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אל תשכחו להניח צדיקים

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אל תשכחו להניח צדיקים

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You need to hang up that computer call and come over here and kiss me on my hot mouth, I'm feeling romantical.

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List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsementsArticleTalkReadEditView historyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSee also: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign primary endorsements and List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaignThis article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (October 2020)Biden for PresidentBiden Harris logo.svgCampaign	2020 Democratic primaries2020 U.S. presidential electionCandidate	Joe Biden47th Vice President of the United States(2009–2017)Kamala HarrisU.S. Senator from California(2017–2021)Affiliation	Democratic PartyStatus	Announced: April 25, 2019Official launch: April 29, 2019Presumptive nominee: April 8, 2020Official nominee: August 18, 2020Won election: November 7, 2020[1][2]Headquarters	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[3]Receipts	US$328,413,079.01[4] (July 31, 2020)Slogan	Battle for the Soul of the Nation[5]Our Best Days Still Lie Ahead[6]No Malarkey![7]Build Back Better[8]Unite for a Better America[9]Websitewww.joebiden.comJoe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg	This article is part ofa series aboutJoe BidenPolitical positionsElectoral historyEarly life and careerEponymsFamilyHonorsPublic imageU.S. Senator from Delaware47th Vice President of the United States46th President of the United StatesIncumbentPresidency first 100 daystimelineTransition COVID-19 Advisory BoardInaugurationEfforts to impeachTenureExecutive actions proclamationsTrips international202120222023Geneva summitCOVID-19 pandemicKillings al-Qurashial-ZawahiriAfghanistan withdrawalClassified documents incidentPoliciesCOVID-19 WH Response TeamEconomy ARPIIJAIRAElectoral/ethicsEnvironmentForeign policy AUKUSIPEFWar in UkraineImmigration Border crisisSocial issues BSCACannabisRFMAAppointmentsCabinetAmbassadorsFederal judges Supreme Court candidatesJacksonExecutive OfficeU.S. attorneysPresidential campaignsVice presidential campaignsPublished worksPromises to KeepPromise Me, DadJoe Biden's signatureSeal of the President of the United StatesvteThis is a list of notable individuals and organizations who endorsed Joe Biden's campaign for President of the United States in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.Endorsements listed once each.Former federal executive officialsPresidentsJimmy CarterBill ClintonBarack ObamaJimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States (1977–1981), Governor of Georgia (1971–1975), Georgia State Senator from District 14 (1963–1967), recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002[10]Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992), Attorney General of Arkansas (1977–1979)[11]Barack Obama, 44th president of the United States – with Biden as the vice president (2009–2017), U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–2008), Illinois State Senator from District 13 (1997–2004), recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009[12]Vice PresidentsAl GoreWalter MondaleAl Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001), U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1985–1993), U.S. Representative from TN-06 (1983–1985) and TN-04 (1977–1983), 2000 nominee for president, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007[13]Walter Mondale, 42nd Vice President of the United States (1977–1981), U.S. Ambassador to Japan (1993–1996), U.S. Senator from Minnesota (1964–1976), Attorney General of Minnesota (1960–1964), 1984 nominee for president[14]Cabinet-level officialsHillary ClintonEric HolderJohn KerryColin PowellSusan RiceTom RidgeSally YatesMadeleine Albright, U.S. Secretary of State (1997–2001), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1993–1997)[15]Peter Allgeier, U.S. Trade Representative (2005, 2009) (Republican)[16]Rand Beers, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2013), U.S. Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (2013), Under Secretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs (2009–2014)[17]Erskine Bowles, president of the University of North Carolina System (2005–2010), Administrator of the Small Business Administration (1993–1994), White House Chief of Staff (1997–1998), White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (1994–1996)[18]Carol Browner, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1993–2001), director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy (2009–2011)[19]William J. Burns, U.S. Secretary of State (2009)[17]Ash Carter, U.S. Secretary of Defense (2015–2017)[17]Julian Castro, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (2014–2017), Mayor of San Antonio, Texas (2009–2014), 2020 candidate for president[20][a]Henry Cisneros, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1993–1997), Mayor of San Antonio, TX (1981–1989)[21][b]James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence (2010–2017), Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (2007–2010), director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2001–2006), Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (1991–1995)[22]Hillary Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State (2009–2013), U.S. Senator from New York (2001–2009), First Lady of the United States (1993–2001), 2016 nominee for president[23]Steven Chu, U.S. Secretary of Energy (2009–2013), Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1997)[24]William Cohen, U.S. Secretary of Defense (1997–2001), U.S. Senator from Maine (1979–1997), U.S. Representative from ME-02 (1973–1979)[25] (Republican)Maria Contreras-Sweet, administrator of the Small Business Administration (2014–2017), California Secretary of Business, Transportation and Housing Agency (1999–2003)[26]James B. Cunningham, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2001), U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (2012–2014), U.S. Ambassador to Israel (2008–2011)[17]William M. Daley, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (1997–2000), White House Chief of Staff (2011–2012)[27]Tom Donilon, U.S. National Security Advisor (2010–2013), Deputy National Security Advisor (2009–2010)[28]Rahm Emanuel, Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (2011–2019), White House Chief of Staff (2009–2010), U.S. Representative from IL-05 (2003–2009), Senior Advisor to the President (1993–1998)[29]Mike Espy, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (1993–1994), 2020 nominee for Senate, U.S. Representative from MS-02 (1987–1993)[30]Anthony Foxx, U.S. Secretary of Transportation (2013–2017), Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina (2009–2013)[31]Michael Froman, U.S. Trade Representative (2013–2017)[32]Stuart M. Gerson, U.S. Attorney General (1993) (Republican)[33]Dan Glickman, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (1995–2001), U.S. Representative from KS-04 (1977–1995)[34]Carlos Gutierrez, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (2005–2009)[35] (Republican)Chuck Hagel, U.S. Secretary of Defense (2013–2015), U.S. Senator from Nebraska (1997–2009)[36] (Republican)Michael Hayden, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2006–2009), Director of the National Security Agency (1999–2005)[37] (Independent)Carla Anderson Hills, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1975–1977), U.S. Trade Representative (1989–1993) (Republican)[38]Eric Holder, U.S. Attorney General (2009–2015), U.S. Deputy Attorney General (1997–2001), U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia (1993–1997)[39]Sally Jewell, U.S. Secretary of the Interior (2013–2017)[40]Mickey Kantor, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (1996–1997), U.S. Trade Representative (1993–1996)[41]Peter Keisler, U.S. Attorney General (2007) (Republican)[33]John Kerry, U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate (2021–present), U.S. Secretary of State (2013–2017), U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1985–2013), Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1983–1985), 2004 nominee for president[42]Ray LaHood, U.S. Secretary of Transportation (2009–2013), U.S. Representative from IL-18 (1995–2009)[43] (Republican)Jack Lew, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (2013–2017), White House Chief of Staff (2012–2013), Director of the Office of Management and Budget (2010–2012, 1998–2001)[44]Gary Locke, U.S. Ambassador to China (2011–2014), U.S. Secretary of Commerce (2009–2011), Governor of Washington (1997–2005)[45]James Loy, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2005)[17]Gina McCarthy, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (2013–2017)[46]Bob McDonald, U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2014–2017)[47] (Republican)Denis McDonough, U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2021–present), White House Chief of Staff (2013–2017), Deputy National Security Advisor (2010–2013)[48]Donald McHenry, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1979–1981)[17]Norman Mineta, U.S. Secretary of Transportation (2001–2006), U.S. Secretary of Commerce (2000–2001), U.S. Representative from CA-15 (1993–1995) and CA-13 (1975–1993)[49]Janet Napolitano, president of the University of California System (2013–present), U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2009–2013), Governor of Arizona (2003–2009), chair of the National Governors Association (2006–2007)[50]John Negroponte, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2007–2009), Director of National Intelligence (2005–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (2004–2005), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines (1993–1996), U.S. Ambassador to Mexico (1989–1993), Deputy National Security Advisor (1987–1989), Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (1985–1987), U.S. Ambassador to Honduras (1981–1985)[51] (Republican)Leon Panetta, U.S. Secretary of Defense (2011–2013), director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2009–2011), White House Chief of Staff (1994–1997), director of the Office of Management and Budget (1993–1994), U.S. Representative from CA-16 (1977–1993)[52]Anne W. Patterson, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2013–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (2011–2013), U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan (2007–2010), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2005), Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (2005–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Colombia (2000–2003), U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador (1997–2000)[22]Kal Penn, former Principal Associate Director of the White House Office of Public Engagement (2009–2011) and actor[citation needed]Federico Peña, U.S. Secretary of Energy (1997–1998), U.S. Secretary of Transportation (1993–1997), Mayor of Denver, Colorado (1983–1991)[53]William Perry, U.S. Secretary of Defense (1994–1997), U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993–1994), Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering[17]Mary E. Peters, U.S. Secretary of Transportation (2006–2009)[54] (Republican)Thomas R. Pickering, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1989–1992)[17]John Podesta, White House Chief of Staff (1998–2001)Colin Powell, U.S. Secretary of State (2001–2005), Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), U.S. National Security Advisor (1987–1989)[55] (Republican)Samantha Power, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2013–2017)[36]Penny Pritzker, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (2013–2017)[56]Robert Reich, U.S. Secretary of Labor (1993–1997)[57]William K. Reilly, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1989–1993)[54] (Republican)Susan Rice, Director of the United States Domestic Policy Council (2021–present), U.S. National Security Advisor (2013–2017), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2009–2013), Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (1997–2001)[58]Bill Richardson, Governor of New Mexico (2003–2011), U.S. Secretary of Energy (1998–2001), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1997–1998), U.S. Representative from NM-03 (1983–1997)[17]Tom Ridge, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2005) U.S. Homeland Security Advisor (2001–2003) Governor of Pennsylvania (1995–2001) U.S. Representative from PA-21 (1983–1995) (Republican)[59]Richard Riley, U.S. Secretary of Education (1993–2001), Governor of South Carolina (1979–1987)[60]Robert Rubin, director of the U.S. National Economic Council (1993–1995), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1995–1999), chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations (2007–2017)[61]Ken Salazar, U.S. Secretary of the Interior (2009–2013), U.S. Senator from Colorado (2005–2009)[62]Miriam Sapiro, U.S. Trade Representative (2013), Deputy U.S. Trade Representative (2009–2014)[17]Kathleen Sebelius, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services (2009–2014), Governor of Kansas (2003–2009)[63]Thomas A. Shannon Jr., U.S. Secretary of State (2017) (Republican)[38]Hilda Solis, U.S. Secretary of Labor (2009–2013), U.S. Representative from CA-32 (2001–2009)[64]Lawrence Summers, Director of the National Economic Council (2009–2011), President of Harvard University (2001–2006), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1999–2001)[65]Ann Veneman, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (2001–2005)[66] (Republican)Tom Vilsack, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (2009–2017, 2021–present), Governor of Iowa (1999–2007)[67]Jack Watson, White House Chief of Staff (1980–1981)[17]William H. Webster, chair of the Homeland Security Advisory Council (2005–2020), Director of Central Intelligence (1987–1991), Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1978–1987), judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1973–1978), judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (1970–1973), U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri (1960–1961)[68] (Republican)Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (2001–2003) Governor of New Jersey (1994–2001)[69] (Republican)Neal S. Wolin, U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (2009–2013), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (2013), chair of the Intelligence Oversight Board (2015–2017)[61]Sally Yates, U.S. Attorney General (2017), U.S. Deputy Attorney General (2015–2017), U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia (2010–2015)[70]Janet Yellen, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (2021–present), Chair of the Federal Reserve (2014–2018), vice chair of the Federal Reserve (2010–2014), member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (2010–2018, 1994–1997), president of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (2004–2010), chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (1997–1999)[71]Andrew Young, Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (1982–1990), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1977–1979), U.S. Representative from GA-05 (1973–1977)[72]Jeffrey Zients, Chief Performance Officer of the United States (2009–2013), director of the Office of Management and Budget (2010, 2012–2013), director of the National Economic Council (2014–2017)[61]Robert Zoellick, U.S. Trade Representative (2001–2005) (Republican)[17]State Department officialsHady Amr, U.S. Deputy Special Envoy for Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations (2014–2017)[61]Richard Armitage, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2001–2005) (Republican)[37]Elizabeth Frawley Bagley, special advisor for Secretary's Initiatives (2010–2013, 2014–2017), special representative for Global Partnerships (2009–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1994–1997)[61]John B. Bellinger III, Legal Adviser of the Department of State (2005–2009) (Republican)[37]Virginia L. Bennett, Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2017)[17]Nisha Biswal, Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (2014–2017)[73]Robert O. Blake Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia (2014–2016), Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (2009–2013)[17]Tony Blinken, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2015–2017), Deputy National Security Advisor (2013–2015)[28]Richard Boucher, Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (2006–2009) (Republican)[38]Reuben Brigety, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (2011–2013)[32]R. Nicholas Burns, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (2005–2008)[32]Kurt M. Campbell, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2009–2013)[74]Richard A. Clarke, Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs (1989–1992)[17]Eliot A. Cohen, Counselor of the U.S. Department of State (2007–2009) (Republican)[75]Elinor Constable, Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (1993–1995), U.S. Ambassador to Kenya (1986–1989)[74]Chester Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (1981–1989) (Republican)[38]Evan Dobelle, Chief of Protocol (1977–1978)[74]William A. Eaton, U.S. Ambassador to Panama (2005–2008), Assistant Secretary of State for Administration (2001–2005)[17]Eric S. Edelman, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (2005–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Turkey (2003–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Finland (1998–2001) (Republican)[17]Stuart E. Eizenstat, U.S. Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment (1997–1999), U.S. Ambassador to the European Union (1993–1996)[76]Jeffrey D. Feltman, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2009–2012), U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (2004–2008)[22][77]Jose W. Fernandez, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs (2009–2013)[74]Jonathan Finer, Director of Policy Planning (2016–2017)[22]Carl W. Ford Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research (2001–2003) (Republican)[38]Ira Forman, Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating Anti-Semitism (2013–2017)[78]Douglas Frantz, Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs (2013–2015)[22]Robert S. Gelbard, U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia (1999–2001), Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters (1993–1997), U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia (1988–1991)[74]James K. Glassman, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (2008–2009) (Republican)[38]L. Felice Gorordo, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (2006–2007)[79]Rose Gottemoeller, Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance (2009–2014), Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2012–2016)[17]Colleen Graffy, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy in Europe and Eurasia (2004–2009) (Republican)[38]Heather Higginbottom, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources (2013–2017), Counselor of the United States Department of State (2013), deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget (2011–2013)[22]Christopher R. Hill, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2005–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (2009–2010), U.S. Ambassador to South Korea (2004–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Poland (2000–2004), U.S. Ambassador to Macedonia (1996–1999), U.S. Ambassador to Albania (1991)[32]Karl Inderfurth, Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (1997–2001)[17]Roberta S. Jacobson, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs (2011–2016), U.S. Ambassador to Mexico (2016–2018)[32][17]Tracey Ann Jacobson, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (2017), U.S. Ambassador to Kosovo (2012–2015), U.S. Ambassador to Tajikistan (2006–2009)[17]James A. Kelly, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2001–2005) (Republican)[38]Kristie Kenney, Counselor of the United States Department of State (2016–2017)[17]Harold Hongju Koh, Legal Adviser of the Department of State (2009–2013), Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (1998–2001)[24]David J. Kramer, Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2008–2009) (Republican)[38]Stephen D. Krasner, director of policy planning (2005–2007) (Republican)[38]Barbara Larkin, Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (1996–2001)[74]Reta Jo Lewis, special representative for global intergovernmental affairs at the Department of State[17]John Limbert, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Iran (2009–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Mauritania (2000–2003)[77]David Lyle Mack, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs (1990–1993), U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (1986–1989)[77]Nancy McEldowney, director of the Foreign Service Institute (2013–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria (2008–2009)[17]Thomas O. Melia, Assistant Administrator of USAID for Europe and Eurasia (2015–2017)[74]Alberto J. Mora, general counsel to the U.S. Information Agency (1989–1993) (Republican)[38]Thomas R. Nides, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources (2011–2013)[17]Suzanne Nossel, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (2009)[22]Victoria Nuland, Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs (2013–2017), Spokesperson for the United States Department of State (2011–2013), U.S. Ambassador to NATO (2005–2008)[32]Douglas H. Paal, former member of the U.S. State Department Policy Planning Staff (Republican)[38]Michael C. Polt, U.S. Ambassador to Estonia (2009–2012), U.S. Ambassador to Serbia (2006–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro (2004–2006), Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (2001)[32]Robin Raphel, U.S. Ambassador to Tunisia (1997–2001), Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (1993–1997)[17]Joel Martin Rubin, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (2014–2017)[80][c]Evan Ryan, Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs (2013–2017)[61]Kori Schake, deputy director for Policy Planning for the U.S. Department of State (2007–2008) (Republican)[38]Peter A. Selfridge, Chief of Protocol of the United States (2014–2017)[61]Elaine Schuster, public delegate to the United Nations General Assembly (2009–2010)[61]Wendy Sherman, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2014–2015)[17]Jay T. Snyder, Commissioner of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy[74]James Steinberg, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2009–2011), Deputy National Security Advisor (1996–2000)[17]Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (2013–2017), Director General of the Foreign Service (2012–2013), U.S. Ambassador to Liberia (2008–2012)[32]Arturo Valenzuela, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs (2009–2011)[74]Nicholas A. Veliotes, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (1981–1983), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (1984–1986), U.S. Ambassador to Jordan (1978–1981)[32]Richard Verma, Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (2009–2011), U.S. Ambassador to India (2015–2017)[32][73]Edward S. Walker Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2000–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Israel (1997–2000), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (1994–1997), U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (1989–1992)[32][77]Earl Anthony Wayne, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs (2000–2006), U.S. Ambassador to Argentina (2007–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Mexico (2011–2015)[17]Frank G. Wisner, U.S. Ambassador to Zambia (1979–1982), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (1986–1991), U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines (1991–1992), Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs (1992–1993), Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (1993–1994), U.S. Ambassador to India (1994–1997)[77][32]John Wolf, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (1989–1992), U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia (1992–1995) (Republican)[38]Philip D. Zelikow, counselor of the U.S. Department of State (2005–2007) (Republican)[38]Peter Zimmerman, former chief scientist of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and Science Adviser for Arms Control[17]U.S. AmbassadorsCaroline KennedyMarie YovanovitchGina Abercrombie-Winstanley, U.S. Ambassador to Malta (2012–2016)[17]Charles C. Adams Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Finland (2015–2017)[17][77]Leslie M. Alexander, U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador (1996–1999), U.S. Ambassador to Mauritius, U.S. Ambassador to Comoros (1994–1996), U.S. Ambassador to Haiti (1992–1993)[74]Mari Carmen Aponte, U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador (2012–2015)[17]Nicole Avant, U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas (2009–2011)[61]Robert C. Barber, U.S. Ambassador to Iceland (2015–2017)[61]Robert L. Barry, U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia (1992–1995), U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria (1981–1984)[74]Matthew Barzun, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (2013–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Sweden (2009–2011)[32]Leslie A. Bassett, U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay (2015–2017)[17]Michael A. Battle Sr., U.S. Ambassador to the African Union (2009–2013)[17]Max Baucus, U.S. Senator from Montana (1978–2014), U.S. Ambassador to China (2014–2017), U.S. Representative from MT-01 (1975–1978)[81]Denise Bauer, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (2013–2017)[32]Colleen Bell, U.S. Ambassador to Hungary (2015–2017)[17]Jack R. Binns, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras (1980–1981)[74]Robert Blackwill, U.S. Ambassador to India (2001–2003)[38] (Republican)James Blanchard, U.S. Ambassador to Canada (1993–1996), Governor of Michigan (1983–1991), U.S. Representative from MI-18 (1975–1983)[74]John W. Blaney, U.S. Ambassador to Liberia (2002–2005)[17]Jeff Bleich, U.S. Ambassador to Australia (2009–2013)[61]Alan Blinken, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (1993–1997)[74]Barbara Bodine, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (1997–2001)[77]Avis Bohlen, U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria (1996–1999)[17]Amy L. Bondurant, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization for Cooperation and Development (1997–2001)[17][77]Charles R. Bowers, U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia (1991–1994) (Republican)[38]Carol Moseley Braun, U.S. Senator from Illinois (1993–1999), U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa (1999–2001)[82]Aurelia E. Brazeal, U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia (2002–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Kenya (1993–1996), U.S. Ambassador to Micronesia (1990–1993)[17]Wally Brewster, U.S. Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (2013–2017)[74]Peter Bridges, U.S. Ambassador to Somalia (1984–1986) (Republican)[38]Reuben Brigety, U.S. Ambassador to the African Union (2013–2015), Dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs (2015–present)[74]Tim Broas, U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands (2014–2016)[74]Sue K. Brown, U.S. Ambassador to Montenegro (2011–2015)[17]George Charles Bruno, U.S. Ambassador to Belize (1994–1997)[17]Mark Brzezinski, U.S. Ambassador to Sweden (2011–2015)[74]Richard Burt, U.S. Ambassador to Germany (1985–1989) (Republican)[38]Dwight L. Bush Sr., U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (2014–2017)[74][77]Prudence Bushnell, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala (1999–2002), U.S. Ambassador to Kenya (1996–1999)[17]Judith Beth Cefkin, U.S. Ambassador to Fiji (2015–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Kiribati (2015–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Nauru (2015–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Tonga (2015–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Tuvalu (2015–2018)[17]Dick Celeste, Governor of Ohio (1983–1991), U.S. Ambassador to India (1997–2001), director of the Peace Corps (1979–1981), Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1975–1979)[83]Peter R. Chaveas, U.S. Ambassador to Sierra Leone (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to Malawi (1994–1997)[17]Mark B. Childress, U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania (2014–2016)[74]Jack Chow, former special representative of the U.S. Secretary of State on Global HIV/AIDS (Republican)[38]Isobel Coleman, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations for Management and Reform (2014–2017)[74]Maura Connelly, U.S. Ambassador to Syria (2008–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (2010–2013)[77]Elinor G. Constable, U.S. Ambassador to Kenya (1986–1989)[17]Frances D. Cook, U.S. Ambassador to Burundi (1980–1983), U.S. Ambassador to Cameroon (1989–1993), U.S. Ambassador to Oman (1996–1999)[77]Suzan Johnson Cook, U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom (2011–2013)[84]Jerome G. Cooper, U.S. Ambassador to Jamaica (1994–1997)[17]James Costos, U.S. Ambassador to Spain and Andorra (2013–2017)[85]Cindy Courville, U.S. Ambassador to the African Union (2006–2008)[17]Ryan Crocker, U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (2002, 2011–2012), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (2007–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan (2004–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Syria (1999–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait (1994–1997), U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (1990–1993)[77]Ruth A. Davis, U.S. Ambassador to Benin (1992–1995)[17]Jeffrey DeLaurentis, U.S. Ambassador to Cuba (2014–2017), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations for Special Political Affairs (2011–2014)[32]Greg Delawie, U.S. Ambassador to Kosovo (2015–2018)[22]Robert Sherwood Dillon, U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (1981–1983)[77]Kathleen A. Doherty, U.S. Ambassador to Cyprus (2015–2018)[17]William Eacho, U.S. Ambassador to Austria (2009–2013)[32]Stuart Eizenstat, director of the White House Domestic Policy Council (1977–1981), U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (1999–2001), U.S. Ambassador to the European Union (1993–1996)[74]Susan M. Elliott, U.S. Ambassador to Tajikistan (2012–2015)[17]John B. Emerson, U.S. Ambassador to Germany (2013–2017)[17]John L. Estrada, U.S. Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago (2016–2017)[17]Gerald Feierstein, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (2010–2013)[22][77]Judith Fergin, U.S. Ambassador to East Timor (2010–2013)[17]Julie Finley, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (2005–2009) (Republican)[38]Robert Stephen Ford, U.S. Ambassador to Syria (2011–2014), U.S. Ambassador to Algeria (2006–2008)[17][77]Elizabeth Frawley Bagley, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1994–1997)[32]Laurie S. Fulton, U.S. Ambassador to Denmark (2009–2013)[17]Julie Furuta-Toy, U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea (2016–2019)[17]Edward M. Gabriel, U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1997–2001)[17][77]Peter Galbraith, U.S. Ambassador to Croatia (1993–1998)[17]Anthony L. Gardner, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union (2014–2017)[74]Gordon Giffin, U.S. Ambassador to Canada (1997–2001)[17]Rufus Gifford, U.S. Ambassador to Denmark (2013–2017)[86]Mark Gilbert, U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand (2015–2017)[61]Marc Ginsberg, U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1994–1998)[74]Mark Gitenstein, U.S. Ambassador to Romania (2009–2012)[32]Edward Gnehm, U.S. Ambassador to Jordan (2001–2014), U.S. Ambassador to Australia (2000–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait (1991–1994)[77]Christopher E. Goldthwait, U.S. Ambassador to Chad (1999–2004)[32]Gary A. Grappo U.S. Ambassador to Oman (2006–2009)[32]Gordon Gray III, U.S. Ambassador to Tunisia (2009–2012)[17][77]Gabriel Guerra-Mondragón, U.S. Ambassador to Chile (1994–1998)[87]Lino Gutierrez, U.S. Ambassador to Argentina (2003–2006), U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua (1996–1999)[17]Howard Gutman, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (2009–2013)[17]Nina Hachigian, U.S. Ambassador to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2014–2017)[22]Tony P. Hall, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture (2002–2006)[84]Pamela Hamamoto, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations International Organizations in Geneva (2014–2017)[17]S. Fitzgerald Haney, U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica (2015–2017)[88]Anthony Stephen Harrington, U.S. Ambassador to Brazil (1999–2001)[17]Jane D. Hartley, U.S. Ambassador to France (2014–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Monaco (2014–2017)[89]Bruce Heyman, U.S. Ambassador to Canada (2014–2017)[17]Karl W. Hofmann, U.S. Ambassador to Togo (2000–2002)[74]Laura Holgate, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations International Organizations in Vienna (2016–2017)[17]Thomas C. Hubbard, U.S. Ambassador to South Korea (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines (1996–2000)[32]Vicki J. Huddleston, U.S. Ambassador to Mali (2000–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Madagascar (1995–1996)[32]David Huebner, U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa (2010–2014)[17]Edmund Hull, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (2001–2004)[77]David T. Johnson, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (1998–2001)[17]A. Elizabeth Jones, U.S. Ambassador to Kazakhstan (1995–1997)[17][77]Deborah K. Jones, U.S. Ambassador to Libya (2013–2015), U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait (2008–2011)[22][77]Samuel L. Kaplan, U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (2009–2013)[77]Theodore H. Kattouf, U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (1999–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Syria (2001–2003)[77]Richard Kauzlarich, U.S. Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997–1999), U.S. Ambassador to Azerbaijan (1994–1997)[22]Caroline Kennedy, U.S. Ambassador to Japan (2013–2017)[90]Laura E. Kennedy, U.S. Ambassador to Turkmenistan (2001–2003)[17]Kristie Kenney, U.S. Ambassador to Thailand (2011–2014), U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador (2002–2005)[17]Jimmy J. Kolker, U.S. Ambassador to Uganda (2002–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Burkina Faso (1999–2002)[17]Karen Kornbluh, U.S. Ambassador to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009–2012)[17]Thomas C. Krajeski, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (2004–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Bahrain (2011–2014)[77]Lisa Kubiske. U.S. Ambassador to Honduras (2011–2014)[22]Madeleine Kunin, Governor of Vermont (1985–1991), U.S. Ambassador to Liechtenstein (1997–1999), U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland (1996–1999), U.S. Deputy Secretary of Education (1993–1996), Lieutenant Governor of Vermont (1979–1983)[91]Mark P. Lagon, U.S. Ambassador-at-Large to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (2007–2009)[74]Frank Lavin, U.S. Ambassador to Singapore (2001–2005) (Republican)[35]David Floyd Lambertson, U.S. Ambassador to Thailand (1991–1995)[74]Joyce Ellen Leader, U.S. Ambassador to Guinea (1999–2000)[17]Richard LeBaron, U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait (2004–2007)[77]Alfonso E. Lenhardt, U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania (2009–2013)[17]Jeffrey D. Levine, U.S. Ambassador to Estonia (2012–2015)[17]Suzan G. LeVine, U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (2014–2017)[92][better source needed]Dawn M. Liberi, U.S. Ambassador to Burundi (2012–2016)[17]Carmen Lomellin, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization of American States (2009–2014)[17]Winston Lord, U.S. Ambassador to China (1984–1989)[38] (Republican)Douglas Lute, U.S. Ambassador to NATO (2013–2017)[32]Ray Mabus, Secretary of the Navy (2009–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1994–1996), Governor of Mississippi (1988–1992)[d][93][better source needed]Deborah R. Malac, U.S. Ambassador to Uganda (2016–2020), U.S. Ambassador to Liberia (2012–2015)[17]Robert A. Mandell, U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg (2011–2015), chairman of the Florida Environmental Regulation Commission (1987–1990)[17]R. Niels Marquardt, U.S. Ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros (2007–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea (2004–2006), U.S. Ambassador to Cameroon (2001–2004)[32]Gail D. Mathieu, U.S. Ambassador to Namibia (2007–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Niger (2002–2005)[17]Marshall Fletcher McCallie, U.S. Ambassador to Namibia (1993–1996)[17]Stephen G. McFarland, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala (2008–2011)[17]Michael McKinley, U.S. Ambassador to Brazil (2017–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (2015–2016), U.S. Ambassador to Colombia (2010–2014), U.S. Ambassador to Peru (2007–2010) (Republican)[38]Elizabeth Davenport McKune, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (1998–2001)[32]Christopher McMullen, U.S. Ambassador to Angola (2010–2013)[32]James D. Melville Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Estonia (2015–2018)[17]Tom Miller, U.S. Ambassador to Greece (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina (1999–2001)[32]Richard Morningstar, U.S. Ambassador to Azerbaijan (2012–2015)[32]David D. Nelson, U.S. Ambassador to Uruguay (2009–2011)[17]Crystal Nix-Hines, U.S. Ambassador to UNESCO (2014–2017)[17]Lyndon Lowell Olson Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Sweden (1998–2001)[32]Kevin O'Malley, U.S. Ambassador to Ireland (2014–2017)[74]Louis O'Neill, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2006–2008)[17]Robert Orr, U.S. Ambassador to the Asian Development Bank (2010–2016), president of Boeing Japan (2002–2007)[74]Joseph R. Paolino Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Malta (1994–1996)[61]June Carter Perry, U.S. Ambassador to Lesotho (2004–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Sierra Leone (2004–2007)[22]Nancy Bikoff Pettit, U.S. Ambassador to Latvia (2015–2019)[17]Joan M. Plaisted, U.S. Ambassador to Kiribati (1995–2000), U.S. Ambassador to the Marshall Islands (1995–2000), U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1991–1994)[74]Nancy Jo Powell, U.S. Ambassador to India (2012–2014)[17]Maureen E. Quinn, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (2001–2004)[17]Azita Raji, U.S. Ambassador to Sweden (2016–2017)[74]Charles A. Ray, U.S. Ambassador to Zimbabwe (2009–2012), Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for POW and Missing Personnel Affairs (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia (2002–2005)[28]Julissa Reynoso, U.S. Ambassador to Uruguay (2012–2014)[32]Thomas Bolling Robertson, U.S. Ambassador to Slovenia (2004–2008)[22]James Rosapepe, U.S. Ambassador to Romania (1998–2001)[94]Leslie V. Rowe, U.S. Ambassador to Mozambique (2010–2012), U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to the Solomon Islands (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Vanuatu (2006–2009)[17]William A. Rugh, U.S. Ambassador to North Yemen (1984–1987), U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (1992–1995)[77]Catherine M. Russell, U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues (2013–2017)[74]Janet A. Sanderson, U.S. Ambassador to Haiti (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Algeria (2000–2003)[77]Teresita Currie Schaffer, U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka (1992–1995), U.S. Ambassador to the Maldives (1992–1995)[17]Tom Schieffer, U.S. Ambassador to Japan (2005–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Australia (2001–2005)[32]Gregory Schulte, U.S. Ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency (2005–2009) (Republican)[38]Tod Sedgwick, U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia (2010–2015)[17]Daniel B. Shapiro, U.S. Ambassador to Israel (2011–2017)[95]Mattie R. Sharpless, U.S. Ambassador to the Central African Republic (2001–2003)[17]Robert A. Sherman, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (2014–2017)[32]Dana Shell Smith, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (2014–2017)[22][77]Nancy Soderberg, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations for Special Political Affairs (1997–2001)[32]Alan Solomont, U.S. Ambassador to Spain and Andorra (2010–2013)[17]Daniel V. Speckhard, U.S. Ambassador to Greece (2007–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Belarus (1997–2000)[74]Carl Spielvogel, U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia (2000–2001)[61]Karen Clark Stanton, U.S. Ambassador to East Timor (2014–2017)[17]Charles Richard Stith, U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania (1998–2001)[74]Mark C. Storella, U.S. Ambassador to Zambia (2010–2013) (Republican)[17]Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli, Alternate United States Representative to the United Nations for Special Political Affairs (1990–1993) (Republican)[38]Robert H. Tuttle, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (2005–2009) (Republican)[38]Charles H. Twining, U.S. Ambassador to Cameroon (1995–1998), U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea (1995–1998), U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia (1994–1995), U.S. Ambassador to Benin (1982–1983)[74]Nicholas A. Veliotes, U.S. Ambassador to Jordan (1978–1981), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (1984–1986)[77]Alexander Vershbow, U.S. Ambassador to NATO (1997–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Russia (2001–2005), U.S. Ambassador to South Korea (2005–2008)[17]Frederick Vreeland, U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1992–1993)[77]Marcelle Wahba, U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (2001–2004)[77]Jenonne R. Walker, U.S. Ambassador to the Czech Republic (1995–1998)[17]Marc M. Wall, U.S. Ambassador to Chad (2004–2007) (Nonpartisan)[74]James Donald Walsh, U.S. Ambassador to Argentina (2000–2003)[17]Mary Burce Warlick, U.S. Ambassador to Serbia (2010–2012)[32]Joseph W. Westphal, U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (2014–2017), Under Secretary of the Army (2009–2014), Secretary of the Army (2001)[32]Barry B. White, U.S. Ambassador to Norway (2009–2013)[17]Bisa Williams, U.S. Ambassador to Niger (2010–2013)[17]Duane Woerth, U.S. Representative on the council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (2010–2013)[17]Lee S. Wolosky, U.S. Special Envoy for the Closure of the Guantánamo Bay Detention Facility (2015–2017)[22]Mary Carlin Yates, U.S. Ambassador to Ghana (2002–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Burundi (1999–2002)[32]Johnny Young, U.S. Ambassador to Slovenia (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to Bahrain (1997–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Togo (1994–1997), U.S. Ambassador to Sierra Leone (1989–1992)[17]Marie Yovanovitch, U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine (2016–2019), U.S. Ambassador to Armenia, (2008–2011), U.S. Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan (2005–2008)[96]Susan L. Ziadeh, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (2011–2014)[77]Anthony Zinni, U.S. Special Envoy for Qatar (2017–2019) (Independent)[17]Defense Department officialsLouis CalderaWesley ClarkEric FanningStanley McChrystalWilliam McRavenWilliam Howard Taft IVCharles S. Abbot, deputy commander in chief of the U.S. European Command (1998–2000)[17]Clara Adams-Ender, Chief of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps (1987–1991)[17]James A. Adkins, former major general in the U.S. Army[17]Clifford Alexander Jr., U.S. Secretary of the Army (1977–1981)[17]Ricardo Aponte, brigadier general in the Air Force Reserve Command and the U.S. Air Force (1972–2007)[17]Donald Arthur, Surgeon General of the U.S. Navy (2004–2007)[17]Jeremy Bash, chief of staff to the U.S. Secretary of Defense (2011–2013), chief of staff to the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2009–2011)[61]Charles Blanchard, General Counsel of the Army (1999–2001), General Counsel of the Air Force (2009–2013)[17]Ronald R. Blanck, Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1996–2000)[17]Charles G. Boyd, four-star general in the U.S. Air Force (1959–1995)[17]John A. Bradley, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force (1967–2008)[17]David M. Brahms, brigadier general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1961–1988)[17]Douglas A. Brook, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) (2007–2009) (Republican)[17]Louis Caldera, U.S. Secretary of the Army (1998–2001), director of the White House Military Office (2009)[17]Donald M. Campbell Jr., lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1978–2014)[17]Robert Cardillo, director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2014–2019), deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (2010)[17]Patrick G. Carrick, former deputy director of the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency[17]Antonia Chayes, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) (1977–1979), U.S. Under Secretary of the Air Force (1979–1981)[17]Stephen A. Cheney, brigadier general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1971–2001)[17]Peter W. Chiarelli, four-star general in the U.S. Army (1972–2012)[17]Henry G. Chiles Jr., four-star admiral in the U.S. Navy (1960–1996)[17]Deborah P. Christie, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Financial Management and Comptroller (1994–1998)[22]Wesley Clark, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (1997–2000), 2004 candidate for president[17]Torie Clarke, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs (2001–2003)[97] (Republican)Ronald S. Coleman, lieutenant general in the U.S. Navy (1968–1970) and the U.S. Marine Corps (1974–2009)[17]Erin Conaton, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (2012)[17]Peter Cooke, commander of the 96th Regional Readiness Command[17]W. Craig Vanderwagen, rear admiral of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (1978–2006)[17]John Dalton, U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1993–1998)[17]Richard Danzig, U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1998–2001, Under Secretary of the Navy (1993–1997)[22]Rudy de Leon, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (2000–2001), Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (1997–2000), Under Secretary of the Air Force (1994–1997)[17]Susan Y. Desjardins, former major general in the U.S. Air Force (1980–2012)[17]Richard T. Devereaux, former major general in the U.S. Air Force[17]Michael Donley, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (2008–2013)[17](Republican)John W. Douglass, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1995–1998)[28]Raymond DuBois, acting Under Secretary of the Army (2005–2006)[17] (Republican)Paul Eaton, deputy chief of staff for operations and training at Fort Monroe[98]Mari K. Eder, major general in the U.S. Army (1977–2012)[17]Stephen C. Evans, rear admiral in the U.S. Navy (1986–2020)[17]John R. Ewers, major general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1984–2020)[17]Eric Fanning, U.S. Secretary of the Army (2016–2017) and acting secretary (2015–2016), Acting U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (2013)[99]Michèle Flournoy, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (2009–2012)[17]Pat Foote, brigadier general in the U.S. Army (1959–1989)[17]Michael T. Franken, vice admiral in the U.S. Navy (1978–2017)[17]Juan M. Garcia III, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) (2009–2016)[17]Robert G. Gard Jr., lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1950–1981)[17]Jonathan D. George, brigadier general in the U.S. Air Force (1981–2011)[17]Daniel B. Ginsberg, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) (2009–2013)[17]Sherri W. Goodman, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment (1993–2001)[17]Michael Green, senior adviser to the Office of Asia Pacific Affairs (1997–2000) (Republican)[17]Robert Hale, Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) (2009–2014)[17]Irv Halter, major general in the U.S. Air Force (1977–2009)[17]Ken Harbaugh, lieutenant in the U.S. Navy (1996–2005)[17]Robert Harding, former major general in the U.S. Army[17]Richard D. Hearney, four-star general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1962–1996)[17]Clare Helminiak, rear admiral in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (1983–2005)[17]Reynold N. Hoover, lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1983–2020)[17]P. Gardner Howe III, former vice admiral in the U.S. Navy[17]John Hutson, former rear admiral in the U.S. Navy[17]Paul Ignatius, U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1967–1969)[17]Chris Inglis, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency (2006–2014)[17]Bobby Inman, Director of the National Security Agency (1977–1981), Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (1981–1982)[17]Deborah Lee James, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (2013–2017)[100]Les Janka, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Near Eastern and African Affairs (1976–1978) (Republican)[17]Randy Jayne, major general in the U.S. Air Force and the Air National Guard (1962–2000)[17]James Johnson, major general in the U.S. Army (1950–1990)[17]Michelle D. Johnson, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force (1981–2017)[17]Michele S. Jones, U.S. Army Reserve (1982–2007), first woman to reach the position of command sergeant major of the U.S. Army Reserve[101]Jan-Marc Jouas, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force (1979–2015)[17]Frank Kendall III, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (2011–2017)[74]Susan Koch, Nuclear reduction expert for the Secretary of Defense[22]Ken Krieg, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (2005–2007) (Republican)[17]Thomas R. Lamont, Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) (2009–2013)[17]J. William Leonard, director of the Information Security Oversight Office (2002–present)[22]Frank Libutti, lieutenant general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1966–2001)[17]George E. Little, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs (2012–2013)[22]Samuel J. Locklear, admiral in the U.S. Navy (1972–2015)[17]Deborah Loewer, rear admiral in the U.S. Navy (1976–2007), first woman promoted to a flagship rank in the U.S. Navy[17]Letitia Long, director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2010–2014)[17]Charles D. Luckey, lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1977–2020)[17]Michael D. Lumpkin, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (2014), Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict (2013–2015)[17]Boris Lushniak, U.S. Surgeon General (2013–2014)[17]David M. Maddox, four-star general in the U.S. Army (1960–1995)[17]Stanley McChrystal, general in the U.S. Army and Commander of U.S. forces in Afghanistan (2009–2010)[102]Merrill McPeak, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (1993)[17]William H. McRaven, four-star admiral, commander of the U.S. Special Operations Command (2011–2014)[103]Dee McWilliams, major general in the U.S. Army (1974–2003)[17]Joseph V. Medina, brigadier general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1976–2007)[17]Christopher Mellon, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (1999–2002)[17]James N. Miller, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (2012–2014)[74]Kenneth P. Moritsugu, U.S. Surgeon General (2002, 2006–2007)[17]Charles L. Munns, vice admiral in the U.S. Navy (1974–2007)[17]Patrick Murphy, Acting U.S. Secretary of the Army (2016), Under Secretary of the Army (2016–2017), U.S. Representative from PA-08 (2007–2011)[17]Robert B. Murrett, director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2006–2010)[17]Vivek Murthy, U.S. Surgeon General (2014–2017)[104]Michael Myatt, major general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1963–1995)[17]John B. Nathman, admiral in the U.S. Navy (1970–2007)[17]Lloyd W. Newton, four-star general in the U.S. Air