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the input was "digital transformation".

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"However, in order to achieve co-existence with other humans and the machine, the modernisation of the mechanisms of imparting learning is indispensable and fundamental." (Castro Quiles, 2021). Technological advancements are not equally available globally. To transition to the new way of learning and co-existing in the shared knowledge, the playing field needs to be equal.

Quiles, F. C. (2021, December 21). Education in the New Age of Learning Machines. eLearning Industry. Retrieved from https://elearningindustry.com/education-in-the-new-age-of-learning-machines

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Upgrading Degraded Information Systems

The systematic approach to universal literacy ushered in a standardized educational methodology that has been in effect for centuries. Despite effectively distributing resources and material to engage people with the search for methodic productivity, such systems have suppressed the engagement in activities for enjoyment, recreation, and exploratory analysis. According to research professor Peter Gray, Ph.D. (2008), "In the beginning, for hundreds of thousands of years, children educated themselves through self-directed play and exploration." Hence, schooling has been the systematic encouragement of forced labor for millennia.

Learning Beyond The 21st Century

Actually, for centuries, humankind has drifted away from learning's essence because, by containing the infinite possibilities of knowing and understanding human value to a limited number of occupations, our species has often hindered its creativeness and divergent thinking capabilities. Now that cutting-edge technologies are displacing human roles in most of the conventional careers, we can comprehend the necessity of embracing individualized learning even more. Machines now endanger common functions and most occupations historically designed to satisfy social order systems. Also, these advancements have managed to mirage a fair knowledge distribution while transforming millenary socioeconomic interactions within decades, but ironically reversing them would disrupt the way populations interact, labor, and learn.

In fact, by achieving exponential computational power, global interconnectivity, and irreversible interdependence, emerging technologies have exposed the necessity of a new set of principles, as well as the demand for the reformulation of pedagogy in a universal capacity. Cheng and Townsend (2000) state, "Since the end of 1990s, there had been numerous education reforms initiated by policy-makers in different parts of the world with aims to meet the challenges from globalization, international competition, technological innovation, and economic transformation." Research states, "Without understanding the nature and dynamics of these dilemmas, many education reforms with good intentions may fail in implementation." Societies need to contemplate the new behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences through which their new structures are formulating, deploying, and managing instruction. In order to accurately establish new learning techniques in the current environment of global socioeconomic disruption, we as a whole species ought to incorporate the same technologies and trends into education and training. Evidently, these times call for the upgrading of the structural and methodological fundamentals of education, of objective stimuli, worldwide perception, and a human-centered plan with a vision beyond the 21st century.

Problems For The New Generations

Additionally, in order to impart knowledge in the current "age of exponential technologies," leaders and decision-makers within the education ecosystem ought to recognize new trends and developments that will alter the fate of this sector. Furthermore, every person involved should comprehend that emerging technologies are "capable of progressing at a pace with or exceeding Moore's law" [that] "evidence a renaissance of innovation, invention, and discovery...[and] have the potential to positively affect billions of lives" (Deloitte, n.d.). Consequently, they would be introducing a plethora of alternatives to human creative learning culture, independence, and social responsibility, and opening up a whole world of possibilities not yet perceived by the human mind.

For example, data science is capable of discovering processes, checking compliances, analyzing bottlenecks, comparing process variants, and suggesting improvements with accuracy and pace ( van der Aalst W., 2016). Accordingly, "Artificial Intelligence (AI) has proven it could marshal a vast amount of data, beyond anything any human could handle, and use it to teach itself how to predict an outcome" (Frontline, 2019). While computer science continues to venture into new subsectors of AI, like machine learning, deep learning, or reinforcement learning, its autonomy, accuracy, and speed are only bound to continue improving and excelling human cognitive abilities. At the same time, Virtual Reality and augmented environments allow information to be presented in real time and enhance teaching materials through a stimulating experience. Also, the advancements in networks and computing systems, robotics, and other exponential technologies only represent imminent change. Routing this change to make it an opportunity instead of a threat is as dependent on education systems as education systems are on disruptive trends. Utilizing the power of these exponential technologies in education will guide poorly developed areas to rapidly adopt modern systems without intermediary steps. Education should accomplish a leapfrog outcome that pursues the benefits of human-machine interactivity and not be detrimentally affected by automation.

