strict class-oriented society, Orwell was in a position where he observed the unjust difference between the prestige the upper-class enjoyed and the struggles his compatriots in lower classes faced. Consequently, Orwell identified with a variety of political ideologies during his life including anarchism and socialism. His novel 1984, completed in 1949 just one year before his death, warns of how the patterns of people’s behavior and society at local and global levels predestines totalitarianism, endless war, and rigid social classes.

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George Orwell, (born June 25, 1903, Motihari, Bengal, India-died January 21, 1950, London, England), English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), the latter a profound anti- utopian novel that examines the dangers of totalitarian rule.

Born Eric Arthur Blair, Orwell never entirely abandoned his original name, but his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London, appeared in 1933 as the work of George Orwell (the surname he derived from the beautiful River Orwell in East Anglia). In time his nom de plume became so closely attached to him that few people but relatives knew his real name was Blair. The change in name corresponded to a profound shift in Orwell's lifestyle, in which he changed from a pillar of the British imperial establishment into a literary and political rebel.

Early life

He was born in Bengal, into the class of sahibs. His father was a minor British official in the Indian civil service; his mother, of French extraction, was the daughter of an unsuccessful teak merchant in Burma ( Myanmar). Their attitudes were those of the "landless gentry," as Orwell later called lower-middle-class people whose pretensions to social status had little relation to their income. Orwell was thus brought up in an atmosphere of impoverished snobbery. After returning with his parents to England, he was sent in 1911 to a preparatory boarding school on the Sussex coast, where he was distinguished among the other boys by his poverty and his intellectual brilliance. He grew up a morose, withdrawn, eccentric boy, and he was later to tell of the miseries of those years in his posthumously published autobiographical essay, Such, Such Were the Joys (1953).

Orwell won scholarships to two of England's leading schools, Wellington and Eton, and briefly attended the former before continuing his studies at the latter, where he stayed from 1917 to 1921. Aldous Huxley was one of his masters, and it was at Eton that he published his first writing in college periodicals. Instead of matriculating at a university, Orwell decided to follow family tradition and, in 1922, went to Burma as assistant district superintendent in the Indian Imperial Police. He served in a number of country stations and at first appeared to be a model imperial servant. Yet from boyhood he had wanted to become a writer, and when he realized how much against their will the Burmese were ruled by the British, he felt increasingly ashamed of his role as a colonial police officer. Later he was to recount his experiences and his reactions to imperial rule in his novel Burmese Days and in two brilliant autobiographical sketches, "Shooting an Elephant" and "A Hanging," classics of expository prose.

Against imperialism

In 1927 Orwell, on leave to England, decided not to return to Burma, and on January 1, 1928, he took the decisive step of resigning from the imperial police. Already in the autumn of 1927 he had started on a course of action that was to shape his character as a writer. Having felt guilty that the barriers of race and caste had prevented his mingling with the Burmese, he thought he could expiate some of his guilt by immersing himself in the life of the poor and outcast people of Europe. Donning ragged clothes, he went into the East End of London to live in cheap lodging houses among labourers and beggars; he spent a period in the slums of Paris and worked as a dishwasher in French hotels and restaurants; he tramped the roads of England with professional vagrants and joined the people of the London slums in their annual exodus to work in the Kentish hopfields.

Those experiences gave Orwell the material for Down and Out in Paris and London, in which actual incidents are rearranged into something like fiction. The book's publication in 1933 earned him some initial literary recognition. Orwell's first novel, Burmese Days (1934), established the pattern of his subsequent fiction in its portrayal of a sensitive, conscientious, and emotionally isolated individual who is at odds with an oppressive or dishonest social environment. The main character of Burmese Days is a minor administrator who seeks to escape from the dreary and narrow-minded chauvinism of his fellow British colonialists in Burma. His sympathies for the Burmese, however, end in an unforeseen personal tragedy. The protagonist of Orwell's next novel, A Clergyman's Daughter (1935), is an unhappy spinster who achieves a brief and accidental liberation in her experiences among some agricultural labourers. Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) is about a literarily inclined bookseller's assistant who despises the empty commercialism and materialism of middle-class life but who in the end is reconciled to bourgeois prosperity by his forced marriage to the girl he loves.

Orwell's revulsion against imperialism led not only to his personal rejection of the bourgeois lifestyle but to a political reorientation as well. Immediately after returning from Burma he called himself an anarchist and continued to do so for several years; during the 1930s, however, he began to consider himself a socialist, though he was too libertarian in his thinking ever to take the further step-so common in the period-of declaring himself a communist.

