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APA, 2023

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Washington - The American Psychological Association has reaffirmed its support for equity and inclusion in higher education in light of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling that bars the consideration of race as a factor in college and university admissions.

"[D]espite the Supreme Court's decision and the constraints imposed by it, the APA encourages higher education institutions to create, maintain, and increase equitable admissions policies that continue to examine the individual holistically," according to a resolution passed Aug. 2 by APA's governing Council of Representatives. "The court's decisions will worsen underrepresentation of certain racial and ethnic groups at higher education institutions that are not Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). One recent study, examining enrollment data from 53 public universities in states with and without bans, found that having a ban reduced representation of racial and ethnic minorities by a staggering 37%."

APA called for measures including "adversity scales" where colleges consider the adversity a student has overcome when selecting among qualified applicants, similar to the "socioeconomic disadvantage index" developed by the University of California, Davis, medical school.

The resolution-which passed by a vote of 142-6, with 8 abstentions-also called for eliminating preferences for the wealthy, such as donors and children of alumni; targeting students at high schools that have a limited history of sending applicants to their school; paying full tuition in geographic areas for students with family incomes of $150,000 or less; establishing early college programs that allow high school students to take courses to earn college credit; and providing academic support and college admissions advice to high school students in low-income communities.

APA filed an amicus brief in the Supreme Court cases Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard College and Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina. Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, who dissented, relied heavily on the APA brief and the psychological research it presented.

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APA reaffirms support for equity, inclusion in college admissions, in light of SCOTUS ruling

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The court's decisions will worsen underrepresentation of certain racial and ethnic groups at higher education institutions that are not Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs).

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How To Be an Ethical Parent in the College Admissions Process

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How To Be an Ethical Parent in the College Admissions Process

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Why?
The college admissions process provides a wonderful opportunity for parents to get to know their students in a deeper way-to understand what they are drawn to, hope for, fret about, and value in others and themselves-and to help them articulate an authentic identity in a college application. It's also an opportunity for adults to model the empathy that is so important for teens to develop in their relationships. But our needs can get confused with our student's needs. We may, for example, tacitly pressure our student to attend a college to live out our dreams, reproduce or own college experience, or elevate our own social status.

How can we stay focused on what's best for our student?
Try this:

1. Take time to listen. In the whipped-up, frenzied atmosphere of the college admissions process, we often need to just pause and listen and get feedback. We can ask: "How involved do you want me to be in this process and what can I do to be helpful to you?" "Will you tell me if I'm involved in ways that are making this process harder for you?"

2. Check your blind spots. Because we all have our blind spots, talk to respected and trusted friends and family about the areas where your own and your student's views about colleges conflict and about how to handle these conflicts.

3. Be alert to red flags. Be alert to moments when you may be confusing your interests with your student's interests. It should be a red flag for us as parents if, for example, we find ourselves peppering admissions staff with questions on college tours while our student stands idly by; constantly assessing what our child's school course and activity choices mean for their college applications; poring over commercial college rankings; or feeling our own self-esteem drop if our child is rejected at a particular college.

4. Reflect on your assumptions about "good" colleges. Reflect on how important it is to you that your student goes to a particular college or set of colleges. You might imagine how you would feel if your student isn't accepted. If you find yourself troubled by this prospect, consider why. What makes you believe that this college or set of colleges will be better for your student? Do you have any data or evidence that supports that belief? Have you done research or encouraged your student to do research on a wide range of colleges?

2. Follow your ethical GPS.
Why?
The college admissions process often tests both parents' and students' ethical character. A small fraction of parents are engaged in outright unethical practices, but many more parents slip into more subtle forms of dishonesty- their own thinking and voice intrudes on college essays, for example, or they might look the other way when hired tutors are over-involved. There's also good reason to believe that many students lie or at least exaggerate on their college applications, and parents may either condone or half-consciously overlook these violations. According to several studies, a whopping 80-95 percent of high school students report some form of cheating in the last year, and many of these students view cheating as trivial.

We as parents need to toe the line on misrepresenting and cheating. We need to send the message that ethical standards can't be ignored if they're inconvenient and that success needs to be earned. Letting students misrepresent themselves can also send the message to teens that there is something wrong with them: Why else, students might ask themselves, would my parents write my essay or allow me to misrepresent myself?
Try this:

1. Remember your priorities. Consider at every stage of the process whether getting into a particular college is really more important than compromising your student's or your own integrity.