The design and arrangement of the resources that will be utilized in the next era of schooling should consider potential problems for the sector and notice the multiple issues ahead. For instance, human dependency on social networks that impose a fundamentally illegitimate choice of having to select between utilizing digital services that track, parse, mine, and often modify their own digital embodiment, and a disconnected reality inclined toward discretion and the loss of belonging ( Zuboff, S., 2019).

Besides, the spurious correlation between the update of platforms for the benefit of their users, and a new reality fabrication led by "thinking" computers' recommendations, misguide public sentiment. In point of fact, fake news evolution through "deepfakes" not only augments the impact of these recommendations but also opens up more space for propaganda that shapes beliefs and identity and welcomes the supreme and absolute power of those controlling AI (the new wisdom). Therewithal, the immediate need for a new course of action is indisputable. New comprehensive guidelines are imperative for the first time in centuries.

You As A Service: A New Frontier For Education Policy

Overcoming these obstacles depends on policymakers' ability to formulate proposals that not only consider the methodological framing and outline of the systems unfolding but also a concise forecast of the forthcoming events. The future is the only direction for our path. Designing old methods for a new age is an error all should avoid. "In the past, education policy was seen as a reflection of particular historical, political, social, economic, and cultural configurations of a given country. Today, policy is increasingly understood as heavily influenced by extra-national forces, so much so that policies 'elsewhere' are seen as possible reform options" ( Silova I., Rappleye J., Auld E., 2020).

In that event, the engineering of a new and improved education system, or systems, will lead to the demand for a new social structure that may identify better ways of coping with the disruption caused by emerging technologies. In that sense, education for the next centuries should focus on the livelihood of future generations, acknowledging the edge of new communal variations. Historical components of learning standardization, such as social divide, economic influence, controlled limits of rule, and restricted channels of information, among others, shall not be at the core of contemporary policy. Instead, the proficiency with which exponential technologies process, model, and distribute data serves as a vehicle for inclusion, equity, equality, fairness, and optimization. In addition, automation's power for the systematic extraction of information, decision-making, tireless performance, accuracy, and speed promises to enhance student-teacher exchange.

Fundamentally, education technologies are usually centrally hosted, and AI adds a real-time element of improvement. Users could serve as a common delivery model for multiple digital applications. In layman's terms, education technology (EdTech) puts the students in the center of learning material execution for global distribution, while training AI models and improving their performance. The new epoch encourages the new education function of machines learning from learning machines and establishes a new frontier for education policy.

Applying The Properties Of STEM, Play, And Exploration

In view of this fact, to facilitate learning going forward, the architecture of advanced models of detailed information should deploy the use of a language that is by no means subject to interpretation. The employment of a universal structure of communication constitutes the basis of an impartial system.

Gathering all the qualities needed to ensure such a language, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education (STEM) is a clear path to strategic social progress. Even more, STEM applications occupy an essential position in the formulation of humanity's future. But, educators' "low confidence about their discipline-specific content knowledge can be related to decreased confidence in their ability to teach said content, or even reluctance to attend professional development in that area" (NAE & NSF, 2014). Thus, in order to assure a remedy to possible shortcomings, leaders in the space are obliged to handle a fragmented understanding of the significance of STEM education at every level of the sector.

In fact, STEM education allows for exploratory and recreational teaching to be resumed, potentially guiding new evolutionary routes of opportunity. An interdisciplinary approach to the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical, natural, mechanical, technical, and abstract world could motivate learning based upon the abilities and interests of each learner, thus structuring the conditional control statements of new education.

Building Exponential EdTech: Intelligent Learning For A New Age

Equally important, skills allocation has gained more significance as AI replaces "repetitive" jobs. But, rather than fearing the loss of these jobs to the machine, societies could identify better production routes to minimize the economic impact of automation. Perhaps through exponential education technology, society could consider the complete displacement of human jobs for more practical use of human skills, or break new ground and decelerate otiose activities. Creating inference methods that model AI to facilitate the amplification of human intellectual growth might even accelerate both human and machine learning.

Either way, as stated by Bridgewater hedge-fund billionaire Ray Dalio, "We're headed for a world where you're either going to be able to write algorithms...or be replaced by algorithms." So, the best chance of purposely bringing value to civilization, through human cognition, is to develop AI models that mimic essential aspects of the true meaning of education. For instance, systematic exponential education technology must aim to help individuals' understanding of civilization and their role as civilians in the new digital world. Further, it must take notice of the factors that determine the best quality of education in an evolving world.