From The Road to Wigan Pier to World War II

Orwell's first socialist book was an original and unorthodox political treatise entitled The Road to Wigan Pier (1937). It begins by describing his experiences when he went to live among the destitute and unemployed miners of northern England, sharing and observing their lives; it ends in a series of sharp criticisms of existing socialist movements. It combines mordant reporting with a tone of generous anger that was to characterize Orwell's subsequent writing.

By the time The Road to Wigan Pier was in print, Orwell was in Spain; he went to report on the Civil War there and stayed to join the Republican militia, serving on the Aragon and Teruel fronts and rising to the rank of second lieutenant. He was seriously wounded at Teruel, with damage to his throat permanently affecting his voice and endowing his speech with a strange, compelling quietness. Later, in May 1937, after having fought in Barcelona against communists who were trying to suppress their political opponents, he was forced to flee Spain in fear of his life. The experience left him with a lifelong dread of communism, first expressed in the vivid account of his Spanish experiences, Homage to Catalonia (1938), which many consider one of his best books.

Returning to England, Orwell showed a paradoxically conservative strain in writing Coming Up for Air (1939), in which he uses the nostalgic recollections of a middle-aged man to examine the decency of a past England and express his fears about a future threatened by war and fascism. When World War II did come, Orwell was rejected for military service, and instead he headed the Indian service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). He left the BBC in 1943 and became literary editor of the Tribune, a left-wing socialist paper associated with the British Labour leader Aneurin Bevan. At this period Orwell was a prolific journalist, writing many newspaper articles and reviews, together with serious criticism, like his classic essays on Charles Dickens and on boys' weeklies and a number of books about England (notably The Lion and the Unicorn, 1941) that combined patriotic sentiment with the advocacy of a libertarian, decentralist socialism very much unlike that practiced by the British Labour Party.

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George Orwell | Biography, Books, Real Name, Political Views, & Facts

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George Orwell, English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), the fictionalized but autobiographical Down and Out in Paris and London (1933), and Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War.

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1984 is Orwell’s prediction of what the World would become in 1984, which was thirty-five years into the future. After the Allies won World War II, the spoils of war were divided between the Soviet Union and United States. Understanding that people respond predictably to power vacuums, he predicts a world in which these two powers evolve alongside an asian power become the only three nations on Earth: the U.S. becomes Oceania, the Soviet Union becomes Eurasia, and East Asia arises from China, India, and other countries in the region being unified. The novel takes place in Airstrip One, which was formerly London and is now a part of Oceania. Furthermore, the people of all nations are under totalitarian control and are indoctrinated into revering their respective leaders. However, the main character Winston manages to see through the propaganda of Oceania because he was just old enough when Oceania was created to have experienced a sense of freedom that he subconsciously holds on to until adulthood.

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George Orwell's novel of a dystopian future, 1984, is published on June 8, 1949. The novel's all-seeing leader, known as "Big Brother," becomes a universal symbol for intrusive government and oppressive bureaucracy.

George Orwell was the nom de plume of Eric Blair, who was born in India. The son of a British civil servant, Orwell attended school in London and won a scholarship to the elite prep school Eton, where most students came from wealthy upper-class backgrounds, unlike Orwell. Rather than going to college like most of his classmates, Orwell joined the Indian Imperial Police and went to work in Burma in 1922. During his five years there, he developed a severe sense of class guilt; finally in 1927, he chose not to return to Burma while on holiday in England.

Orwell, choosing to immerse himself in the experiences of the urban poor, went to Paris, where he worked menial jobs, and later spent time in England as a tramp. He wrote Down and Out in Paris and London in 1933, based on his observation of the poorer classes, and in 1937 The Road to Wigan Pier, which documented the life of the unemployed in northern England. Meanwhile, he had published his first novel, Burmese Days, in 1934.

Orwell became increasingly left wing in his views, although he never committed himself to any specific political party. He went to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to fight with the Republicans, but later fled as communism gained an upper hand in the struggle on the left. His barnyard fable, Animal Farm (1945), shows how the noble ideals of egalitarian economies can easily be distorted. The book brought him his first taste of critical and financial success. Orwell's last novel, 1984, brought him lasting fame with its grim vision of a future where all citizens are watched constantly and language is twisted to aid in oppression.

Orwell died of tuberculosis in 1950.