2. Ask for feedback. Talk to someone you really respect and trust about your involvement in your student's college application and ask for their honest feedback about whether you're too involved.

3. Work through ethical dilemmas together. Ask your student if they think cheating or misrepresenting themselves in a college application is okay. Consider the exceptional cases when dishonesty is warranted in the service of a higher principle-when it means, for example, protecting someone from harm-and discuss whether misrepresenting oneself to get into a college one prefers really qualifies as one of these cases.

4. Set a positive example. Talk to students about why authenticity and honesty are critical-especially in this era of "fake news"-and about the necessity of acting in ways that will set a positive example for others.

5. Find out what motivates your teen. Explore with students why they might feel pressured to cheat or misrepresent themselves-do they feel ashamed or fear shaming you?-and think through with them what role you might play in reducing that pressure.

3. Be authentic with your student.
Why?
Many parents fail to have authentic, honest conversations with students during the college admissions process about the inequalities in the system, the intense pressure in some communities to get into selective colleges, and about their own motivations and biases as parents. Some parents also send mixed messages. Teens report, for example, that their parents say that getting into a highly selective college doesn't matter but then badger them about test scores and grades. A Boston parent acknowledges: "We tell our children one day that we just want them to go to a college where they'll be happy and the next day we tell them they should go to the best college they can get into." When parents are not authentic and honest with their students, it can make it harder for teens to express themselves authentically in their applications-and can undermine parents' role as moral mentors and guides.
Try this:

1. Beware of mixed messages. Ask your student if you're sending mixed messages about where they should go to college. If so, what are those mixed messages? In addition, ask your student what types of messages they're receiving from their school and community about colleges and explain to your them why your messages are the same or different from these messages.

2. Work through your irrational feelings. Consider sharing even your irrational feelings with your student and talk through with someone you respect and trust how to share these feelings authentically. As parents, we may be underestimating what a relief it would be to our student and how much it would support their maturity if we stopped dodging and shared even irrational feelings. For example, while it's important for parents to try to manage their disappointment when their teen is rejected at a college, if you're visibly disappointed, it might be very helpful to them if you explained why. You might explain, for example, that you always wanted to attend that college or that you were too caught up in the prestige of that college and that you recognize that these are your issues to work out.

4. Encourage your teen to contribute to others.
Why?
High school students in middle- and upper-class communities can be caught up in a kind of "community service Olympics." They believe they'll get an edge in their application if they start an entirely new project, conduct service in a faraway country, or tackle a formidable problem. Yet these factors don't determine the value of service; nor are these factors what's prioritized by the admissions deans who endorsed our Turning the Tide report.
Try this:

1. Talk about your family's moral anchor. Talk to your student about why your family believes contributions to others are important, whether your views are rooted in religious beliefs, a commitment to equity and justice, or a family ethic that prioritizes our inherent responsibility to help those who are struggling.

2. Find out what's meaningful to your student. Take time to explore with your student what kind of service or contribution to others is meaningful to them. Prompt them to think about many types of service and many ways of contributing to others.

3. Emphasize the value of "doing with" rather than "doing for." Too often, service can be unintentionally patronizing to recipients and doesn't develop in students a rich understanding of other perspectives or other cultures. You might explore with your student opportunities for them to work in well-facilitated groups with other teens-either online or in person-from diverse backgrounds on common problems, such as bullying or harassment at school, an environmental problem, or an unsafe park. Especially given our bitterly fractured society, it's also important for young people to work on common problems with those from different political and religious backgrounds.

4. Help your student reflect on their experiences with service. Talk to your student about their experiences when engaging in these activities. What are they learning? Are they finding their work gratifying? Do they feel helpful? What kinds of challenges are they facing? Brainstorm with your teen ways they might overcome obstacles.

5. Be an advocate for ethical character in the college admissions experience.
Why?
When high schools and college admissions offices emphasize achievement and give little air time or thought to students' ethical character, they often argue that they are simply meeting demand, catering to what parents want. Yet too often all high school educators and admissions officers hear are the loud parents clamoring for an intense focus on achievement. Our research as well as other research suggests that most parents, though, say they prioritize caring over achievement, and many parents in affluent communities are very concerned about achievement-related distress. It's vital for these parents to "walk the talk," stepping up and respectfully but firmly advancing a very different vision of high schools and the college admissions process.
Try this:

1. Ask about ethical character in admissions. In your contacts with college admissions officers during college visits and in other settings, ask whether caring for others and contributions to the community are weighed in the admissions process. If so, how much? How are they weighed?