Is it accessible?
The mission to make products work better for everyone took center stage in the past century. Making it easy for people to access and stream online material became more relevant since the World Wide Web's invention. Likewise, learning has reached a similar status through Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Hence, medium accessibility should become a global standard in the next decade.

Is it accurate?
However, accessibility also makes information in a networked world challenging to verify. Concurrently, the post-truth era has challenged traditional ways of teaching journalism and media literacy (Friesem, Y., 2019), adding a layer of uncertainty to the products of cyberspace. Deconstructing information disorder in the post-truth era is essential. Looking at economics, ideology, and power relations, and enhancing digital and media literacy skills, by inquiring about the accuracy of a variety of sources centered on a single story will allow the policy to satisfy its objectives.

Is it adaptable?
A global poll conducted by Gallup has uncovered that out of the world's one billion full-time workers, only 15% of people are engaged at work. That means that an astronomical 85% of people are unhappy in their jobs (Clifton, J., 2017). Education must adapt to the changing world in search of alternatives, not to job loss, but to current and post-crisis individual capacity development.

Is it continuous?
In computing and consumer electronics, an upgrade is generally hardware, software, or firmware replacement with a newer or better version in order to bring the system up to date or to improve its characteristics (Marini, P., 2015). This process of replacing a product with a newer version of the same product is standard nowadays. Correspondingly, learning material must be regularly updated going forward.

Is it customizable?
Like individualized education programs developed for special education, customizable learning could serve as a crucial opportunity for developing and implementing meaningful educational experiences for students of the new digital world. Hence, infrastructure, software, and modification to suit individual interests will gain strength within the next decades.

Is it distributed?
The multi-channel digital information world has increased the opportunity to distribute information with ease and speed. Technical systems are being brought into being and made operational by certain kinds of actors and organizations, and are imbued with the aim of shaping the actions of human actors distributed across education systems and institutions (Williamson, 2015).

Is it proactive?
Establishing a strategy for the implementation of proactive management in the available environment is imperative in the age of Artificial Intelligence. As previously mentioned, the training of new intelligent agents requires education systems to proactively distribute knowledge and satisfy the continuous need for updating. However, a proactive environment will ensure that the ever-changing world of machine learning fits the parameters of modern societies. Exponential EdTech shall drive innovation, creativity, and methodical problem-solving techniques for the improvement of modern-day scenarios.

Is it relevant?
Education relevance could be described as the perception that something is interesting and worth knowing (Roberson, R., 2015) Modern-day teachers must understand the materials that provide relevance, and apply new techniques and methods, centered on exponential technologies, to perceive comprehension and interest in students.

Is it reliable?
The convenience of interconnectedness grants access to a remarkable amount of data that could be used to educate. However, the lack of a filtering authority can represent a threat to education systems. AI enhances the properties of data processing and satisfies the need for a filtering agent, allowing teachers and students to verify the reliability of their material, if properly employed.

Is it trustworthy?
Lynch (2020) says, "Education leaders garner trust by letting their actions speak louder than their words. They outwork everyone else and help other leaders and educators grow and elevate their skills. When it is all said and done, everyone wins, especially the students. When students trust the leaders in their school, they will work hard to achieve academically and to meet behavioral expectations." Hence, expert systems supply a path to trustworthiness that, if implemented, could propel the biggest shift in education's history.

Level Up The Emerging Convention

In the end, it is known that data becomes learning, learning turns into knowledge, and knowledge into wisdom. However, this process, involving as it does methods at the intersection of education and the current technological developments, requires a revision of the entire proceeding. But human processes in the new age of learning machines mainly depend on the unified effort of global leaders now. Even more important, in order to ensure this effort's success, education, as the main source of progress, should involve the specifications of a new world, with a new set of rules, for a completely different purpose. Humanity, for the first time in history, pleads for co-existence. However, in order to achieve co-existence with other humans and the machine, the modernization of the mechanisms of imparting learning is indispensable and fundamental.

Perhaps the information technologies guiding the new generations to achieve a state of existence not only call for a new systematic approach to universal literacy but also your involvement and empowerment to level up the emerging convention. Be conscious of your importance, after all, you are training the machines that are upgrading degraded information systems.

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Education In The New Age Of Learning Machines

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The systematic approach to universal literacy ushered in a standardized educational methodology that has been in effect for centuries. Despite effectively distributing resources and material to engage people with the search for methodic productivity, such systems have suppressed the engagement in activities for enjoyment, recreation, and exploratory analysis.