Force (1966–2000)[17]Joseph Nye, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (1994–1995)[17]Sean O'Keefe, NASA Administrator (2001–2004), Secretary of the Navy (1992–1993)[37] (Republican)David R. Oliver Jr., rear admiral (1963–1995)[17]Eric T. Olson, admiral in the U.S. Navy (1973–2011)[17]Charles P. Otstott, lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1960–1990)[17]B.J. Penn, acting Secretary of the Navy (2009), Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Installations and Environment (2005–2009)[17]Whit Peters, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (1999–2001), Under Secretary of the Air Force (1997–1999)[17]Robert B. Pirie Jr., acting Secretary of the Navy (2001), Under Secretary of the Navy (2000–2001)[22]Gale Pollock, Deputy Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (2006–2007), former major general in the U.S. Army[17]Fernandez Ponds, rear admiral in the U.S. Navy (1983–2015)[17]Kevin M. Quinn, former rear admiral in the U.S. Navy[17]Joe Reeder, Under Secretary of the Army (1993–1997)[17]Raymond F. Rees, major general in the U.S. Army (1966–2013)[17]Charles H. Roadman II, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force (1968–1999)[17]Patricia Rose, first openly LGBT major general in the U.S. Air Force (1984–2017)[17]Joseph E. Schmitz, Inspector General of the Department of Defense (2002–2005) (Republican)[105]Paul Selva, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (2015–2019)[106]Robert W. Sennewald, four-star General in the U.S. Army (1951–1986)[17]Walter B. Slocombe, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (1994–2001)[17]Robert M. Speer, U.S. Secretary of the Army (2017){[17]Clifford L. Stanley, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (2010–2011)[17]Howard D. Stendahl, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force (1985–2015)[17]Maura Sullivan, assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs (2015)[17]Loree Sutton, former brigadier general of the U.S. Army, candidate for Mayor of New York City in 2021[17]William Howard Taft IV, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (1984–1989) and the great-grandson of President William Howard Taft[17] (Republican)Antonio Taguba, major general in the U.S. Army (1972–2007)[17]Paul E. Tobin Jr., rear admiral in the U.S. Navy (1963–1998)[17]Henry G. Ulrich III, four-star admiral in the U.S. Navy (1972–2007)[17]Robin Umberg, brigadier general of the U.S. Army (1973–2020)[17]Francis D. Vavala, Adjutant General of the Delaware Army National Guard (1999–2017)[74]Dale Vesser, lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1954–1987)[17]Michael G. Vickers, Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (2011–2015)[37] (Republican)Matthew Waxman, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs (2004–2005)[17] (Republican)Andrew C. Weber, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs (2009–2014)[22]Jack Weinstein, Lieutenant General of the U.S. Air Force (1982–2018)[17]Joseph J. Went, U.S. Marine Corps four-star general (1952–1990)[17]Sheila Widnall, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (1993–1997)[17]Kayla Williams, former intelligence specialist in the U.S. Army, author[17]Michael J. Williams, U.S. Marine Corps four star general (1967–2002)[17]Margaret C. Wilmoth, former brigadier general in the U.S. Army Reserve[17]Jesse A. Wilson Jr., Commander of Naval Surface Force Atlantic (2017–2020)[17]Johnnie E. Wilson, four-star general in the U.S. Army (1961–1999)[17]Margaret H. Woodward, major general in the U.S. Army (1982–2014)[17]Dov Zakheim, Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) (2001–2004)[17] (Republican)Justice Department officialsJim ComeyBill WeldA. Brian Albritton, U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Florida (2008–2010) (Republican)[107]Donald B. Ayer, U.S. Deputy Attorney General (1989–1990), U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California (1981–1986) (Republican)[108][107]A. Lee Bentley, III, U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Florida (2014–2017)[105]Daniel Bogden, U.S. Attorney for the District of Nevada (2001–2007, 2009–2017) (Republican)[107]Greg Brower, U.S. Attorney for the District of Nevada (2008–2009) (Republican)[107]Wayne Budd, U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts (1989–1992), U.S. Associate Attorney General (1992–1993) (Republican)[107]John P. Carlin, U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the National Security Division (2014–2016)[74]Paul K. Charlton, U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona (2001–2006) (Republican)[107]James M. Cole, U.S. Deputy Attorney General (2010–2015)[74]James Comey, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (2013–2017), U.S. Deputy Attorney General (2003–2005) (Independent)[109]Roxanne Conlin, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa (1977–1981)[105]Michael W. Cotter, U.S. Attorney for the District of Montana (2009–2017)[105]Deirdre M. Daly, U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut (2013–2017)[105]Steve Dettelbach, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio (2009–2015)[105]Conner Eldridge, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Arkansas (2010–2015)[105]David B. Fein, U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut (2010–2013)[105]Paul J. Fishman, U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey (2009–2017)[105]John P. Fishwick Jr., U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia (2015–2017)[105]Charles Fried, U.S. Solicitor General (1985–1989) (Republican)[33]Deborah R. Gilg, U.S. Attorney for the District of Nebraska (2009–2017)[105]Jonathan L. Goldstein, U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey (1974–1977) (Republican)[107]Barry Grissom, U.S. Attorney for the District of Kansas (2010–2016)[105]Timothy J. Heaphy, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia (2009–2015)[105]Thomas B. Heffelfinger, U.S. Attorney for the District of Minnesota (1991–1993, 2001–2006) (Republican)[107]Dwight Holton, U.S. Attorney for the District of Oregon (2010–2011)[105]David Iglesias, U.S. Attorney for the District of New Mexico (2001–2006) (Republican)[107]Marcos Jimenez, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida (2002–2005) (Republican)[107]David N. Kelley, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York (2003–2005) (Republican)[107][110]Nicholas A. Klinefeldt, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa (2009–2015)[105]David S. Kris, U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the National Security Division (2009–2011)[105]Karen L. Loeffler, U.S. Attorney for the District of Alaska (2009–2017)[105]Neil MacBride, U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia (2009–2013)[105]Ronald Machen, U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia (2010–2015)[105]Kenneth Magidson, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Texas (2011–2017)[105]John McKay, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington (2001–2006) (Republican)[107]Michael McKay, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington (1989–1993) (Republican)[107]Patrick Miles Jr., U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Michigan (2012–2017)[105]Jan Paul Miller, U.S. Attorney for the Central District of Illinois (2002–2005) (Republican)[107]Lisa Monaco, Homeland Security Advisor (2013–2017), U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the National Security Division (2011–2013)[28]Bill Nettles, U.S. Attorney for the District of South Carolina (2010–2016)[105]Carmen Ortiz, U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts (2009–2017)[105]Matthew D. Orwig, U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Texas (2001–2007) (Republican)[107]Paul Perez, U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Florida (2002–2007) (Republican)[107]Tim Purdon, U.S. Attorney for the District of North Dakota (2010–2015)[105]Carole Rendon, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio (2016–2017)[105]Sarah Saldaña, director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (2014–2017), U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Texas (2011–2014)[105]Kevin W. Techau, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Iowa (2014–2017)[105]Anne Tompkins, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of North Carolina (2010–2015)[105]Stanley Twardy, U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut (1985–1991) (Republican)[107]John W. Vaudreuil, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin (2010–2017)[105]Benjamin B. Wagner, U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California (2009–2016)[105]Kenneth L. Wainstein, U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia (2004–2006), U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the National Security Division (2006–2008), U.S. Homeland Security Advisor (2008–2009) (Republican)[107][105]John F. Walsh, U.S. Attorney for the District of Colorado (2010–2016)[105]Bill Weld, U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts (1981–1986), U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division (1986–1988), Governor of Massachusetts (1991–1997) (Republican)[107][54]Tony West, U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division (2009–2012), U.S. Associate Attorney General (2012–2014), brother-in-law of Kamala Harris[61]Kinney Zalesne, Council to the U.S. Attorney General (1998–2003)[61]Homeland Security Department officialsMiles TaylorJarrod Bernstein, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs (2009–2011)[61]James C. Card, vice admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard (1964–2000)[17]Richard Falkenrath, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2004) (Republican)[17]Alejandro Mayorkas, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (2013–2016), U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2021-present)[74]Betsy Markey, Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Intergovernmental Affairs (2011–2013), U.S. Representative from CO-04 (2009–2011)[citation needed]John Mitnick, general counsel of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2018–2019) (Republican)[38]D. Brian Peterman, vice admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard (1973–2008)[17]Clyde Robbins, vice admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard (1955–1990)[17]Francis X. Taylor, Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis (2014–2017)[17]Miles Taylor, chief of staff of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2017–2019) (Republican)[111]Paul Zukunft, former commandant of the United States Coast Guard (2014–2018)[112]Energy Department officialsLinton Brooks, Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security and administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (2003–2007) (Republican)[38]Frank Klotz, Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security (2014–2018)[17]Arun Majumdar, director of the Energy Advanced Research Projects Agency (2009–2012)[113]Franklin Orr, Under Secretary of Energy for Science (2014–2017)[113]Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall, Deputy Secretary of Energy (2014–2017)[74]Steve Spinner, stimulus adviser for the U.S. Department of Energy (2009–2010)[61]White House officialsValerie JarrettBill KristolAnthony ScaramucciOmarosaSteve Abbot, Deputy Homeland Security Advisor (2001–2003) (Republican)[38]Kiran Ahuja, executive director of the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (2009–2015)[73]Eli Attie, screenwriter, producer, White House speech writer (2000)[114]Kenneth Baer, associate director of communications for the White House's Office of Management and Budget (2009–2012)[61]Bruce Bartlett, author, historian, policy advisor to Ronald Reagan (Independent, former Republican)[a][115][116]Robert Bauer, White House Counsel (2010–2011)[117]Kenneth Bernard, special assistant to the president for biodefense and as assistant surgeon general (2002–2005) (Republican)[38]Jason Bordoff, member of the U.S. National Security Council (2009–2013)[17]Jake Braun, White House Liaison to the Department of Homeland Security[118]Victor Cha, director of Asian Affairs of the U.S. National Security Council (2004–2007) (Republican)[38]Aneesh Chopra, U.S. Chief Technology Officer (2009–2012)[73]Nelson Cunningham, senior advisor to the special envoy for the Americas[74]Nancy-Ann DeParle, White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy (2011–2013), director of the White House Office of Health Reform (2009–2011)[24]Barbaralee Diamonstein-Spielvogel, White House assistant (1963–1966)[61]Anita Dunn, White House Communications Director (2009)[119]R. P. Eddy, director of the U.S. National Security Council (1994–1996)[17]Gary Edson, Deputy National Security Advisor (2001–2004) (Republican)[38]Aaron Friedberg, deputy assistant to the vice president for National Security (2003–2005) (Republican)[38]Michael Gerson, White House director of speechwriting (2001–2006) (Republican)[120]Chad Griffin, former member of the White House Press Office[121]Avril Haines, Deputy National Security Advisor (2015–2017), Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2013–2015)[28]Cynthia Hogan, counsel to the vice president (2009–2013)[47]John Holdren, director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (2009–2017)[113]Joel Hunter, advisory counsel for the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships (2009–2010)[122]Valerie Jarrett, director of the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs (2009–2017), Senior Advisor to the President (2009–2017)[123]Colin Kahl, National Security Advisor to the Vice President (2014–2017)[28]Christopher A. Kojm, chair of the National Intelligence Council (2009–2014)[22]Gil Kerlikowske, commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (2014–2017), director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (2009–2014), Chief of Police of Seattle, Washington (2001–2009)[105]Bill Kristol, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States (1989–1993), founder of The Weekly Standard, editor of conservative The Bulwark[124]Anthony Lake, U.S. National Security Advisor (1993–1997), Director of Policy Planning (1977–1981)[17]Ann Lewis, Counselor to the President (1999–2001), White House Communications Director (1997–1999)[125]Chris Lu, White House Cabinet Secretary (2009–2013), U.S. Deputy Secretary of Labor (2014–2017)[126]Brett McGurk, Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2015–2018)[127]John E. McLaughlin, Director of Central Intelligence (2004)[17]Jami Miscik, chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (2014–2017)[17]Omarosa Manigault Newman, director of communications for the Office of Public Liaison (2017–2018) (Independent)[128]Gautam Raghavan, associate director of the Office of Public Engagement (2011–2014)[47]Steve Ricchetti, White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (1998–2001) (National Chair)[129]Desirée Rogers, White House Social Secretary (2009–2010)[61]Dan K. Rosenthal, Assistant to the President and director of Advance (1997–2000), special assistant to the president and deputy director of Advance (1995–1997)[77]Anthony Scaramucci, White House Communications Director (2017)[130] (Republican)Greg Schultz, special assistant to the president (2013–2017) and senior advisor to Biden's campaign[131]Sonal Shah, director of the Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation (2009–2011)[73]Stephen Slick, special assistant to the president (2005–2009) (Republican)[38]Mona Sutphen, White House Deputy Chief of Staff for policy (2009–2011)[17]Joseph Stiglitz, chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (1995–1997)[132]Olivia Troye, Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Advisor to Vice President Pence (2018–2020) (Republican)[133]Jeffrey Zients, director of the National Economic Council (2014–2017), acting director of the Office of Management and Budget (2012–2013, 2010)[47]Other executive branch officialsJim LeachHarold E. VarmusWilliam Drea Adams, Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities (2014–2017)[134]Kenneth Adelman, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Director (1983–1987) (Republican)[38]Roger Altman, U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (1993–1994)[61]Hunter Biden, vice chairman of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (2006–2009), Biden's son[135]Charles Bolden, Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009–2017)[17]David Cohen, Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2015–2017)[17]Nani A. Coloretti, Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (2014–2017), Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Management (2012–2014)[24]Richard Cordray, director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2012–2017), 2018 nominee for Governor of Ohio[136]Leah D. Daughtry, assistant secretary for Administration and Management[137]James M. Galloway, former Public Health Service officer for Region V[17]W. Scott Gould, Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2009–2013)[17]Jimmy Gurulé, Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (2001–2003) (Republican)[35]Jonathan Jarvis, director of the National Park Service (2009–2017)[113]Ray Jefferson, U.S. Assistant Secretary for the Veterans' Employment and Training Service (2009–2011)[17]Douglas Kamerow, U.S. Public Health Service employee (1979–2001)[17]Donald Kerr, Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence (2007–2009) (Republican)[38]David A. Kessler, Commissioner of Food and Drugs (1990–1997)[138]Esther Kia'aina, Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Areas (2014–2017)[24]Howard Koh, Assistant Secretary for Health (2009–2014)[24]Jim Leach, chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities (2009–2013), U.S. Representative from IA-02 (2003–2007), chair of the House Committee on Financial Services (1995–2001)[139] (Republican)Michael Leiter, director of the National Counterterrorism Center (2007–2011) (Republican)[38]Chris Lu, Deputy Secretary of Labor (2014–2017), White House Cabinet Secretary (2009–2013)[24]Jane Lubchenco, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2009–2013), Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere (2009–2013)[113]Rosario Marin, Treasurer of the United States (2001–2003) (Republican)[140]Sharon McGowan, former acting general counsel for Policy at the U.S. Office of Personnel Management[141]Susan Ness, Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission (1994–2001)[61]Dava Newman, Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2015–2017)[17]Matthew G. Olsen, director of the National Counterterrorism Center (2011–2014)[17]Edward Powell Jr., U.S. Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2000–2001)[17]Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr., former counselor to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce (Republican)[38]Sonny Ramaswamy, administrator of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2012–2018)[113]Robert Roche, former member of the Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations[61]Lillian Salerno, Deputy Undersecretary for Rural Development, U.S. Department of Agriculture (2015–2017)[61]Rob Shepardson, former member of the President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition[61]Marc Stanley, former Council Member of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum[61]Eric Stein, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Consumer Protection at the U.S. Treasury Department (2009–2010)[61]Joshua Steiner, chief of staff of the U.S. Treasury Department (1993–2001)[61]Kathryn D. Sullivan, Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2013–2017), former NASA astronaut[17]Neera Tanden, senior advisor in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services[142]John D. Trasviña, Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (2009–2014)[143]Harold E. Varmus, director of the National Cancer Institute (2010–2015), director of the National Institutes of Health (1993–1999)[113]Juan Verde, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Europe (2009–2011)[61]Robert A. Whitney, acting Surgeon General of the United States (1993)[17]U.S. CongressFurther information: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign U.S. Congress endorsementsFormer federal judicial officialsMoe Davis, Administrative Law Judge in the U.S. Department of Labor (2015–2019), Chief Prosecutor of the Guantanamo military commissions (2005–2007)[144]Lacy Thornburg, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of North Carolina (1995–2009), Attorney General of North Carolina (1985–1993)[145]State, territorial, and tribal executive officialsCurrent governorsState and territorialSteve BullockAndrew CuomoNed LamontGavin NewsomPhil ScottGretchen WhitmerAndy Beshear, Governor of Kentucky (2019–present), Attorney General of Kentucky (2016–2019)[146]Muriel Bowser, Mayor of the District of Columbia (2015–present) (governor-equivalent)[e][147]Kate Brown, Governor of Oregon (2015–present), Secretary of State of Oregon (2009–2015)[148]Albert Bryan, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (2019–present)[149]Steve Bullock, Governor of Montana (2013–2021), 2020 nominee for Senate, 2020 candidate for president, chair of the National Governors Association (2018–2019), Attorney General of Montana (2009–2013)[145]John Carney, Governor of Delaware (2017–present), U.S. Representative from DE-AL (2011–2017)[150]Roy Cooper, Governor of North Carolina (2017–present), Attorney General of North Carolina (2001–2017)[151]Andrew Cuomo, Governor of New York (2011–2021), chair of the National Governors Association (2020–2021), Attorney General of New York (2007–2010), U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1997–2001)[152]John Bel Edwards, Governor of Louisiana (2016–present), minority leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives (2012–2015), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives 72nd district (2008–2015)[153]Tony Evers, Governor of Wisconsin (2019–present), Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin (2009–2019)[154]Michelle Lujan Grisham, Governor of New Mexico (2019–present), U.S. Representative from NM-01 (2013–2019)[155]Lou Leon Guerrero, Governor of Guam (2019–present), senator of the Guam Legislature (1995–2005)[156]Jay Inslee, Governor of Washington (2013–present), U.S. Representative for WA-01 (1999–2012) and WA-04 (1993–1995), 2020 candidate for president[157]Ned Lamont, Governor of Connecticut (2019–present)[158]Janet Mills, Governor of Maine (2019–present), Attorney General of Maine (2013–2019)[159]Lolo Matalasi Moliga, Governor of American Samoa (2013–2021)[160]Phil Murphy, Governor of New Jersey (2018–present)[f][161]Gavin Newsom, Governor of California (2019–present), Lieutenant Governor of California (2011–2019), Mayor of San Francisco, California (2004–2011)[162][d]Ralph Northam, Governor of Virginia (2018–2022), Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (2014–2018), member of the Virginia Senatefrom the 6th district (2008–2014)Jared Polis, Governor of Colorado (2019–present), U.S. Representative from CO-02 (2009–2019)[163]J. B. Pritzker, Governor of Illinois (2019–present)[164]Gina Raimondo, Governor of Rhode Island (2015–2021), treasurer of Rhode Island (2011–2015)[e][165]Phil Scott, Governor of Vermont (2017–present), Lieutenant Governor of Vermont (2011–2017) (Republican)[166]Steve Sisolak, Governor of Nevada (2019–present), chair of the Clark County Commission (2013–2019)[citation needed]Tim Walz, Governor of Minnesota (2019–present), U.S. Representative from MN-01 (2007–2019)[167]Gretchen Whitmer, Governor of Michigan (2019–present), minority leader of the Michigan Senate (2011–2015) (National Co-Chair)[168]Tom Wolf, Governor of Pennsylvania (2015–present), Secretary of Revenue of Pennsylvania (2007–2008)[169]Tribal leaders and governor-equivalent officialsGabe Aguilar, president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe[170]W. Ron Allen, chairman of the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington (1977–present)[170]Ricky Armstrong, president of the Seneca Nation of New York[170]Floyd Azure, chairman of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (2015–present)[170]Jamie Azure, chairman of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians (2018–present)[170]Melanie Benjamin, chief executive of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (2000–2008, 2012–present)[171][170]Devon Boyer, chairman of the Shoshone-Bannock of Fort Hall[170]Shelley Buck, president of the Prairie Island Indian Community[170]Rodney Butler, chair of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe (2010–present)[172][170]Frances Charles, chairwoman of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe[170]E. Ken Choke, chairman of the Nisqually Reservation[170]Michael Conners, Chief of the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation[170]Cedric Cromwell, Tribal Council Chairman of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe (2009–present)[173][170]Carol Evans, chairwoman of the Spokane Tribe of Indians[170]Leonard Forsman, chairman of the Suquamish Tribe[170]Mark Fox, chairman of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation[170]Harold Frazier, chairman of the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation (2014–present)[174][170]Teri Gobin, chairwoman of the Tulalip (2019–present)[170]Shannon Holsey, president of the Stockbridge–Munsee Community (2015–present)[175][170]Delbert Hopkins, chairman of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate[170]Michael Hunter, Tribal Chairman of the Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians (2013–present)[170]Faron Jackson, chairman of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (2016–present)[170]Norma Jean, chairwoman of the Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington[170]Kenneth Kahn, chairman of the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians[170]Stephen Roe Lewis, Governor of the Gila River Indian Community (2014–present)[176][170]Mark Macarro, chairman of the Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians[170]Marilynn Malerba, Chief of the Mohegan Tribe (2010–present)[171][170]Margie Mejia, chairwoman of the Lytton Band of Pomo Indians[171][170]Robert Miguel, Council Chairman of the Ak-Chin Indian Community (2017–present)[170]Guy Miller, chairman of the Skokomish Indian Tribe[170]Bryan Newland, president of the Bay Mills Indian Community (2017–present)[170]Jonathan Nez, President of the Navajo Nation (2019–present)[177][170]Ned Norris Jr., chairman of the Tohono Oʼodham Nation (2007–2015, 2019–present)[170]Timothy Nuvangyaoma, chairman of the Hopi Reservation (2017–present)[170]Dennis Patch, chairman of the Colorado River Indian Tribes (2018–present)[170]Aaron Payment, Governor of the Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians (2004–2008, 2012–present)[175][170]Bob Peters, chairperson of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (2018–present)[170]Marshall Pierite, chairman of the Tunica-Biloxi (2018–present)[170]Erica Pinto, chairwoman of the Jamul Indian Village (2015–present)[170]Rhonda Pitka, First Chief of Beaver Village[170]Julian R. President, president of the Oglala Lakota Nation[170]Terry Rambler, chairman of the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation[170]Delano Saluskin, chairman of the Yakama Indian Reservation (2020–present)[170]Darrell G. Seki Sr., chairman of the Red Lake Indian Reservation[170]Fawn Sharp, president of the Quinault Indian Nation[170]Lawrence Solomon, chairman of the Lummi Nation[170]Lee Spoonhunter, chairman of the Northern Arapaho Tribe[170]Bill Sterud, chairman of the Puyallup Tribe of Indians[170]Patrick Suarez, councilman of the Meherrin Nation[170]Warren Swartz, Tribal President of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (2018–present)[170]Edward Thomas, president of the Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska[170]Amber Torres, chairwoman of the Walker River Paiute Tribe[170]Mike Williams, chair of the Akiak Native Community[170]Thomas Wooten, chairman of the Samish Indian Nation[170]Former governorsHoward DeanJohn HickenlooperJohn KasichRick SnyderGeorge Ariyoshi, Governor of Hawaii (1973–1986), Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (1970–1974)[178]John Baldacci, Governor of Maine (2003–11), U.S. Representative from ME-02 (1995–2003), Member of the Maine Senate from the 9th district (1982–94)[citation needed]Roy Barnes, Governor of Georgia (1999–2003)[179]Steve Beshear, Governor of Kentucky (2007–2015), Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky (1983–1987), Attorney General of Kentucky (1979–1983)[citation needed]Jerry Brown, Governor of California (1975–1983, 2011–2019), Attorney General of California (2007–2011), Mayor of Oakland, California (1999–2007), Secretary of State of California (1971–1975), 1976, 1980, and 1992 candidate for president[180]John W. Carlin, Governor of Kansas (1979–1987), chair of the National Governors Association (1984–1985), Archivist of the United States (1995–2005)[181]Ben Cayetano, Governor of Hawaii (1994–2002), Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (1986–1994)[178]Arne Carlson, Governor of Minnesota (1991–1999), Minnesota State Auditor (1979–1991)[182] (Republican)Richard J. Codey, Governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), president of the New Jersey Senate (2002–2010)[183]Jon Corzine, Governor of New Jersey (2006–2010), U.S. Senator from New Jersey (2001–2006)[citation needed]Chet Culver, Governor of Iowa (2007–2011), Secretary of State of Iowa (1999–2007)[184]Gray Davis, Governor of California (1999–2003), Lieutenant Governor of California (1995–1999)[185]Mark Dayton, Governor of Minnesota (2011–2019), U.S. Senator from Minnesota (2001–2007), Minnesota State Auditor (1991–1995)[citation needed]Howard Dean, Governor of Vermont (1991–2003), chair of the Democratic National Committee (2005–2009), chair of the National Governors Association (1994–1995), Lieutenant Governor of Vermont (1987–1991), 2004 candidate for president[186]Jim Doyle, Governor of Wisconsin (2003–2011), Attorney General of Wisconsin (1991–2003)[187]Michael Dukakis, Governor of Massachusetts (1975–1979, 1983–1991), 1988 nominee for president[188][a]Mike Easley, Governor of North Carolina (2001–2009), Attorney General of North Carolina (1993–2001)[145]Jim Edgar, Governor of Illinois (1991–1999), Secretary of State of Illinois (1981–1991)[189] (Republican)Alejandro García Padilla, Governor of Puerto Rico (2013–2017)[87]Parris Glendening, Governor of Maryland (1995–2003), chair of the National Governors Association (2000–2001)[190]Jennifer Granholm, Governor of Michigan (2003–2011), Attorney General of Michigan (1999–2003)[191]Bill Graves, Governor of Kansas (1995-2003) (Republican) [192]Christine Gregoire, Governor of Washington (2005–2013), chair of the National Governors Association (2010–2011), Attorney General of Washington (1993–2005)[193]John Hickenlooper, chair of the National Governors Association (2014–2015), Governor of Colorado (2011–2019), Mayor of Denver, Colorado (2003–2011), 2020 candidate for president and 2020 nominee for Senate[194]Jim Hodges, Governor of South Carolina (1999–2003)[195]Bob Holden, Governor of Missouri (2001–2005), State Treasurer of Missouri (1993–2001)[196]Jim Hunt, Governor of North Carolina (1977–1985, 1993–2001), Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina (1973–1977)[197]John Kasich, Governor of Ohio (2011–2019), 2016 candidate for president[198] (Republican)Tony Knowles, Governor of Alaska (1994–2004) Mayor of Anchorage, Alaska (1981–1987)[199][better source needed]Ted Kulongoski, Governor of Oregon (2003–2011), associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court (1997–2001), Attorney General of Oregon (1993–1997)[145]John Lynch, Governor of New Hampshire (2005–2013)[200]Dannel Malloy, Governor of Connecticut (2011–2019), Mayor of Stamford (1995–2009)[citation needed]Jack Markell, Governor of Delaware (2009–2017), chair of the National Governors Association (2012–2013)[201]Terry McAuliffe, Governor of Virginia (2014–2018), chair of the National Governors Association (2016–2017)[202]Jim McGreevey, Governor of New Jersey (2002–2004), Mayor of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey (1992–2002)[203]Bob Miller, Governor of Nevada (1989–1999), chair of the National Governors Association (1989–1999)[204]Ronnie Musgrove, Governor of Mississippi (2000–2004), Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi (1996–2000)[205]Jay Nixon, Governor of Missouri (2009–2017), Attorney General of Missouri (1993–2009)[196][e]Martin O'Malley, Governor of Maryland (2007–2015), 2016 candidate for president[206] (previously endorsed Beto O'Rourke)[g]Deval Patrick, Governor of Massachusetts (2007–2015), 2020 candidate for president[207]Pat Quinn, Governor of Illinois (2009–2015), Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (2003–2009), Treasurer of Illinois (1991–1995)[208]Marc Racicot, Governor of Montana (1993–2001), Attorney General of Montana (1989–1993), chair of the Republican National Committee (2001–2003)[209] (Republican)Ed Rendell, Governor of Pennsylvania (2003–2011), chair of the National Governors Association (2008–2009), General Chair of the Democratic National Committee (1999–2001)[210]Bill Ritter, Governor of Colorado (2007–2011), District Attorney of Denver (1993–2005)[211] (previously endorsed Michael Bennet)Roy Romer, Governor of Colorado (1987–1999), General Chair of the Democratic National Committee (1997–1999), chair of the National Governors Association (1992–1993)[212]Bill Sheffield, Governor of Alaska (1982–1986)[199]Peter Shumlin, Governor of Vermont (2011–2017)[213]Don Siegelman, Governor of Alabama (1999–2003), Lieutenant Governor of Alabama (1995–1999), Attorney General of Alabama (1987–1991), Secretary of State of Alabama (1979–1987)[145]Rick Snyder, Governor of Michigan (2011–2019)[214] (Republican)John D. Waihe'e III, Governor of Hawaii (1986–1994), Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (1982–1986)[178]Peterson Zah, President of the Navajo Nation (1991–1995) (governor-equivalent)[215]Lieutenant governorsCurrent state and territorialPeggy FlanaganMandela Barnes, Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin (2019–present)[216]Susan Bysiewicz, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (2019–present), Secretary of State of Connecticut (1999–2011)[217]John Fetterman, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania (2019–present), Mayor of Braddock, Pennsylvania (2005–2019)[218][219]Peggy Flanagan, Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota (2019–present)[167]Garlin Gilchrist, Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (2019–present)[220]Kathy Hochul, Lieutenant Governor of New York (2015–2021)[221]Eleni Kounalakis, Lieutenant Governor of California (2019–present)[222]Kate Marshall, Lieutenant Governor of Nevada (2019–2021), Treasurer of Nevada (2007–2015)[223]Daniel McKee, Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island (2015–2021)[224]Sheila Oliver, Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey (2018–present)[225]Juliana Stratton, Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (2019–present)[226]Josh