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Widespread persecution of Christians under Roman Emperors Marcus Aurelius (161-180AD), Decius (249-251) and Diocletian (284-305).

Aurelius persecuted Christians by blaming them for all natural disasters such as famine and drought.  Gave their corpses as food to hungry dogs.

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The Edict of Milan, by ceasing the persecution of Christians, saved a major population of the empire from suppression and violence. It also allowed for the Christian religion to boom; soon after its decree, most people in the Roman Empire were Christian.

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Martin Luther 1483 - 1546
Eisleben, Germany

Theologian, professor, pastor, and church reformer, which form the basis of Lutheranism.

Luther wanted full reform of the Church addressing on 3 main ideas:
- Salvation only by faith
- Church should only base teaching from the Bible
- All people with faith were equal

https://korcula.net/martin-luther-reformation/

https://h-o-m-e.org/what-were-martin-luthers-3-main-beliefs/

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Established the English monarch as the head of the Church of England.

King Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, when the pope refused to grant the king an annulment so that he could marry Anne Boleyn who was pregnant with his child (a daughter who would become Elizabeth I).

https://slideplayer.com/slide/14457975/

This was a turning point in religion, as the Pope was no longer considered the leader of Christians in England.

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The First Ecumenical Council at Nicea - 325

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The First Ecumenical Council at Nicea - 325

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This gathering in Nicaea (present-day Turkey) had the goal of correcting the false teaching, known as Arianism, that Jesus was a created being. The council clearly expressed the truth that the Father and the Son are of one substance (consubstantial). The Nicene Creed that we recite at every Sunday Mass was set forth at this council.

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Preamble about Jesus being born and where, then why he died on the Cross.

Through resurrection, Christians believe life has triumphed over death, good over evil, hope over despair. The resurrection is a sign of God's great power. Nothing is too great for God to achieve, and this is comforting and encouraging for Christians in difficulty.

Jesus' death and resurrection open the possibility of eternal life with God for all people. Death is not something to be feared. It is a gateway into a new and richer life. This is a comfort to Christians facing death or grieving the death of loved ones. They believe separation is not final. Those who have died are with God.

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Why is the Gospel of Mark important, in early Christianity? Mark's is the first of the written gospels. It's really the one that establishes... the life of Jesus as a story form. It develops a narrative from his early career, through ...the main points of his life and culminates in his death.

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to Antioch, Alexandria and Rome.

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Protestant/Catholic conflict in Germany 1618-1648

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was the last major European conflict informed by religious divisions and one of the most devastating in European history resulting in a death toll of approximately 8 million. Beginning as a local conflict in Bohemia, it eventually involved all of Europe, influencing the development of the modern era.

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of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III

The Pope's motivation for crowning Charlemagne was to give the papacy and the church implicit authority over the empire, since with this act Leo set a precedent for crowning emperors, which subsequent popes would do throughout the reign of the Holy Roman Empire.

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From 1309 to 1377, the Italian capital took an unprecedented break as the residence of the papacy, which relocated to the French city of Avignon. French-born Pope Clement V ordered the move in response to the increasingly fractious and political environment in Rome, which had seen his predecessors face off against Philip IV of France – the man who had ensured Clement’s election by the conclave and who was pressing for the papal residence to move to France.
During the Avignon papacy the cardinals began to play a stronger role in church government, church and clergy were reformed, missionary efforts were expanded, and popes tried to settle royal rivalries and establish peace.

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First book to be mass produced and distributed using the printing press.

Johannes Gutenberg c. 1390 - 1468 Mainz, Germany.
Famous for building the first printing press with moveable parts, publishing the Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible).

The printing press was used to mass print the bible.  Originally only accessible to high level clerics, it was then mass distributed to private homes, thereby making the word of God accessible to all.

This event is significant for Christians because it was a means of influencing the public, by providing wide-spread reading material on Christianity.  This helped bring about the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.

"It is a press, certainly, but a press from which shall flow in inexhaustible streams.  Through it, God will spread His Word.  A spring of truth shall flow from it: like a new star it shall scatter the darkness of ignorance, and cause a light heretofore unknown to shine amongst men."
- Johannes Gutenberg-