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One contemporary example of the new stage of digital transformation is AI-generated (synthetic) media.

As explained in this course, digital transformation is to be understood as technologies enabling turning analog into digital. However, technologies like generative adversarial networks have enabled computers to not only digitise or represent media but to derive new creative representations from existing digital media. (Whittaker et al., 2020).

The image used here is an example of such media. It was generated by typing 'watercolour painting of digital transformation in Sweden' into the DALL-E 2 image-generating algorithm. (OpenAI, 2022).

Such images can not only be used to create media but studies have shown that using them as visual aids has some positive effects on the ability of humans to conceptualise and retell their own stories. (Ali et al., 2021).

As computer-generated art spreads, multiple new questions will be raised: is this the next stage of digital transformation or something else entirely? Can derivative works still be perceived to have a connection with their analog counterparts? Can AI-generated content be integrated together with other kinds of media to enhance the creative endeavour? These are all potential unanswered areas of inquiry for the future.

References:

1. Ali, S., Parikh, D. (2021). Telling creative stories using generative visual aids. arXiv: 2110.14810v1.

2. OpenAI. (2022). DALL·E 2. OpenAI. https://openai.com/dall-e-2/

3. L. Whittaker, T. C. Kietzmann, J. Kietzmann and A. Dabirian. (2020). All Around Me Are Synthetic Faces: The Mad World of AI-Generated Media. In IT Professional, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 90-99, 1 Sept.-Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1109/MITP.2020.2985492.

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One of the key (but arguably often-overlooked) factors inspiring digital transformation is the demand for digital resources generated through the growth of smartphone use in increasingly many areas.

In 2021, there were over 6 billion smartphone subscriptions in the world, and this number was expected to grow by 1.5 billion by 2027. (Statista, 2021).  Smartphones are used for anything ranging from communications to information search, consumption of media, navigation, payments, ordering food and transportation, and other things. They are also increasingly used educationally to enable technology-mediated learning, which was especially given a boost by the pandemic. (Nikolopoulou, 2022). Provided they are effectively made and follow the principles of constructivist teaching, mobile resources have high potential to enable new kinds of learning in currently educationally disadvantaged groups. (Forget, 2019).

Mobile devices drive the demand for content, which quite directly feeds into digital transformation.

References:

1. Forget B. (2019) Girls and Their Smartphones: Emergent Learning Through Apps That Enable. In: Castro J. (eds) Mobile Media In and Outside of the Art Classroom. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

2. Nikolopoulou, K. (2022). Students' Mobile Phone Practices for Academic Purposes: Strengthening Post-Pandemic University Digitalization. Sustainability. 14. 14958. 10.3390/su142214958.

3. Statista. (2022). Smartphone subscriptions worldwide 2016-2021, with forecasts from 2022 to 2027. Retrieved November 24, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/

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There were only 130 websites on the Internet in 1993 but their number has grown to over 1.7 billion in 25 years. (ILS, 2022a). Currently there are about 250 thousand websites appearing every day, which translates to about 3 websites appearing every second. (Huss, 2022).

The quantity of information generated each day for every person living on this planet was estimated to reach 1.7 MB by the year 2020. (Marr, 2015). About 3 million e-mails are sent every second. (ILS, 2022b). Google does about 40 thousand searches in the same amount of time. (ILS, 2022c). Meanwhile Facebook generates about 12 GB data per second. (Osman, 2019).

These numbers are growing exponentially every year.

References:

1. Huss, N. (2022). How Many Websites Are There in the World? Siteefy. Retrieved November 24, 2022, from https://siteefy.com/how-many-websites-are-there/

2. ILS. (2022a). Total number of websites. Internet Live Stats. Retrieved November 24, 2022, from https://www.internetlivestats.com/total-number-of-websites/

3. ILS. (2022b). Total number of websites. Internet Live Stats. Retrieved November 24, 2022, from https://www.internetlivestats.com/total-number-of-websites/

4. ILS. (2022c). Total number of websites. Internet Live Stats. Retrieved November 24, 2022, from https://www.internetlivestats.com/total-number-of-websites/

5. Marr, B. (2015). Big Data: 20 Mind-Boggling Facts Everyone Must Read. Forbes. Retrieved November 24, 2022 from  https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2015/09/30/big-data-20-mind-boggling-facts-everyone-must-read/