Tenorio, Lieutenant Governor of Guam (2019–present)[227]David Zuckerman, Lieutenant Governor of Vermont (2017–2021), 2020 nominee for Governor of Vermont (Vermont Progressive)[228]Current tribalJason Cooke, vice chairman of the Yankton Sioux Tribe (2017–present)[170]Jefferson Keel, Lieutenant Governor of the Chickasaw Nation[170]Jodie Palmer, vice chair of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (2017–present)[170]Wendy Schlater, Vice Chairwoman of the La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians (2013–present)[170]Richard Silliboy, Vice Chief of the Miꞌkmaq[170]Brandon Yellowtail Stevens, vice-chairman of Oneida Nation of Wisconsin[229][170]Clark Tenakhongva, vice chair of the Hopi Reservation (2009–present)[170]FormerMichael SteeleBill Baxley, Lieutenant Governor of Alabama (1983–1987), Attorney General of Alabama (1971–1979)[145]Doug Chin, Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (2018), Attorney General of Hawaii (2015–2018)[230]Kathy Davis, Lieutenant Governor of Indiana (2003–2005)[231]Lee Fisher, Dean of Cleveland–Marshall College of Law (2017–present), Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (2007–2011), Attorney General of Ohio (1991–1995)[145]Jefferson Keel, Lieutenant Governor of Chickasaw Nation (1999–2019) (Lieutenant Governor-equivalent)[170]Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (1995–2003)[232]John Mutz, Lieutenant Governor of Indiana (1981–1989)[233] (Republican)Barbara O'Brien, Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (2007–2011)[234]Thomas P. O'Neill III, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1975–1983)[235]Michael Steele, Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (2003–2007), chair of the Republican National Committee (2009–2011), chair of the Maryland Republican Party (2000–2002)[236] (Republican)Shan Tsutsui, Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (2012–2018)[230]Fran Ulmer, Lieutenant Governor of Alaska (1994–2002), Mayor of Juneau, Alaska (1983–1985)[237]Secretaries of StateCurrent state and territorialJocelyn Benson, Secretary of State of Michigan (2019–present), Dean of the Wayne State University Law School (2012–2016)[238]Alex Padilla, Secretary of State of California (2015–2021)[d][239]Jesse White, Secretary of State of Illinois (1999–present)[240]TribalMichelle Beaudin, secretary-treasurer of the Lac Courte Oreilles Tribe (2019–present)[170]Jeff Martin, Secretary of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (2016–present)[170]Christie Modlin, Tribal Secretary of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, former chairman[170]FormerRobin Carnahan, Secretary of State of Missouri (2005–2013)[196]Jason Kander, Secretary of State of Missouri (2013–2017)[241]Kathy Karpan, Secretary of State of Wyoming (1987–1995)[242]John P. McDonough, Secretary of State of Maryland (2008–2015)[243]Attorneys generalLetitia JamesXavier BecerraJosh ShapiroCurrentHector Balderas, Attorney General of New Mexico (2015–present), New Mexico State Auditor (2007–2015)[244]Xavier Becerra, Attorney General of California (2017–2021), House Democratic Assistant to the Leader (2007–2009), U.S. Representative from CA-34 (2013–2017), CA-31 (2003–2013), and CA-30 (1993–2003)[245]T.J. Donovan, Attorney General of Vermont (2017–present)[c][244]Keith Ellison, Attorney General of Minnesota (2019–present), U.S. representative from MN-05 (2007–2019)[246]Bob Ferguson, Attorney General of Washington (2013–present)[244]Aaron D. Ford, Attorney General of Nevada (2019–present), majority leader (2016–2018) and minority leader (2014–2016) of the Nevada Senate[244]Aaron Frey, Attorney General of Maine (2019–present)[244]Brian Frosh, Attorney General of Maryland (2015–present)[247]Gurbir Grewal, Attorney General of New Jersey (2018–present)[248]Maura Healey, Attorney General of Massachusetts (2015–present)[244]Mark Herring, Attorney General of Virginia (2014–present)[244]Letitia James, Attorney General of New York (2019–present)[244]Kathy Jennings, Attorney General of Delaware (2019–present)[249]Josh Kaul, Attorney General of Wisconsin (2019–present)[244]Tom Miller, Attorney General of Iowa (1995–present, 1979–1991)[250] (previously endorsed Steve Bullock)[g][251]Peter Neronha, Attorney General of Rhode Island (2019–present), U.S. Attorney for the District of Rhode Island (2009–2017)[244]Dana Nessel, Attorney General of Michigan (2019–present)[252]Karl Racine, Attorney General of the District of Columbia (2015–present)[d][244]Kwame Raoul, Attorney General of Illinois (2019–present)[253]Ellen Rosenblum, Attorney General of Oregon (2012–present)[244]Josh Shapiro, Attorney General of Pennsylvania (2017–present)[254]Josh Stein, Attorney General of North Carolina (2017–present)[244]William Tong, Attorney General of Connecticut (2019–present)[244]Phil Weiser, Attorney General of Colorado (2019–present), Dean of the University of Colorado Law School (2011–2016)[234]FormerBruce BotelhoGeorge JepsenMark ShurtleffLori SwansonRobert Abrams, Attorney General of New York (1979–1993)[145]Jeff Amestoy, Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court (1997–2004), Attorney General of Vermont (1985–1997)[145](Republican)Doug Baily, Attorney General of Alaska (1989–1990)[145](Republican)Thurbert Baker, Attorney General of Georgia (1997–2011)[145]Rosalie Ballentine, Attorney General of the United States Virgin Islands (1991–1995)[145]Paul Bardacke, Attorney General of New Mexico (1983–1986)[145]Bruce Botelho, Attorney General of Alaska (1994–2002), Mayor of Juneau, AK (2003–2012, 1988–1991)[145]Ethel Branch, Attorney General of the Navajo Nation (2015–2019) (attorney general-equivalent)[255]Margery Bronster, Attorney General of Hawaii (1995–1999)[145]Bob Butterworth, Attorney General of Florida (1987–2002)[105]Bonnie Campbell, Attorney General of Iowa (1991–1995)[256]Pamela Carter, Attorney General of Indiana (1993–1997)[145]Steve Clark, Attorney General of Arkansas (1979–1991)[145]Martha Coakley, Attorney General of Massachusetts (2007–2015)[145]Mike Cody, Attorney General of Tennessee (1984–1988)[145]Walter Cohen, Attorney General of Pennsylvania (1995)[145] (Republican)Jack Conway, Attorney General of Kentucky (2008–2016)[145]Frederick Cooke, Attorney General of the District of Columbia (1987–1990)[145]Robert E. Cooper Jr., Attorney General of Tennessee (2006–2014)[145]J. Joseph Curran Jr., Attorney General of Maryland (1987–2007), Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (1983–1987)[145]Frankie Sue Del Papa, Attorney General of Nevada (1991–2003), Secretary of State of Nevada (1987–1991)[105][145]Michael Delaney, Attorney General of New Hampshire (2009–2013)[145]Matthew Denn, Attorney General of Delaware (2015–2019), Lieutenant Governor of Delaware (2009–2015), Insurance Commissioner of Delaware (2005–2009)[145]M. Jerome Diamond, Attorney General of Vermont (1975–1981)[145]Rufus Edmisten, Attorney General of North Carolina (1974–1984), Secretary of State of North Carolina (1989–1996)[257][145]Drew Edmondson, Attorney General of Oklahoma (1995–2011)[258][259]Joseph Foster, Attorney General of New Hampshire (2013–2017)[105]Karen Freeman-Wilson, Attorney General of Indiana (2000–2001), Mayor of Gary, IN (2012–2019)[e][260]Steve Freudenthal, chair of the Wyoming Democratic Party (1999–2001), Attorney General of Wyoming (1981–1983)[145]Doug Gansler, Attorney General of Maryland (2007–2015)[145]Terry Goddard, Attorney General of Arizona (2003–2011), Mayor of Phoenix, AZ (1984–1990)[105]Chris Gorman, Attorney General of Kentucky (1992–1996)[145]Jan Graham, Attorney General of Utah (1993–2001)[145]Scott Harshbarger, Attorney General of Massachusetts (1991–1999)[145]Neil Hartigan, Attorney General of Illinois (1983–1991), Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (1973–1977)[145]Peter C. Harvey, Attorney General of New Jersey (2003–2006)[145]Mike Hatch, Attorney General of Minnesota (1999–2007)[105]Jim Hood, Attorney General of Mississippi (2004–2020)[145]Skip Humphrey, Attorney General of Minnesota (1983–1999)[145]Richard Ieyoub, Attorney General of Louisiana, (1992–2003)[145]George Jepsen, Attorney General of Connecticut (2011–2019)[145]Jim Jones, Chief Justice (2015–2017) and justice (2015–2017) of the Idaho Supreme Court, Attorney General of Idaho (1983–1991) (Republican)[145]Drew Ketterer, Attorney General of Maine (1995–2001)[145]Peter Kilmartin, Attorney General of Rhode Island (2011–2019)[145]Gary King, Attorney General of New Mexico (2007–2015)[145]Oliver Koppell, Attorney General of New York (1994)[145]Jahna Lindemuth, Attorney General of Alaska (2016–2018)[145] (Independent)Bill Lockyer, Treasurer of California (2007–2015), Attorney General of California (1999–2007), President pro tempore of the California Senate (1994–1998)[145]David M. Louie, Attorney General of Hawaii (2011–2014)[145]Lisa Madigan, Attorney General of Illinois (2003–2019)[145]Patricia A. Madrid, Attorney General of New Mexico (1999–2007)[145]Robert Marks, Attorney General of Hawaii (1992–1995)[145]Dustin McDaniel, Attorney General of Arkansas (2007–2015)[145]Frank Mendicino, Attorney General of Wyoming (1975–1978)[145]Anne Milgram, Attorney General of New Jersey (2007–2010)[145]Mike Moore, Attorney General of Mississippi (1988–2004)[145]Jeff Modisett, Attorney General of Indiana (1997–2000)[261]Irvin B. Nathan, Attorney General of the District of Columbia (2011–2014), general counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives (2007–2011)[145]Charles Oberly, U.S. Attorney for the District of Delaware (2010–2017), Attorney General of Delaware (1983–1995)[105][145]Jeffrey B. Pine, Attorney General of Rhode Island (1993–1999)[145] (Republican)Edwin L. Pittman, Chief Justice (2001–2004) and justice (1989–2004) of the Supreme Court of Mississippi, Attorney General of Mississippi (1984–1988)[145]Warren Price, Attorney General of Hawaii (1986–1992)[145]Thomas Reilly, Attorney General of Massachusetts (1999–2007)[145]Clarine Nardi Riddle, Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico (1981–1983)[145]Hector Reichard, Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico (1981–1983)[145]Nancy H. Rogers, Attorney General of Ohio (2008–2009), Dean of Moritz College of Law (2001–2006)[145]Stephen Rosenthal, Attorney General of Virginia (1993–1994)[145]Luis Sánchez Betances, Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico (2013)[145]Mark Shurtleff, Attorney General of Utah (2001–2013) (Republican)[145]Steve Six, Attorney General of Kansas (2008–2011)[145]Gregory Smith, Attorney General of New Hampshire (1980–1984)[145] (Republican)James C. Smith, Secretary of State of Florida (2002–2003, 1987–1995), Attorney General of Florida (1979–1987) (Republican)[262]Bill Sorrell, Attorney General of Vermont (1997–2017)[145]Robert Spagnoletti, Attorney General of the District of Columbia (2004–2006)[145]Lori Swanson, Attorney General of Minnesota (2007–2019)[145]Mary Sue Terry, Attorney General of Virginia (1986–1993)[145]James Tierney, Attorney General of Maine (1981–1991)[145]Anthony Troy, Attorney General of Virginia (1977–1978)[145]Mike Turpen, Attorney General of Oklahoma (1983–1987)[61][145]John Knox Walkup, Attorney General of Tennessee (1997–1999)[145]Grant Woods, Attorney General of Arizona (1991–1999) (Republican before 2018, Democratic from 2018–present)[263]James R. Zazzali, Chief Justice (2006–2007) and associate justice (2000–2006) of the New Jersey Supreme Court, Attorney General of New Jersey (1981–1982)[145]Greg Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana (2009–2017) (Republican)[145]Other executive elected officialsCurrent stateNikki Fried, Agriculture Commissioner of Florida (2019–present)[264]Nicole Galloway, 2020 nominee for Governor of Missouri, State Auditor of Missouri (2015–present)[265]Sarah Godlewski, Treasurer of Wisconsin (2019–present)[266]Richard Hodges, director of the Ohio Department of Health (2014–2017), Ohio House Representative (1993–1999) (Republican)[267]Kathy Hoffman, Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction (2019–present)[268]Sandra Kennedy, member of the Arizona Corporation Commission (2019–present)[269]Fiona Ma, Treasurer of California (2019–present), Speaker pro tempore of the California State Assembly (2010–2012)[270]Susana Mendoza, Comptroller of Illinois (2016–present)[271]Joe Torsella, Treasurer of Pennsylvania (2016–present), U.S. Representative to the United Nations for Management and Reform (with the rank of ambassador) (2011–2014), chair and chief executive of the National Constitution Center (2006–2009, 1997–2003)[272]Betty Yee, Controller of California (2015–present)[273]TribalJohn Daniels Jr, treasurer of the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe[170]Misty Napeahi, treasurer of the Tulalip[170]Tommie Williamson, treasurer of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (2018–present)[170]FormerPhil Angelides, California State Treasurer (1999–2007)[61]Rebecca Holcombe, Vermont Secretary of Education (2014–2018)[274]Lisa Graham Keegan, Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction (1995–2001) (Republican)[97]Andrew Sidamon-Eristoff, New Jersey State Treasurer (2010–2015) (Republican)[275]Lynn Simons, Wyoming Superintendent of Public Instruction (1979–1991)[242]Inez Tenenbaum, South Carolina Superintendent of Education (1999–2007)[276]Steve Westly, California State Controller (2003–2007)[61]State and territorial legislative officialsMain article: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsementsState, territorial, and tribal judicial officialsCurrentCheri Beasley, Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (2019–2020), associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (2012–2019)[277]FormerRebecca White Berch, Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court (2009–2014) (Republican)[263]John T. Broderick Jr., Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1995–2004)[200]Janine P. Geske, associate justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court (1993–1998) (Republican)[278]Robert C. Hunter, justice on the North Carolina Court of Appeals (1998–2014), North Carolina State Representative from District 49 (1980–1998)[257]Stacy Leeds, justice of the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court, Dean of the University of Arkansas School of Law (2011–2018)[171]Greg Mathis, judge of the District Court of the State of Michigan (1995–1998)[279]Robert F. Orr, justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (1994–2004) (Republican)[280]Leo E. Strine Jr., Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court (2014–2019)[61]Charles T. Wells, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Florida (2000–2002), member of the Supreme Court of Florida (1994–2009)[281]Municipal and local officialsFurther information: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsementsParty officialsDonna BrazileTom PerezParty chairsDonna Brazile, acting chair of the Democratic National Committee (2011, 2016–2017)[282]Maurice Mitchell, national director of the Working Families Party (2018–present) (Working Families Party)[283]Tom Perez, chair of the Democratic National Committee (2017–2021), U.S. Secretary of Labor (2013–2017), Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division (2013–2017)[284]David Wilhelm, chair of the Democratic National Committee (1993–1994)[61]Rosalind Wiener Wyman, chair of the 1984 Democratic National Convention, member of the Los Angeles City Council from District 5 (1953–1965)[285]Members of the DNCCurrentLindy Li, Women's co-chair and Mid-Atlantic Regional Chair at the Democratic National Committee[286]Bob Mulholland, senior advisor for the California Democratic Party[287][d][288]Henry R. Muñoz III, finance chair of the Democratic National Committee (2017–2019)[289][better source needed]Jason Rae, Secretary of the Democratic National Committee[290]James Roosevelt, attorney, grandson of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, co-chair of the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the Democratic National Committee (1995–present)[291]Symone Sanders, political commentator, national press secretary for the Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign, senior advisor for the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign[292]FormerSteve Kerrigan, CEO of the DNC (2009–2012)[293][better source needed]Hildy Kuryk, national finance director (2011–2013)[61]Jane Watson Stetson, national finance chair (2009–2013)[61]Andrew Tobias, treasurer of the DNC (1999–2017)[61]State and territory party chairsCurrentCecil Benjamin, chair of the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands[294]Nancy DiNardo, chair of the Connecticut Democratic Party (2020–present, 2005–2015)[295]Jane Kleeb, chair of the Nebraska Democratic Party (2016–present)[296]Felecia Rotellini, chair of the Arizona Democratic Party (2018–present)[255]FormerPaul Berendt, chair of the Washington State Democratic Party (1995–2006)[92][better source needed]Matt Borges, chair of the Ohio Republican Party (2013–2017) (Republican)[297]Chip Forrester, chair of the Tennessee Democratic Party (2009–2013)[298]Jaime Harrison, 2020 nominee for Senate, chair of the South Carolina Democratic Party (2013–2017)[299]Wayne Holland, chair of the Utah Democratic Party (2005–2011), president of United Steelworkers District 12 (2019–present)[300][better source needed]Jennifer Horn, chair of the New Hampshire Republican Party (2013–2017), co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Republican)[301]Bob Tuke, chair of the Tennessee Democratic Party (2005–2007)[302]David Young, chair of the North Carolina Democratic Party (2009–2011)[257]Pat