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Long-term storage behaviour of dispersions is evaluated in the lower frequency range.

If G’> G”, the solid structure is caused by a stable network of forces.

If G”>G’, this indicates that material is liquid, and susceptible to segregation.

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At low frequency, G”> G’.

Crossover point G’ = G”  = the value of the angular frequency.

If the crossover point occurs at lower frequency, the material has a higher molar mass.

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G’ > G”.

G’ value at a lower frequency can be used for comparison of the crosslinking density of different samples.

The higher the G’ value, the stiffer the material, the higher the degree of crosslinking.

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Uses Constant amplitude, Constant temperature, Varying frequency
Test for Molecular Weight, Molecular Weight Distribution, Degree of crosslinking, Stability, Impact resistance

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The shear stress value at the crossover point G' = G''.
At higher shear, the viscous portion will dominate->the sample flows.

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Shear stress limit of the LVE region.

This point is also called the linearity limit.

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The LVE region indicates the range in which the test can be carried out without destroying the structure of the sample.
It shows a constant value->plateau value.
Limiting value of the LVE region->Linearity limit (before the straight line becomes non linear.)

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The deflection of the measuring system is increased step-wise from one measuring point to the next while keeping frequency at a constant value.
Tests for Linear viscoelastic region, Structural strength, Rigidity (stiffness), Structural stability, Dynamic yield point and flow point (for viscoelastic solids)

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0 degrees purely elastic (solid) behavior

90 degrees purely viscous (liquid) behavior

Viscoelastic liquids G'' > G' - higher loss modulus than storage modulus

Viscoelastic solids G' > G” - higher storage modulus than loss modulus

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Represents the stored deformation energy
Elastic portion of viscoelastic behaviour- solid state behaviour of the sample

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Characterizes the deformation energy lost (dissipated) through internal friction when flowing
Viscous portion of viscoelastic behavior-> liquid state behavior of the sample

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G'
Energy storage
Storage modulus

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G''
energy loss
loss modulus

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Measurement of viscoelasticity (flow behavior) 

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Measurement of viscoelasticity (flow behavior) 

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Shear modulus (G) = Shear stress (t) /shear strain(g)

Unit = Pa /dimensionless  = Pa (Pascal)

For solids and viscoelastic solids.

The higher the G value, the stiffer the material.

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Shear strain or shear deformation (g) =deflection path (s) /Shear gap (h)

Unit= m /m = 1 (dimensionless)

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Shear Stress= Shear Force (F) /Surface Area (A)

Unit = N /(m^2) = Pa

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is the ability of a material to return to its original form  after a load has been applied and removed.
Shear modulus, G describes the deformation behavior of a material the stiffness of material.

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measure viscoelastic properties

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an instrument that can automatically adjust itself to measure viscosity over a specified shear rate or time range.
It measures many viscosity values in a continuous run under changing conditions (shear rate or time) to provide a rheology profile in one single experiment.

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measures fluid viscosity at fixed rotation speeds by immersing a spindle in the test fluid
gives a viscosity at a single shear rate.
Dynamic viscosity is measured

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Bingham plastic fluid will behave as a solid under static conditions.
Yield stress is the force required to make the status change.
A substance without yield point will flow directly. A Substance with yield point don’t flow immediately when sheared but only after certain amount of force applied.
Once the yield value is exceeded, Bingham Plastic fluids may display Newtonian, pseudoplastic or dilatant flow characteristics.

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viscosity increases as time progresses

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viscosity decreases as time progresses

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Non-Newtonian Fluid Shear Thickening (Dilatant) Flow

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Non-Newtonian Fluid Shear Thickening (Dilatant) Flow

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Shear stress increases at an increasing rate of shear rate.
Viscosity increases at an increasing rate of shear rate.

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shear stress increases at a decreasing rate until it plateau against shear rate.
viscosity decreases when shear rate increases

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Ideally viscous flow behaviour.

Viscosity is not dependant on shear applied/ shear rate.
Shear stress and shear rate are directly proportional
Viscosity is unimpacted by the shear rate

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Viscosity = Shear stress (τ)/( Shear Rate (g))
Unit = Pa /(1/s) = Pa.s (Pascal second)
Viscosity of everyday material at 25 degrees Celsius

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Shear Rate  = (Difference in "velocity" )/(S hear gap (h))

Unit= (m/s) /m  = 1 /s

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Shear Stress =  Shear Force (F)/Surface Area (A)

Unit = N /m^2 = Pa