6. Osman, M. (2019). Wild and Interesting Facebook Statistics and Facts. Kinsta. Retrieved November 24, 2022 from https://kinsta.com/blog/facebook-statistics/

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There are over 1.5 billion websites on the world wide web today. Of these, less than 200 million are active. The milestone of 1 billion websites was first reached in September of 2014, as confirmed by NetCraft in its October 2014 Web Server Survey and first estimated and announced by Internet Live Stats ( see the tweet from the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee). The number had subsequently declined, reverting back to a level below 1 billion (due to the monthly fluctuations in the count of inactive websites) before reaching again and stabilizing above the 1 billion mark starting in March of 2016. During 2016, the total number of sites has grown significantly, from 900 million in January 2016 to 1.7 billion in December 2016. From 2016 to 2018, the level has hold pretty much unchanged. From 1 website in 1991 to 1 billion in 2014, the chart and table below show the total number of websites by year throughout history:

By " Website" we mean unique hostname (a name which can be resolved, using a name server, into an IP Address).
It must be noted that around 75% of websites today are not active, but parked domains or similar.

Periodic drops in the total count can depend on various factors, including an improvement in NetCraft's handling of wildcard hostnames. For example, in August 2012, over 40 million hostnames on only 242 IP addresses were removed from the Survey.

Curious facts

The first-ever website (info.cern.ch) was published on August 6, 1991 by British physicist Tim Berners-Lee while at CERN, in Switzerland. On April 30, 1993 CERN made World Wide Web ("W3" for short) technology available on a royalty-free basis to the public domain, allowing the Web to flourish.

The World Wide Web was invented in March of 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee (see the original proposal). He also introduced the first web server, the first browser and editor (the "WorldWideWeb.app"), the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and, in October 1990, the first version of the "HyperText Markup Language" (HTML).

In 2013 alone, the web has grown by more than one third: from about 630 million websites at the start of the year to over 850 million by December 2013 (of which 180 million were active).

In 2016, the number of websites has almost doubled: from 900 million to 1.7 billion. However, the more reliable active website count was stable at around 170 million throughout the year.

Over 50% of websites today are hosted on either Apache or nginx, both open source web servers. As of June 2014, Microsoft has got very close to Apache in terms of market share (only a 0.15% difference separates the two). If the trend continues, Microsoft could soon become the leading web server developer for the first time in history.

Popular Websites (launch year & how they looked)

Sources

The current estimated total number of Websites is delivered by Worldometers' algorithm, which processes data elaborated through statistical analysis after being collected from the following sources:

References

1. "How many active sites are there?" Netcraft Ltd

2. Noyes, Dan "First URL active once more." CERN. April 29, 2013.

3. CERN. "Twenty years of a free, open web." CERN. April 30, 2013.

4. http://info.cern.ch - home of the first website

5. Berners-Lee, Tim, with Fischetti, Mark. "Weaving the Web" Harper. San Francisco, 1999.

6. Web Server Survey. Netcraft Ltd

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There are over 1.5 billion websites on the world wide web today. Of these, less than 200 million are active. The milestone of 1 billion websites was first reached in September of 2014, as confirmed by NetCraft in its October 2014 Web Server Survey and first estimated and announced by Internet Live Stats ( see the tweet from the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee).

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In the information society shaped by digital transformation, knowledge is the main consumer good, and, like all consumer goods, it goes through profit-oriented production processes. These processes' backbone is comprised of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (BDAI) and their main actors are private companies.

Waldenberger, F. (2020). Knowledge production and the role of SSH in the digital age. Retrieved from https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00005902/waldenberger_ssh.pdf

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Cognitive And Information Overload In The Digital Age

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Cognitive And Information Overload In The Digital Age

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TEDx Talks. (2014). Cognitive overload -- rewire your brain in the digital age | Darren McNelis | TEDxTallaght [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0ztO86ImQg

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Cognitive overload -- rewire your brain in the digital age | Darren McNelis | TEDxTallaght

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Neoliberalism is a political orientation. We can find this going through the global knowledge of social media today. A known concept and relevant to the developed world of today. Neoliberalism exists in many dimensions of sociological theorizing in response to digital technologies. This also circles much around the increasing self-reflection and self-improvement that grow from these usages.

