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Regular verb: disseminate - disseminated - disseminated

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UK /dɪˈsem.ɪ.neɪt/ US /dɪˈsem.ə.neɪt/

to spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc., to a lot of people:

''One of the organization's aims is to disseminate information about the disease.''

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UK /ˈɪn.teɪk/ US /ˈɪn.teɪk/

an act of taking in something, especially breath:

''I heard a sharp intake of breath behind me.''

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the line of bones down the centre of the back that provides support for the body:

''She stood with her backbone rigid.''

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Regular verb: oppugn - oppugned - oppugned

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UK /əˈpjuːn/ US /əˈpjuːn/

to say that you do not think something is true, or that it might not be true:

''Many people oppugned his opinion.''

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UK /jiːst/ US /jiːst/

a type of fungus that is used in making alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine, and for making bread swell and become light:

''dried/fresh yeast''

''yeast extract''

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UK /ˈtɪm.bər/ US /ˈtɪm.bɚ/

trees that are grown so that the wood from them can be used for building:

''a timber forest''

''These trees are being grown for timber.''

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UK /ˈskʌl.kæp/ US /ˈskʌl.kæp/

a small, round hat that fits closely on the top of the head, worn especially by religious Jewish men or Roman Catholic priests of high rank

''Then she sees a Jewish guy with skullcap and two corgis resting against a wall''

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UK /wɒls/ US /wɑːls/

to walk somewhere quickly and confidently, often in a way that annoys other people:

''You can't just waltz into my bedroom without knocking - it's private!''

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UK /ˈskæf.əl.dɪŋ/ US /ˈskæf.əl.dɪŋ/

a structure of metal poles and wooden boards put against a building for workers to stand on when they want to reach the higher parts of the building:

''Scaffolding has been erected around the tower and repair work will start next week.''

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UK /ˈel.bəʊ/ US /ˈel.boʊ/

the part in the middle of the arm where it bends, or the part of a piece of clothing that covers this area:

''Her arm was bandaged from the elbow to the fingers.''

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UK /ˈkeəˌteɪ.kər/ US /ˈkerˌteɪ.kɚ/

a person employed to take care of a large building, such as a school, and who deals with the cleaning, repairs, etc.

''He lived on the ground floor of the apartment block, where he worked as a caretaker.''

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UK /traʊt/ US /traʊt/

a fish that lives in rivers and lakes, or lives in the sea but returns to rivers to produce its eggs, that is a popular food:

''Thousands of young salmon and trout have been killed by pollution.''

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Regular verb: wiretap - wiretaped - wiretaped

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UK /ˈwaɪə.tæp/ US /ˈwaɪr.tæp/

to secretly listen to people by connecting a listening device to their telephone, or to attach a listening device to a telephone for this purpose:

''The police chief was accused of illegally wiretapping politicians, government officials, and journalists.''

''We have laws to protect us from people wiretapping our phones.''

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UK /ˈɡær.əl.əs/ US /ˈɡer.əl.əs/

having the habit of talking a lot, especially about things that are not important

''I had talked too much about myself and felt like a garrulous old fool.''

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US /ˈtʌɡˌboʊt/

a boat with a powerful engine which can change direction easily and is used to pull large ships into and out of port:

''That team succeeded in planting charges on two tugboats moored in the basin.''

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Regular verb: extricate - extricated - extricated

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UK /ˈek.strɪ.keɪt/ US /ˈek.strɪ.keɪt/

to remove something or set something free with difficulty:

''It took hours to extricate the car from the sand.''

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UK /ˈsɒltˌwɔː.tər/ US /ˈsɑːltˌwɔː.t̬ɚ/

connected with or found in sea water or water containing salt:

''saltwater fish''

''saltwater crocodiles''

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UK /ˈeɡ.hed/ US /ˈeɡ.hed/

a person, especially a man, who is very clever and interested only in studying and other mental activities:

''He said that he was fundamentally an egghead.''

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UK /ˈaɪ.lɪd/ US /ˈaɪ.lɪd/

either of the two pieces of skin that can close over each eye

''Ordinary image recognition techniques are applied to the video frames to find the eye, the position of eyelids and the centre of the pupil.''

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UK /ˈdɒp.əlˌɡæŋ.ər/ US /ˈdɑː.pəlˌɡæŋ.ɚ/

a spirit that looks exactly like a living person, or someone who looks exactly like someone else but who is not related to that person:

''They say that everyone has a doppelganger in the world somewhere that looks exactly like them.  ''

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Regular verb: proscribe - proscribed - proscribed

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UK /prəʊˈskraɪb/ US /proʊˈskraɪb/

to not allow something:

''The Athletics Federation has banned the runner from future races for using proscribed drugs.''