Brady, chair of the Illinois Republican Party (2009–2013) (Republican)[303]Other 2020 candidatesMark KellyJon OssoffJake Auchincloss, 2020 nominee for Massachusetts's 4th congressional district[304]Jamaal Bowman, 2020 nominee for New York's 16th congressional district[305]Nancy Goroff, 2020 nominee for New York's 1st congressional district, chair of the chemistry department at Stony Brook University[306]Al Gross, Alaska 2020 nominee for Senate, orthopedic surgeon, former commercial fisherman[307]MJ Hegar, 2020 Texas nominee for Senate[308]Mondaire Jones, 2020 nominee for New York's 17th congressional district[309]Mark Kelly, Arizona 2020 nominee for Senate, former astronaut[310]Amy Kennedy, 2020 nominee for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district[225]Sri Preston Kulkarni, 2020 nominee for Texas's 22nd congressional district[311]Preston Love Jr., Nebraska 2020 write-in candidate for Senate[296]Kathy Manning, 2020 nominee for North Carolina's 6th congressional district[312]Amy McGrath, Kentucky 2020 nominee for Senate[313]Woody Myers, 2020 nominee for Governor of Indiana[314]Marie Newman, 2020 nominee for Illinois' 3rd congressional district[315]Jon Ossoff, Georgia 2020 nominee for Senate[316]Christopher Peterson, 2020 nominee for Governor of Utah, John J. Flynn Endowed Professor of Law at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law[317]Nikil Saval, Pennsylvania 2020 candidate for State Senate[318]Raphael Warnock, Georgia 2020 candidate for Senate, senior pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church[238]International officialsHeads of state and governmentCurrentAlberto FernandezMahmoud Abbas, President of the State of Palestine (2005–present) (Fatah)[319]Alberto Fernández, President of Argentina (2019–present) (Justicialist Party)[320]Zoran Milanović, President of Croatia (2020–present) (Independent)[321]Mohammad Shtayyeh, Prime Minister of the State of Palestine (2019–present) (Fatah)[322]FormerTony BlairDavid CameronVicente FoxDonald TuskCarl Bildt, Prime Minister of Sweden (1991–1994) (Moderate Party)[323]Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997–2007) (Labour Party)[324]Jim Bolger, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1990–1997) (New Zealand National Party)[325]Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico (2006–2012) (National Action Party)[326]David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010–2016) (Conservative Party)[327]Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–2008) (New Zealand Labour Party)[328]Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–2017) (Citizen Revolution Movement)[329]Mikuláš Dzurinda, Prime Minister of Slovakia (1998–2006), President of Slovakia (1998–1999) (Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party)[330]Laurent Fabius, Prime Minister of France (1984–1986) (Socialist Party)[331]José María Figueres, President of Costa Rica (1994–1998) (National Liberation Party)[332]Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (2001–2009), Secretary General of NATO (2009–2014) (Venstre)[323]Vicente Fox, President of Mexico (2000–2006) (Independent)[333]Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia (2010–2013) (Labor Party)[334]Ferenc Gyurcsány, Prime Minister of Hungary (2004–2009) (Democratic Coalition)[335]Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia (2006–2018) (Independent)[336]Albin Kurti, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2020) (Vetëvendosje)[337]Henry McLeish, First Minister of Scotland (2000–2001), Leader of the Scottish Labour Party (2000–2001) (Scottish Labour)[338]Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (2018–2020, 1981–2003) (Homeland Fighters' Party)[339]Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–2019) (Movement for Socialism)[340]Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada (1984–1993) (Conservative Party)[341]P. J. Patterson, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992–2006) (People's National Party)[342]Petro Poroshenko, President of Ukraine (2014–2019) (European Solidarity)[343]Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden (2006–2014) (Moderate Party)[344]Matteo Renzi, Prime Minister of Italy (2014–2016) (Italia Viva)[345]Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010, 2013) (Labor Party)[346]Malcolm Turnbull, Prime Minister of Australia (2015–2018) (Liberal Party)[347]Donald Tusk, President of the European Council (2014–2019), Prime Minister of Poland (2007–2014) (Civic Platform)[348]Leo Varadkar, Taoiseach of Ireland (2017–2020) (Fine Gael)[349]Other executive officialsCurrentJean Asselborn, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg (2004–present), Deputy Prime Minister of Luxembourg (2004–2013)[350]Francesco Boccia, Italian Minister of Regional Affairs and Autonomies (2019–2021), member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2008–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Hilde Crevits, Vice Minister-President and Minister of Education of the Flemish Government (2014–present) (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams)[352]Jan Hamáček, First Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2018–present) (Czech Social Democratic Party)[353]Kamina Johnson-Smith, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica (2016–present) (Labour Party)[354]Meryame Kitir, Minister of Development Cooperation and Urban Policy of Belgium (2020–present) (Socialistische Partij Anders)[352]Sammy Mahdi, Secretary of State for Asylum and Migration of Belgium (2020–present) (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams)[352]Vincent Van Quickenborne, Minister of Justice and the North Sea of Belgium (2020–present) (Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten)[352]Olaf Scholz, Federal Minister of Finance and Vice-Chancellor of Germany (2018–2021) (Social Democratic Party of Germany)[355]Petra De Sutter, Minister of Civil Service of Belgium (2020–present) (Groen)[352]FormerSimon Burns, Minister of State for Transport of the United Kingdom (2012–2013) (Conservative Party)[356]Alan Duncan, Minister of State for International Development of the United Kingdom (2010–2014) (Conservative Party)[356]Sigmar Gabriel, Vice-Chancellor of Germany (2013–2018) (Social Democratic Party of Germany)[357]William Hague, First Secretary of State of the United Kingdom (2010–2015), Leader of the House of Commons (2014–2015), Leader of the Conservative Party (1997–2001) (Conservative Party)[358]Sajid Javid, Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government of the United Kingdom (2016–2018), Home Secretary (2018–2019), Chancellor of the Exchequer (2019–2020) (Conservative Party)[359]Marina Kaljurand, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Estonia (2015–2016) (Social Democratic Party)[360]Luis Gilberto Murillo, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia (2016–2018) (Radical Change)[361]Ana Palacio, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain (2002–2004) (People's Party)[323]Christopher Pyne, Minister for Defence of Australia (2018–2019) (Liberal Party)[362]Fahrudin Radončić, Minister of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012–2014, 2019–2020) (Union for a Better Future of BiH)[363]Legislative officialsCurrentMarkéta Adamová, member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2013–present) (TOP 09)[353]Meyrem Almaci, member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (2007–present) (Groen)[352]Anna Ascani, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Ivan Bartoš, member of the Chamber of deputies of the Czech Republic (2017–present) (Czech Pirate Party)[353]Alfredo Bazoli, member of the Italian Chamber of deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Caterina Biti, member of the Italian Senate (2018–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Georges-Louis Bouchez, member of the Belgian Senate (2019–present) (Mouvement Réformateur)[352]Nooshi Dadgostar, member of the Riksdag from Stockholm County (2014–present) (Left Party)[364]Ed Davey, Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2020–present), Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom for Kingston and Surbiton (1997–2015, 2017–present) (Liberal Democrats)[365]Pia Olsen Dyhr, member of the Danish Folketing (2006, 2007–present) (Socialist People's Party)[366]Jakob Ellemann-Jensen, member of the Danish Folketing (2011–present) (Venstre)[366]Davide Faraone, member of the Italian Senate (2019–present) (Italia Viva)[351]Stephen Farry, Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom for North Down (2019–present) (Alliance Party of Northern Ireland)[367]Valeria Fedeli, member of the Italian Senate (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Maximiliano Ferraro, National Deputy for the City of Buenos Aires (2019–present) (Civic Coalition ARI)[368]Emanuele Fiano, member of the Italian Chamber of deputies (2006–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Dagmar Freitag, member of the German Bundestag (1994–present) (Social Democratic Party of Germany)[369]Peđa Grbin, member of the Croatian Parliament (2011–present) (Social Democratic Party of Croatia)[370]Gregor Gysi, member of the German Bundestag for Berlin-Treptow-Köpenick (2005–present) (The Left)[371]Marian Jurečka, member of the Chamber of deputies of the Czech Republic (2013–present) (KDU-ČSL)[353]Neil Kinnock, member of the House of Lords of the United Kingdom (2005–present), Leader of the Labour Party (1983–1992), Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom for Islwyn (1983–1995), MP for Bedwellty (1970–1983) (Labour Party)[372]Ulf Kristersson, member of the Riksdag (1994–2000, 2014–present) (Moderate Party)[364]Egbert Lachaert, member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (2014–present) (Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten)[352]Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, member of the German Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia (2017–present) (Free Democratic Party)[357]Facundo Suárez Lastra, National Deputy of Argentina (2017–present) (Radical Civic Union)[368]Stefan Liebich, member of the German Bundestag for Berlin (2009–present) (The Left)[373]Annie Lööf, member of the Riksdag (2006–present) (Centre Party)[364]Luca Lotti, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Andrea Marcucci, member of the Italian Senate (2008–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Salvatore Margiotta, member of the Italian Senate (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Maurizio Martina, member of the Italian Chamber of deputies for Lombardy (2018–present) (Democratic Party)[351]John McGahon, Seanad Éireann (2020–present) (Fine Gael)[374]Erin McGreehan, Seanad Éireann (2020–present) (Fianna Fáil)[374]Katherine Miranda, member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia (2018–present) (Green Alliance)[375]Alessia Morani, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Omid Nouripour, member of the German Bundestag for Hesse (2006–present) (Alliance 90/The Greens)[357]Dario Parrini, member of the Italian Senate (2018–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Gustavo Petro, Colombian Senator (2018–present, 2006–2010), Mayor of Bogota (2012–2015), 2010 and 2018 presidential nominee (Progressive Movement)[376]Adam Price, Leader of Plaid Cymru (2018–present), Member of the Senedd (2016–present) and MP (2001–2010) for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr (Plaid Cymru)[377]Lia Quartapelle, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Vít Rakušan, member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2017–present) (Mayors and Independents)[353]Neale Richmond, member of the Teachta Dála of Ireland (2020–present) (Fine Gael)[378]Gabriela Rivadeneira, member of the Ecuadorian National Assembly for the National Constituency (2013–present) (Citizen Revolution Movement)[379]Randolfe Rodrigues, Brazilian Senator for Amapá (2011–present) (Sustainability Network)[380]Ettore Rosato, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2008–present) (Italia Viva)[351]Norbert Röttgen, member of the Bundestag for Rhein-Sieg-Kreis II of Germany (1994–present) (Christian Democratic Union)[381]Jagmeet Singh, Canadian member of parliament, party leader (New Democratic Party[382]Pernille Skipper, member of the Danish Folketing (2011–present) (Red–Green Alliance)[366]Jonas Gahr Støre, Member of the Norwegian Parliament (2009–present) (Labour Party)[383]Gabriele Toccafondi, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2008–present) (Italia Viva)[351]Erkki Tuomioja, member of the Parliament of Finland (1970–1979, 1991–present) (Social Democratic Party of Finland)[384]Walter Verini, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2008–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Louisa Wall, member of the New Zealand Parliament, (2008, 2011–present) (New Zealand Labour Party)[385]FormerRicardo Anaya, president of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies (2013–2014), 2018 nominee for president (National Action Party)[386]Elisa Carrió, National Deputy for the City of Buenos Aires (2005–2007, 2009–2019) (Civic Coalition ARI)[368]Josephine Fock, member of the Danish Folketing (2015–2018) (The Alternative)[366]Antonello Giacomelli, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2004–2020) (Democratic Party)[351]Boris Miletić, member of the Croatian Parliament (2008–2011, 2015–2018) (Istrian Democratic Assembly)[370]Leopoldo Martínez Nucete, deputy of the National Assembly of Venezuela (2000–2005)[387]Struan Stevenson, member of the European Parliament for Scotland (1999–2014) (Scottish Conservative)[388]Anne Tolley, Deputy Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives (2017–2020) (New Zealand National Party)[385]Academics and scholarsJames P. AllisonDavid BaltimoreElizabeth BlackburnNoam ChomskyAlan DershowitzJim PeeblesRandy SchekmanAndreas Acrivos, Albert Einstein Professor Emeritus of Science and Engineering at City College of New York[113]Peter Agre, physician, molecular biologist, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2003[389]George Akerlof, economist, professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University, professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley and 2001 recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics[132]Bruce Alberts, Chancellor's Leadership Chair in Biochemistry and Biophysics for Science and Education at the University of California, San Francisco, president of the National Academy of Sciences (1993–2005)[113]Parney Albright, physicist, weapons scientist and former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory[390]James P. Allison, immunologist, professor and chair of immunology and executive director of immunotherapy platform at the MD Anderson Cancer Center at the University of Texas and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018[389]Gar Alperovitz, historian, political economist, Lionel R. Bauman Professor of Political Economy at the University of Maryland, College Park[391]Sidney Altman, molecular biologist, Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989[389]Bernard Amadei, professor of civil engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder, founder of Engineers without Borders USA[113]Frances Arnold, chemical engineer, Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at California Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018[389]Reza Aslan, Iranian-American scholar of religious studies, writer, television host[392]Myron Augsburger, theologian, former president of Eastern Mennonite University and the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, pastor[393]Richard Axel, molecular biologist, professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004[389]David Baltimore, biologist, professor of Biology and former president at California Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1975[389]Barry Barish, experimental physicist, professor of physics, emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017[389]Paul Berg, biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980[389]Joshua Berman, professor of Bible at Bar-Ilan University[61]J. Michael Bishop, immunologist, microbiologist, former chancellor of University of California, San Francisco and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989[389]Rachel Bitecofer, author, assistant director of the Wason Center for Public Policy at Christopher Newport University and senior fellow at the Niskanen Center[394]Elizabeth Blackburn, biologist, former president of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009[389]Manuel Blum, former professor of computer science at University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University[395]Philip Bobbitt, Herbert Wechsler Professor of Jurisprudence at Columbia Law School[22]Michael Stuart Brown, geneticist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985[389]Linda B. Buck, biologist at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004[389]Diana Butler Bass, historian of Christianity, independent scholar, advocate for Progressive Christianity[84]Daniel Byman, Senior Associate Dean at the Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service[22]Mario Capecchi, geneticist, distinguished professor of Human Genetics and Biology at the University of Utah School of Medicine and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007[389]Thomas Cech, chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989[389]Vint Cerf, internet pioneer, former assistant professor at Stanford University[395]Martin Chalfie, neurobiologist, professor at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008[389]Aviva