We find that social norms are challenged and expectations of what matters change surrounding this discourse. Maybe the neoliberalism we are experiencing today in our media landscape is in many ways unavoidable considering it opens up a door to new innovative ideas for individuals across the world. However this freedom we find on social media platforms may both have its advantages and disadvantages. Corporations will look at the users on the platforms and adjust their campaigns and creative efforts to people (Lupton, 2015)

References:

1. Corporate Finance Institute. (2020, June 4). Neoliberalism. Corporate Finance Institute; Corporate Finance Institute. Retried November 23, 2022 from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/neoliberalism/

‌2.Lupton, D.(2015, May 15). Digital Bodies. Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2606467

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Before the digital transformation, society was described as "industrial" since it was based on industrial technologies. Nowadays, it is rather described as the "information society", with its foundation being information technologies (Dillman, 2001).

Moving forward from the industrial/information dichotomy, which starts from an economic point of view, this "new society" experiences the transformation of all its aspects by information technologies (Castells, 2000).

References:

1. Castells, Manuel (2000). Toward a Sociology of the Network Society. Contemporary Sociology, 29:5, 693-699

2. Dillman, Don A (2001). Information Society. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2, 1344-1348.

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Change Or Remove An Inefficient Working Process

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Change Or Remove An Inefficient Working Process

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"Using technology to change or remove an inefficient working process is a good example of digital transformation. Think, for example, of the digitization of paper records. By using technology to transform how an organisation records its information, it becomes possible to search digital records and run reports in a way that would have been unthinkable or at least unmanageable in an era of paper records. "

Samuels, M. (2022, August 5). What is Digital Transformation? everything you need to know about how technology is changing business. ZDNET. Retrieved from https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-digital-transformation-everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-technology-is-reshaping/

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Some comedic takes on the contents of the internet

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Some comedic takes on the contents of the internet

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boburnham. (2021). Welcome to the Internet - Bo Burnham (from “Inside” -- ALBUM OUT NOW) [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1BneeJTDcU

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Welcome to the Internet - Bo Burnham (from "Inside" -- ALBUM OUT NOW)

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"A smart factory relies on robots to perform repetitive tasks, connected sensors to continuously gather information from machinery, a centralized IoT platform to monitor operations, digital twin technologies, and Big Data analytics to generate insights into equipment performance and run predictive maintenance to avoid costly downtime."

Digital Transformation Guide: Reshaping Your Business to Meet the Digital Age. (2017). AltexSoft. https://www.altexsoft.com/whitepapers/digital-transformation-reshaping-business-to-meet-digital-age/

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We speak of the internet as a 'living archive.' It not only stores data, but also generates and distributes and transmits data. (Smith, 2013). Online archives were significantly different years ago but today they are complex and self-referential. The Internet itself is an archive, the current global information depends on these processes, questions arise of how truthful the knowledge is; the future privacy rights and the future identities may be challenged by the existence of these archives.

These archives contain cultural forms that depend on how they are consumed which we can study from many different angles. Many organizations of today are recognizing the importance of digitizing and archiving data, bringing together material online in vast but also small, appropriate and searchable archives. (Lupton, 2015)

References:
1. Knight, S. (2020, March 25). Internet Archive launches National Emergency Library with no waitlists. TechSpot; TechSpot. Retrieved in November 24, 2022, from https://www.techspot.com/news/84543-internet-archive-launches-national-emergency-library-no-waitlists.html

2. ‌Lupton, D.(2015, May 15). Digital Bodies. Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2606467

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Online education is not a new concept, but has been highly affected by Covid 19 outbreak. Study has been done in 2022 to adress the health impact that online education has had on students. It found that students experienced increased levels of stress, anxiety and depression. The lack of traditional classroom environment and traditional socialisation has left students feeling isolated in some cases.

Azmi F.M., Khan H. N., Azmi A. M. (14 July 2022) The impact of virtual learning on students’ educational behavior and pervasiveness of depression among university students due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Globalization and Health. https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-022-00863-z#citeas

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Digital transformation has touched almost every aspect of everyday life and education is one of them. It provides students with an opportunity to attend an academic environment from anywhere in the world. Each student provides digital data that can then be analysed to create a better personalised education.

Berguerand J. B. (2022) Top 8 digital transformation trends in education. EHL Insights. https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/digital-transformation-trends

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The two pillars of digital transformation in the industry are innovation and disruption.

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The Power Of Digitization During The Coronavirus Pandemic

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The Power Of Digitization During The Coronavirus Pandemic

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When lockdown and social distancing started, it was digital transformation that helped businesses carry on functioning as normally as possible in the most challenging of conditions.