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Regular verb: prevaricate - prevaricated - prevaricated

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UK /prɪˈvær.ɪ.keɪt/ US /prɪˈver.ə.keɪt/

to avoid telling the truth or saying exactly what you think:

''He accused the minister of prevaricating.''

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UK /ˈbʊlˌdəʊ.zər/ US /ˈbʊlˌdoʊ.zɚ/

a heavy vehicle with a large blade in front, used for pushing earth and stones away and for making areas of ground flat at the same time:

''The work proceeded with bulldozers and manual labour.''

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Regular verb: mollify - mollified - mollified

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UK /ˈmɒl.ɪ.faɪ/ US /ˈmɑː.lə.faɪ/

to make someone less angry or upset:

''I tried to mollify her by giving her flowers.''

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Regular verb: delineate - delineated - delineated

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UK /dɪˈlɪn.i.eɪt/ US /dɪˈlɪn.i.eɪt/

to describe or mark the edge of something:

''The boundary of the car park is delineated by a low brick wall.''

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Regular verb: inveigle - inveigled - inveigled

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UK /ɪnˈveɪ.ɡəl/ US /ɪnˈveɪ.ɡəl/

to persuade someone to do something in a clever and dishonest way, when they do not want to do it:

''Her son tried to inveigle her into giving him the money for a car.''

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Regular verb: circumvent - circumvented - circumvented

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UK /ˌsɜː.kəmˈvent/ US /ˌsɝː.kəmˈvent/

to avoid something, especially cleverly or illegally:

''Young people still want to circumvent their parents’ control.''

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Regular verb: enervate - enervated - enervated

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UK /ˈen.ə.veɪt/ US /ˈen.ɚ.veɪt/

to make someone feel weak and without energy

''The shock of the king's death had enervated the royalist cause.''

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Regular verb: engender - engendered - engendered

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UK /ɪnˈdʒen.dər/ US /ɪnˈdʒen.dɚ/

to make people have a particular feeling or make a situation start to exist:

''Her latest book has engendered a lot of controversy.''

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Regular verb: exacerbate - exacerbated - exacerbated

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UK /ɪɡˈzæs.ə.beɪt/ US /ɪɡˈzæs.ɚ.beɪt/

to make something that is already bad even worse:

''This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities.''

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Regular verb: ameliorate - ameliorated - ameliorated

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UK /əˈmiːl.jə.reɪt/ US /əˈmiːl.jə.reɪt/

to make a bad or unpleasant situation better:

''In their letters, older people vividly describe their adoption of different coping strategies and how they help to ameliorate their poverty.''

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UK /ˈeɪ.peks/ US /ˈeɪ.peks/

the highest point or top of a shape or object:

''the apex of a pyramid''

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UK /ˈpres.ɪ.pɪs/ US /ˈpres.ə.pɪs/

a very steep side of a cliff or a mountain:

''The film opens with a shot of a climber dangling from a precipice.''

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UK /ˈəʊ.və.tjʊər/ US /ˈoʊ.vɚ.tʃɚ/

a piece of music that is an introduction to a longer piece, especially an opera:

''the overture to "The Magic Flute"

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UK /ˈzen.ɪθ/ US /ˈziː.nɪθ/

the highest point reached by a heavenly body (= any object existing in space, especially a planet, or the sun) as it travels around, or appears to travel around, another body:

''The summer sun was at its zenith in a cloudless sky.''

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UK /dɪˈstəʊ.pi.ə/ US /dɪˈstoʊ.pi.ə/

a very bad or unfair society in which there is a lot of suffering, especially an imaginary society in the future, after something terrible has happened; a description of such a society:

''The film is set in 2700 on an uninhabitable Earth, a dystopia covered in towers of garbage.''

''Most of the novels are dystopias in the tradition of Brave New World.''

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UK /ˈret.ɪ.səns/ US /ˈret̬.ə.səns/

an unwillingness to do something or talk about something, for example because you are nervous or being careful:

''His reticence about his past made them very suspicious.''

''I think my dad had a certain reticence about showing love as he was afraid that people would leave if he did.''

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UK /ʌnˈwɪl.ɪŋ.nəs/ US /ʌnˈwɪl.ɪŋ.nəs/

the quality of not wanting to do something:

''her unwillingness to help ''

''Many politicians have expressed unwillingness to support the prime minister.''