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George Orwell's novel of a dystopian future, 1984, is published on June 8, 1949. The novel's all-seeing leader, known as "Big Brother," becomes a universal symbol for intrusive government and oppressive bureaucracy. George Orwell was the nom de plume of Eric Blair, who was born in India.

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“Dulce et Decorum Est” details the atrocities that a group of soldiers face during World War I. Written by a British Solider Wilfred Owen after enduring loss and pain for the purpose of British Victory, he declares, “My friend, you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori”, or it is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country. Owen’s transformation shows that a person’s experience is more responsible for their beliefs than their nature because he initially went to war excited for glory having been told the honor of fighting for a person’s country. Then, after seeing the brutality of war, he decided that the cost of one life outweighs the glory of a nation. Owen’s initial stance on war is identical to that of the citizens of Oceania as Oceania is at endless war with either Eurasia or Eastasia and its people look forward to war spectacles such as the execution of enemy soldiers.

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Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen | Poetry Foundation

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Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,

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“What makes us? Nature or nurture? The DNA debate comes back to life” by Robin McKie

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“What makes us? Nature or nurture? The DNA debate comes back to life” by Robin McKie

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Robin McKie explains a study done on identical triplets born in 1961. They were separated at birth and each was adopted by a family of a different socio-economic background that provided different childhood experiences. Despite having the same DNA, they ended up having different personalities and choosing different paths as adults. McKie claims, “The varied fates of the triplets suggest other important, non-genetic forces must also have been involved in determining how their lives unraveled”. The effect of one’s childhood experiences on their life path is explored in 1984 with Winston’s recollection of his mother the guilt he feels surrounding her death.

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What makes us? Nature or nurture? The DNA debate comes back to life

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An extraordinary new film about identical triplets throws doubt on the dominance of DNA

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Through examples, this profound Ted Talk by Behavioral economist Dan Ariely shows that when it comes to decision making, people have little to no set preferences based upon their nature or nurture. Instead, it is the inferior choices that give certain superior choices contrast. The superior choice with the most contrast is chosen, regardless of if this choice is rational to the individual. Furthermore, an abundance of choice, even if it’s good choice, overwhelms the decision maker into not making a decision at all. In 1984, the idea of freedom from choice is exploited with the Party’s slogan “Freedom is Slavery”.

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Are we in control of our decisions? | Dan Ariely

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She-Wolf Suckling Romulus and Remus (1589-92) by Ludovico Carracci

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She-Wolf Suckling Romulus and Remus (1589-92) by Ludovico Carracci

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This fresco by Italian painter Ludovico Carracci illustrates the founding myth of Rome: Romulus and Remus. Romulus and Remus were twins abandoned at birth who were left to die floating down the Tiber River by their grandfather. However, they were rescued by a she-wolf who fed them until they were found by humans. The twins would later go on to found Rome before Romulus killed Remus and named the city after himself. The fact that the Romans chose this myth to be their founding myth reveals they understood the importance of nurture in the development of a person’s character. Because they prided themselves in being strong and skilled at war, they made their founders survive abandonment by their family as babies, be cared for by a wolf, and kill each other over pride. Similarly, Oceania invented the all-knowing, all-powerful, and war-hero founder-myth of Big Brother.

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"Finding Hope in Knowing the Universal Capacity for Evil" by Claudia Dreifus

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"Finding Hope in Knowing the Universal Capacity for Evil" by Claudia Dreifus

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Phillip Zimbardo, a psychologist and professor at Stanford, ran The Stanford Prison Experiment in which twenty-three male volunteers were randomly assigned roles as either guards or prisoners in a simulated prison. All were students and described as good people. However, after just days, the guards began “denying the prisoners food, water and sleep, shooting them with fire-extinguisher spray, throwing their blankets into dirt”. Their sadistic behavior progressed when days later  “[they put] bags over the prisoners’ heads, chained their legs and marched them around”. The results are striking; within a week, young adults deeply integrated into society as shown by being in one of the United States’ top universities began acting wickedly. The change in the guards decision making was caused by the removal of social norms in a relationship they were empowered in. This is similar to how O’Brian tortures Winston and despite Winston’s effort to resist, he ultimately succumbs to the propaganda of the Inner Party.

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Finding Hope in Knowing the Universal Capacity for Evil (Published 2007)

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Philip G. Zimbardo has made his reputation studying how people disguise the good and bad in themselves and under what conditions either is expressed.