2. Advocate for collaboration among students and families. Advocate at your student's high school for changes that promote collaboration rather than competition among students. Advocate for creating opportunities for students to share information about colleges with peers and for parents to share information with each other. If you're a parent from a well-resourced community, advocate for sharing college admissions resources, including guidebooks, college planning tools, admissions-related curricula, contacts with admissions officers, and transportation for college tours with schools and districts with fewer resources.

3. Encourage high schools to share information about a wide range of colleges. To counter the intense focus on high-status colleges, a powerful driver of achievement-related distress, press high schools to expose students to a wide range of colleges and to refrain from touting the number of their students accepted at highly-selective colleges. Instead, encourage your student's school to track and publicize the number of their alumni who report satisfaction and academic engagement at college. Advocate for a "blind" college fair where the characteristics of colleges are exhibited but their names are removed.

4. Urge high schools to limit advanced courses and extracurriculars. If students are overloading on advanced courses and extracurricular activities, advocate for limiting advanced courses and/or setting limits on the amount of time students devote to extracurricular activities.

5. Be an active participant in promoting character. Ask administrators what role you might play to support the school in promoting ethical character and reducing achievement-related distress.

6. Advocate for data. Ask schools to conduct simple surveys that provide data about how many students are suffering high levels of stress, and support schools in developing thoughtful plans and concrete strategies for reducing this stress and monitoring whether these plans are actually working.

6. Use the college admissions experience as an opportunity for ethical education.
Why?
Far too often, the college admissions process is eye opening for young people in all the wrong ways. It's a powerful introduction to the values of adult society, and many young people are morally troubled, sometimes deeply so, by what they experience. Many students across a wide range of communities are acutely aware that the deck is stacked, that there are vast differences in students' access to counselors, tutors, and other admissions resources, and that college is simply unaffordable for staggering numbers of families. Many students bridle at the unfairness of favoring certain students in admissions, such as donor and legacy students, full-pay students, and athletes. These perceptions can fuel young people's cynicism and self-interest. When students feel that the system is unfair or cheating them, they are also more likely to feel justified in exaggerating in their applications or manipulating the system in other ways.
Try this:

1. Be honest about inequality. Explore with your student the many inequities in this process. Why do they exist? What might be done to remedy them? How can one affect change? Analyze from various vantage points-including from the perspective of college admissions staff or financial aid officers-the case for and against favoring athletes and children of donors and legacies.

2. Imagine a fair system. Ask your student to imagine an admissions process that they view as fair and high-integrity and to consider who and what needs to change for this system to exist.

3. Acknowledge the game. Consider talking directly with your student about the reality that there is, in fact, a certain "game to be played" in this process, and discuss with them both how to play this game-presenting themselves in ways that are likely to be attractive to college admissions offices-while also presenting themselves authentically and accurately. It's a difficult skill that they are likely to need their entire lives.

7. Model and encourage gratitude.
Why?
A good deal of research indicates that gratitude is vital to well-being and a key to young people becoming caring family and community members. Yet many students and parents-because they're anxious, self-focused, or entitled, among other reasons-never experience or express gratitude in this process. Any student or parent of a student who is applying to a four-year college that has a strong track record of graduating students should feel grateful for this tremendous opportunity-an opportunity that a great majority of people in the world simply don't have and an opportunity that a staggering number of people in this country can't afford. Only about 45% of Americans will attend a four-year college, and only about 60% of those students will graduate within five years. This broader moral lens can help teens and parents appreciate their advantages and consider the larger questions of justice that their advantages raise. Teens should also be expected to appreciate the many educators, counselors, and other adults-including parents themselves-who shepherded them to this point.
Try this:

1. Encourage gratitude. Consider with your student what a privilege it is to attend any one of thousands of good four-year colleges in this country. Ask your student to think about and to express gratitude to the many people who helped them prepare for college and get to this point. You might ask them to consider people who may not immediately come to their mind, whether a teacher, a friend, or a community adult.

2. Model gratitude. Consider who you might be grateful to, whether a teacher, a school counselor, or a friend who has calmed you down or offered thoughtful advice. Consider expressing your gratitude to these people and sharing with your teen your gratitude toward these people.

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How To Be an Ethical Parent in the College Admissions Process - Making Caring Common

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Parents and other primary caregivers shape their children's moral development in myriad ways. They also often influence every phase of the college preparation, search, and admissions process. Yet the troubling reality is that a great many parents are fundamentally failing to prepare young people to

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