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UK /kəˈnʌn.drəm/ US /kəˈnʌn.drəm/

a problem that is difficult to deal with:

''Arranging childcare over the school holidays can be a real conundrum for working parents.''

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UK /vɪˈsɪs.ɪ.tʃuːdz/ US /vɪˈsɪs.ə.tuːdz/

Changes that happen at different times during the life or development of

someone or something, especially those that result in conditions being worse:

''Losing your job is just one of the vicissitudes of life''

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UK /ˈseɪ.li.əns/ US /ˈseɪ.li.əns/

the fact of being important to or connected with what is happening or being discussed:

''The salience of these facts was questioned by several speakers.''

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UK /əˈplɒm/ US /əˈplɑːm/

confidence and style:

''Rosalind conducted the meeting with characteristic aplomb/with her usual aplomb.''

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UK /ˈneb.jə.lə/ US /ˈneb.jə.lə/

a cloud of gas or dust in space, appearing either bright or dark

''T he Orion Nebula is visible to the naked eye under dark skies.''

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UK /ˈnek.səs/ US /ˈnek.səs/

an important connection between the parts of a system or a group of things

“Times Square is the nexus of the New York subway.”

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UK /daɪˈkɒt.ə.mi/ US /daɪˈkɑː.t̬ə.mi/

a difference between two completely opposite ideas or things

“There is often a dichotomy between what politicians say and what they do.”

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something that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without itself being

“A small amount of platinum catalyst triggers a reaction that splits hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen”

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UK /ˈpær.ə.ɡən/ US /ˈper.ə.ɡɑːn/

a person or thing that is perfect or has an extremely large amount of a particular good characteristic

“In the novel, Constanza is a paragon of virtue.”

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UK /ˌɒb.fʌsˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɑːb.fəˈskeɪ.ʃən/

the act of making something less clear and less easy to understand, especially intentionally, or an instance of this

“The politician's obfuscations during the debate left the audience bewildered, unsure of his actual stance on the critical issues.”

“Myths, obfuscations, and lies have long enshrouded the disgraced leader.”

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UK /ˈkwɒn.dri/ US /ˈkwɑːn.dri/

a state of not being able to decidewhat to do about a situation in which you are involved

“I've had two job offers, and I'm in a real quandary about which one to accept.”

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UK /drɔːr/ US /drɔːr/

a box-shaped container, without a top, that is part of a piece of furniture. It slides in and out to open and close and is used for keeping things in:

''I keep my socks in the bottom drawer.''

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UK /ˈbeɪ.sɪs/ US /ˈbeɪ.sɪs/

the most important facts, ideas, etc. from which something is developed:

''T his document will form the basis for our discussion.''

''Decisions were often made on the basis of (= using) incorrect information.''

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UK /ˈkaʊn.ti/ US /ˈkaʊn.t̬i/

a political division of the UK or Ireland, forming the largest unit of local government, or the largest political division of a state in the US:

''A county usually consists of several towns and the rural areas that surround them.''

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UK /dɪsk/ US /dɪsk/

a flat, circular device that is used for storing information:

''Put the disk into the drive.''

''I saved the photos onto a disk for you.''

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UK /ˈɑː.tɪ.zæn/ US /ˈɑːr.t̬ə.zən/

someone who does skilled work with their hands

''an artisan baker''

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UK /fɪst/ US /fɪst/

a hand with the fingers and thumb held tightly in:

''Protestors were shaking their fists at the soldiers.''

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UK /flɒk/ US /flɑːk/

to move or come together in large numbers:

''Hundreds of people flocked to the football match.''

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UK /liːk/ US /liːk/

(of a liquid or gas) to escape from a hole or crack in a pipe or container...ETC; to allow liquid or gas to escape:

''Oil leaked out of the car.''

''The car leaked oil all over the drive.''

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UK /ˈliː.flət/ US /ˈliː.flət/

a piece of paper that gives you information or advertises something:

''A leaflet about the new bus services came through the door today.''

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UK /ˈæm.pəl/ US /ˈæm.pəl/

more than enough:

''There's ample evidence that the lawyer knew exactly what she was doing.''

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UK /siːl/ US /siːl/

to close an entrance or container so that nothing can enter or leave it

''She merely filled the containers, sealed them with a cork, and pasted on labels.''

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UK /ɡreɪz/ US /ɡreɪz/

to break the surface of the skin by rubbing against something rough:

''He was lucky, the bullet just grazed his leg.''