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How Important Is Digital Transformation For Business?

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How Important Is Digital Transformation For Business?

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"With the advent of digitization, both the world and the markets have shrunk. The level of domestic and international competition has equaled. Today, no location on earth is out of reach for business."

Birari. N.(2022, july 15). Why Digital Transformation Is Important Than Ever Before?. Retrieved on November 22, 2022 from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/niteeshainfohub/why-digital-transformation-is-important-than-ever-before-43815/

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We are evolving into a world of the information-rich and the information-poor with computer access and skills

forming the great divide (Castells 1997; Lyon 1988).

References:
1.Castells, M. (2019). An Introduction to the Information Age (1997). Crime and Media, 56–68. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367809195-7

2.Kiran, Q. (2018, March 12). Gender Digital Divide; Does it Exist? – Digital (In)Equality. Wpmu.mah.se. https://wpmu.mah.se/nmict181group1/gender-digital-divide/

3. Lyon 1988

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What Does Digital Transformation Involve?

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What Does Digital Transformation Involve?

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"Digital transformation can involve many different technologies, but the hottest topics right now are cloud computing, the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence. During the next few years, we can expect increased attention on some hyped-up tech topics, including the metaverse, and blockchain and digital currencies."

Samuels.M(2022,August5).What is digital transformation? Everything you need to know about how technology is changing business. ZDNET.https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-digital-transformation-everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-technology-is-reshaping/

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Negative Impact Of A Fast Digital Transformation

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Negative Impact Of A Fast Digital Transformation

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Digital transformation as organizational innovation and changes due to introducing new or disruptive digital concepts and technologies (Hinings, Gegenhuber, and Greenwood 2018; Schallmo and Williams 2018; Majchrzak, Markus, and Wareham 2016)

This disruptive process can have a negative effet on individuals and infrastructure. Hence why, according to Nurhas, Aditya, Jacob and Pawlowski (2021), there is a need for (digital) technology research and development that addresses incorporating well-being determinants into the design process. The design of a well-being-based system will benefit both individuals and enterprises, facilitating the rapid adoption of digital transformation.

Nurhas, I., Aditya, B. R., Jacob, D. W., & Pawlowski, J. M. (2021). Understanding the challenges of rapid digital transformation : the case of COVID-19 pandemic in higher education. Behaviour and Information Technology, Early online. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2021.1962977

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Digital technology is the representation of information in bits. This technology has reduced the cost of storage, computation, and transmission of data. Research on digital economics examines whether and how digital technology changes economic activity. In this review, we emphasize the reduction in five distinct economic costs associated with digital economic activity: search costs, replication costs, transportation costs, tracking costs, and verification costs.

Goldfarb, Avi, and Catherine Tucker. 2019. "Digital Economics." Journal of Economic Literature, 57 (1): 3-43.DOI: 10.1257/jel.20171452

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The first Assyrian library in the 7th century BC, located in Nineveh in modern-day Iraq, included some 30,000 cuneiform tablets and were organized according to subject.

Today, worldwide, 2.2 million books are published annually, while the Library of Congress hosts 170 million items. Amazon, a newly created holding and selling place, holds 50 million books. Google, the biggest library ever created, has a gigantic collection of 56.5 billion web pages.

Digital transformation will bring unprecedented changes to the world as we know it today.

The world of libraries will undergo considerable changes, but the 2700 years long history of libraries will not come to an end. Library leadership and management, tools used, and internal organization will need to become agile, while librarians need to acquire new skills, improve teamwork and cooperation, maximize creativity, and foster innovation. Libraries are here to stay, because:
“Without libraries what have we? We have no past and no future.”   Ray Bradbury

Dobrica Savić. (2021, May 11). Impact of Digital Transformation on the Future of Library Work. Journal of Digital Transformation V21-18. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351657881_Impact_of_Digital_Transformation_on_the_Future_of_Library_Work_Journal_of_Digital_Transformation_V21-18

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Digital transformation refers to creating a process where analog is transformed into digital format using digital technologies. 'digital conversion might involve the changing of text pages into word-processing files, an image or a song from analog to digital format or a set of archival transcriptions into a useable spreadsheet or data field' (Gardiner & Musto, 2015)

Gardiner E., Musto R. G.(2015) Digital Humanities, A Primer for Students and Scholars. Cambridge University Press