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UK /səʊk/ US /soʊk/

to make something very wet, or (of liquid) to be absorbed in large amounts:

''The wind had blown the rain in and soaked the carpet.''

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UK /pəˈnɪʃ.əs/ US /pɚˈnɪʃ.əs/

having a very harmful effect or influence:

''The book focuses on the pernicious effects of slavery.''

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UK /melˈɪf.lu.əs/ US /melˈɪf.lu.əs/

having a pleasant and flowing sound:

''a deep mellifluous voice''

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UK /ɪˈfem.ər.əl/ US /ɪˈfem.ɚ.əl/

lasting for only a short time:

''ephemeral fame''.

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UK /pəˈdæn.tɪk/ US /pedˈæn.tɪk/

giving too much attention to formal rules or small details:

''Professor Harris had a narrow, pedantic approach to history that put us to sleep.''

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UK /vɪˈkeə.ri.əs/ US /vɪˈker.i.əs/

experienced as a result of watching, listening to, or reading about the activities of other people, rather than by doing the activities yourself:

''She took vicarious pleasure in her friend's achievements.''

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UK /fəˈsiː.ʃəs/ US /fəˈsiː.ʃəs/

not seriously meaning what you say, usually in an attempt to be humorous or to trick someone

''I make so much money that we never have to worry – I’m being facetious.''

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UK /ˌpɜː.spɪˈkeɪ.ʃəs/ US /ˌpɝː.spɪˈkeɪ.ʃəs/

quick in noticing, understanding, or judging things accurately:

''His perspicacious grandfather had bought the land as an investment, guessing that there might be gold underground.''

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UK /ɪˈnef.ə.bəl/ US /ˌɪnˈef.ə.bəl/

causing so much emotion, especially pleasure, that it cannot be described:

''They do not happen every day and have been for me both unpredictable and ineffable.''

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UK /ˌɒs.tenˈteɪ.ʃəs/ US /ˌɑː.stənˈteɪ.ʃəs/

too obviously showing your money, possessions, or power, in an attempt to make other people notice and admire you:

''They criticized the ostentatious lifestyle of their leaders.''

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UK /juːˈbɪk.wɪ.təs/ US /juːˈbɪk.wə.t̬əs/

seeming to be everywhere:

''The mobile phone, that most ubiquitous of consumer-electronic appliances, is about to enter a new age''

''Leather is very much in fashion this season, as is the ubiquitous denim.''

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UK /ˈsɪk.ə.fænt/ US /ˈsɪk.ə.fænt/

someone who praises powerful or rich people in a way that is not sincere, usually in order to get some advantage from them:

''The prime minister is surrounded by sycophants.''

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Regular verb: juxtapose - juxtaposed - juxtaposed

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UK /ˌdʒʌk.stəˈpəʊz/ US /ˌdʒʌk.stəˈpoʊz/

to put things that are not similar next to each other:

''The exhibition juxtaposes Picasso's early drawings with some of his later works.''

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UK /kəˈkɒf.ə.ni/ US /kəˈkɑː.fə.ni/

an unpleasant mixture of loud sounds:

''As we entered the farmyard we were met with a cacophony of animal sounds.''

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UK /ˌser.ənˈdɪp.ə.ti/ US /ˌser.ənˈdɪp.ə.t̬i/

the fact of finding interesting or valuable things by chance

''The space in which serendipity, future memory and future pigeons might find a home.''

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UK /ˈdɪs.pər.ət/ US /ˈdɪs.pɚ.ət/

different in every way:

''The two cultures were so utterly disparate that she found it hard to adapt from one to the other.''

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UK /kwɪkˈsɒt.ɪk/ US /kwɪkˈsɑː.t̬ɪk/

having intentions or ideas that are admirable but not practical:

''Many think these attempts to make lawyers behave are quixotic.''

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UK /ˈbæl.ət/ US /ˈbæl.ət/

a system or occasion of secret voting:

a piece of paper on which you write your vote:

''Representatives were elected by ballot''

''OK, this seems to be an area of disagreement, so let's put it to the ballot.''

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UK /ˈmɪsˌkær.ɪdʒ/ US /ˈmɪsˌker.ɪdʒ/

an early, unintentional end to a pregnancy:

''I had two miscarriages before I gave birth to my daughter.''

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Regular verb: threaten - threatened - threatened

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UK /ˈθret.ən/ US /ˈθret.ən/

to tell someone that you will kill or hurt them or cause problems if they do not do what you want:

If something bad threatens to happen, it is likely to happen:

''They threatened the shopkeeper with a gun.''

''Look at those clouds! There's a storm threatening.''

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UK /ˈten.ənt/ US /ˈten.ənt/

a person who pays rent for the use of land or a building

''For years, they were tenants on my father’s property.''

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UK /əˈkweɪn.təns/ US /əˈkweɪn.təns/

a person that you have met but do not know well:

''He exchanged a few words with the proprietor, an old acquaintance of his.''

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UK /ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ US /ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.t̬i/

the fact that someone is legally responsible for something:

''He denies any liability for the damage caused.''

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UK /ˈplɑː.stər/ US /ˈplæs.tɚ/

a substance that becomes hard as it dries and is used especially for spreading on walls and ceilings in order to give a smooth surface:

''The plaster on the walls was cracked and flaking.''

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UK /rɪˈfɜː.rəl/ US /rɪˈfɝː.əl/

the act of directing someone to a different place or person for information, help, or action, often to a person or group with more knowledge or power:

''The doctor gave him a referral to (= arranged for him to see) the consultant.''

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Regular verb: grimace - grimaced - grimaced

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UK /ˈɡrɪm.əs/ US /ˈɡrɪm.əs/

to make an expression of pain, strong dislike, etc. in which the face twists in an ugly way:

''Helen made a grimace of disgust when she saw the raw meat.''

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Regular verb: endorse - endorsed - endorsed

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UK /ɪnˈdɔːs/ US /ɪnˈdɔːrs/

to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone:

''T he Council is expected to endorse the committee's recommendations.''

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Regular verb: scramble - scrambled - scrambled

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UK /ˈskræm.bəl/ US /ˈskræm.bəl/

to move or climb quickly but with difficulty, often using your hands to help you:

''She scrambled up the steep hillside and over the rocks. ''

''He scrambled into his clothes (= put them on quickly) and raced to get help.''

''As the burning plane landed, the terrified passengers scrambled for the door.''

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UK /ˈrek.ləs/ US /ˈrek.ləs/

doing something dangerous and not worrying about the risks and the possible results:

''He was found guilty of reckless driving.''

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Regular verb: splurge - splurged - splurged

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UK /splɜːdʒ/ US /splɝːdʒ/

to spend a lot of money on buying goods, especially expensive goods:

''I feel like splurging on a new dress.''

''I can happily splurge 3,000 pounds in one day''

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UK /ˈbɑː.ɡɪn/ US /ˈbɑːr.ɡɪn/

something on sale at a lower price than its true value:

''This coat was half-price - a real bargain''.

''The airline regularly offers last-minute bookings at bargain prices.''

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UK /stɜːr/ US /stɝː/

to mix a liquid or other substance by moving an object such as a spoon in a circular pattern:

''She paused to stir some milk into her coffee.''

''Slowly add the flour, stirring until completely blended.''

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UK /ˈlɪn.ɪn/ US /ˈlɪn.ɪn/

''strong cloth made from the fibres of the flax plant:''

''a linen jacket''

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UK /ˈdʒɔɪ.stɪk/ US /ˈdʒɔɪ.stɪk/

a device that can be moved forwards, backwards, and sideways to control a machine or computer game:

''It was one of those old-fashioned arcade games with two joysticks and big buttons.''

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UK /ˈfjuː.əl/ US /ˈfjuː.əl/

a substance that is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burned:

''Wood, coal, oil, petrol, and gas are all different kinds of fuel.''

''Plutonium is a fuel used to produce nuclear energy.''

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UK /ˈpɒt.ər.i/ US /ˈpɑː.t̬ɚ.i/

-the activity or skill of making clay objects by hand.

-objects that are made out of clay by hand:

''They sell pottery and other handmade goods.''

''She's doing a pottery night class.''

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UK /rɪər/ US /rɪr/

at the back of something:

''T here's a sticker on the rear door/window.''

''T here's a person on the rear window.''

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UK /ˈʃrɪl.li/ US /ˈʃrɪl.li/

in a way that is loud, high, and unpleasant or painful to listen to:

''Inside a child's bedroom a smoke alarm beeps shrilly''

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Regular verb: shiver - shivered - shivered

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UK /ˈʃɪv.ər/ US /ˈʃɪv.ɚ/

When people or animals shiver, they shake slightly because they feel cold, ill, or frightened:

''He shivered with cold in his thin cotton shirt.''