Chomsky, historian, professor of history and the coordinator of Latin American, Latino and Caribbean Studies at Salem State University[391]Noam Chomsky, linguist, Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology[c][396]Kim Cobb, professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology[113]Marjorie Cohn, professor of law at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, former president of the National Lawyers Guild[391]Elias James Corey, organic chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1990[389]Yi Cui, professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford University[113]John Dabiri, Centennial Chair Professor of Fluid Dynamics at the California Institute of Technology[113]Gretchen Daily, Bing Professor of Environmental Science at Stanford University[113]Ruth DeFries, environmental geographer and professor at Columbia University[113]Alan Dershowitz, lawyer and former Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School[397]Peter Diamond, economist, Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2010[132]Whitfield Diffie, consulting scholar at Stanford University[395]Anne H. Ehrlich, associate director of the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University[113]Paul R. Ehrlich, Bing Professor of Population Studies at Stanford University[113]Ezekiel Emanuel, oncologist, bioethicist, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and vice provost for global initiatives at the University of Pennsylvania[398]Ann Ferguson, philosopher, Professor Emerita of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst[391]Edmond H. Fischer, biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992[389]Joachim Frank, biophysicist at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017[389]Linda P. Fried, Dean of the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health (2008–present)[113]Jerome Isaac Friedman, physicist, professor of physics, emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990[389]Walter Gilbert, biochemist, physicist, molecular biology pioneer and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980[389]Sheldon Glashow, theoretical physicist, Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at Harvard University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979[389]Joseph L. Goldstein, biochemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985[389]Shafi Goldwasser, director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, former mathematical science professor at Weizmann Institute of Science and RSA professor at MIT[395]John B. Goodenough, materials scientist, a solid-state physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019[389]Carol W. Greider, Daniel Nathans Professor and director of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009[113]David Gross, theoretical physicist, string theorist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004[389]Andrej Grubačić, Yugoslav world-systems historian, professor and department chair of anthropology and social change at the California Institute of Integral Studies[391]Robin Hahnel, economist, professor of economics at Portland State University[391]Jeffrey C. Hall, geneticist, chronobiologist, professor Emeritus of Biology at Brandeis University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017[389]John L. Hall, physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005[389]Oliver Hart, economist, university professor at Harvard University, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2016[132]Leland H. Hartwell, geneticist, former president, and director of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2001[389]Oona A. Hathaway, Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law at Yale Law School[22]Alan J. Heeger, physicist, academic and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000[389]Dudley R. Herschbach, chemist at Harvard University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986[389]Roald Hoffmann, Holocaust survivor, theoretical chemist, Frank H. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters, Emeritus, at Cornell University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1981[389]H. Robert Horvitz, biologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002[389]Louis Ignarro, pharmacologist, professor emeritus of pharmacology at the UCLA School of Medicine's department of molecular and medical pharmacology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998[389]William Kaelin Jr., physician-scientist, professor of medicine at Harvard University and the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019[389]Daniel Kammen, Distinguished Professor of Energy in the Energy and Resources Group at the University of California, Berkeley[113]Eric Kandel, medical doctor, neuroscientist, professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000[389]Rebecca Katz, professor and director of the Center for Global Health Science and Security at Georgetown University Medical Center[399]Wolfgang Ketterle, physicist, professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001[389]Brian Kobilka, physiologist, professor in the department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology at Stanford University School of Medicine and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012[389]Roger D. Kornberg, biochemist, professor of structural biology at Stanford University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006[389]J. Michael Kosterlitz, physicist, professor of physics at Brown University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2016[389]Herbert Kroemer, physicist, professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000[389]Robert B. Laughlin, theoretical physicist, Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998[389]Yann LeCun, computer scientist and Silver Professor of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University[395][400]Robert J. Lefkowitz, physician, biochemist, professor of biochemistry and chemistry at Duke University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012[389]Anthony James Leggett, theoretical physicist. professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003[389]Samuel T. Logan, professor of church history at Biblical Theological Seminary, ecclesiastic historian, Presbyterian minister[393]Roderick MacKinnon, biophysicist, neuroscientist, professor of molecular neurobiology and biophysics at Rockefeller University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2003[389]Michael E. Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University[113]Eric Maskin, economist, Harvard University Professor, professor of economics and mathematics at Harvard University[132]John C. Mather, cosmologist, senior astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Maryland and adjunct professor of physics at the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006[389]Robert W. McChesney, Gutgsell Endowed Professor in the department of communication at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign[391]Daniel McFadden, econometrician, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000, Presidential Professor of Health Economics at the University of Southern California, professor of the Graduate School at University of California, Berkeley[132]Bill McKibben, environmentalist, author, journalist, Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College, leader of 350.org[401]Jon Meacham, writer, presidential biographer and Carolyn T. and Robert M. Rogers Endowed Chair in American Presidency at Vanderbilt University[402]Craig Mello, biologist, professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2006[389]Paul L. Modrich, biochemist, James B. Duke Professor of biochemistry at Duke University, investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015[389]William E. Moerner, physical chemist and chemical physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014[389]Mario J. Molina, chemist, professor at the University of California, San Diego and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995[389]Richard Mouw, former president of the Fuller Theological Seminary, theologian, philosopher[393]Roger Myerson, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2007, David L. Pearson Distinguished Service Professor of Global Conflict Studies at the University of Chicago[132]Shuji Nakamura, electronic engineer, professor at the College of Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014[389]Jeremy Nathans, professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University[113]Tom Nichols, professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College and Harvard Extension School[394]William Nordhaus, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018, Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University[132]John O'Keefe, neuroscientist, psychologist, professor at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour and the Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at University College London, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014[389]Paul Ortiz, historian, professor of history at the University of Florida, director of the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program[391]Douglas Osheroff, physicist, J. G. Jackson and C. J. Wood Professor of Physics, Emeritus at Stanford University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2012[389]Jim Peebles, astrophysicist, astronomer, theoretical cosmologist who is currently the Albert Einstein Professor of Science, Emeritus, at Princeton University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019[389]Arno Allan Penzias, physicist, radio astronomer and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978[389]Saul Perlmutter, astrophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011[389]Taylor G. Petrey, scholar of religion, former associate professor and research associate at Harvard Divinity School[84]Edmund Phelps, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, former McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University[132]Anthony B. Pinn, Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor of Humanities and Professor of Religious Studies at Rice University[403]Hugh David Politzer, theoretical physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004[389]Paul Romer, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018, former professor of economics at University of Chicago, University of California, Berkeley, Stanford Graduate School of Business, and University of Rochester, former World Bank Chief Economist (2016–2018)[132]Michael Rosbash, geneticist, chronobiologist, professor and researcher at Brandeis University, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017[389]James Rothman, biochemist, Fergus F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences at Yale University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2013[389]Joseph Sakran, assistant professor of surgery at the Johns Hopkins University[61]Barbara A. Schaal, professor of evolutionary biology, Dean of Arts and Sciences at Washington University (2013–present)[113]Randy Schekman, professor of cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2013[113]Brian Schmidt, astrophysicist, vice-chancellor of the Australian National University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011[389]Juliet Schor, economist and Sociology Professor at Boston College[391]Richard R. Schrock, chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005[389]Gregg L. Semenza, physician, professor of genetic medicine at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019[389]Stephen Shalom, professor of political science at William Paterson University (Socialist Party of America)[391]Karl Barry Sharpless, chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001[389]Drew Shindell, physicist and professor of climate science at Duke University[113]Ron Sider, theologian, Distinguished Professor of Theology, Holistic Ministry and Public Policy at the Palmer Theological Seminary of St. Davids, Pennsylvania, social activist[84]Hamilton O. Smith, microbiologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978[389]Kirk R. Smith, professor of Global Environmental Health at the University of California, Berkeley[113]Adam Sobel, professor of applied physics, applied mathematics, and earth sciences at Columbia University[113]Sean Solomon, William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science and director of the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University[113]Robert Solow, economist, Eremitus Institute Professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1987[132]Alfred Sommer, ophthalmologist and epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health[113]Michael Spence, economist, professor William R. Berkley Professor in Economics and Business at the Stern School of Business at New York University, Philip H. Knight Professor of Management, Emeritus, and dean at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2001[132]Fraser Stoddart, chemist, Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry and head of the Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group in the department of chemistry at Northwestern University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2016[389]Thomas C. Südhof, biochemist, professor at Stanford University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2013[389]Karel Svoboda, neuroscientist at Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Janelia Research Campus[113]Jack W. Szostak, biologist, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, Alexander Rich Distinguished Investigator at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009[389]Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. astrophysicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993[389]Richard Thaler, economist, Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2017[132]Kip Thorne, theoretical physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017[389]Laurence Tribe, Carl M. Loeb University Professor at Harvard Law School[a][404]Susumu Tonegawa, molecular biologist, neuroscientist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1987[389]Daniel C. Tsui, physicist, Arthur Legrand Doty Professor of Electrical Engineering, emeritus, at Princeton University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998[389]Harold E. Varmus, biologist, former director of the National Institutes of Health, former director of the National Cancer Institute, Lewis Thomas University Professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989[389]Burton Visotzky, scholar of Midrash, Appleman Professor of Midrash and Interreligious Studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America[84]Rainer Weiss, physicist, professor of physics, emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017[389]Cornel West, historian[391]Maureen White, senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies[61]M. Stanley Whittingham, chemist, professor of chemistry, director of both the Institute for Materials Research and the Materials Science and Engineering program at Binghamton University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019[389]Eric F. Wieschaus, evolutionary developmental biologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995[389]Torsten Wiesel, neurophysiologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981[389]Frank Wilczek, theoretical physicist, mathematician, Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004[389]Robert Woodrow Wilson, astronomer and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978[389]David J. Wineland, physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2012[389]Michael W. Young, biologist, geneticist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017[389]Activists and public figuresMichael AvenattiRuby BridgesConnie ChungMichael CohenBenjamin CrumpAnita HillDolores HuertaCindy McCainMichelle ObamaAl SharptonTom SteyerSully SullenbergerGreta ThunbergClay Aiken, Democratic candidate for NC-02 in 2014, singer, television personality, actor, activist[405]Michael Albert, economist, speaker, writer, political critic[391]Valerie Alexander, speaker, writer for The Huffington Post[61]Aimee Allison, founder and president of She the People[406]Debbie Almontaser, schoolteacher, Yemeni activist, founder of the Khalil Gibran International Academy[84]Clayton Anderson, retired NASA astronaut, author, motivational speaker[84]Bob Avakian, chairman of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA[407] (Revolutionary Communist)Michael Avenatti, former attorney to Stormy Daniels, convicted felon[408]Ady Barkan, activist, attorney[a][409]Lisa Blue Baron, trial lawyer[61]David Barsamian, Armenian-American radio broadcaster, writer, founder and director of Alternative Radio[391]Ryan J. Bell, atheist, former Seventh-day Adventist Pastor, contributor to HuffPost[403]Medea Benjamin, political activist, co-founder of Code Pink[391]Ruthie Berman, LGBT rights activists[410]Megan Beyer, journalist, activist, advocate of women's rights and gender issues, former Second Lady of Virginia (1990–1998)[411]Ashley Biden, Biden's daughter, social worker, activist, philanthropist, fashion designer[412]Jill Biden, Second Lady of the United States (2009–2017), Biden's wife, educator[413]Richard Bloomingdale, president of the Pennsylvania AFL–CIO (2010–present)[414]Max Boot, author, consultant, military historian, columnist for The Washington Post (Republican before 2016, now independent)[415]Keith Boykin, progressive broadcaster, political commentator for CNN[141]Greg Boyle, Roman Catholic priest of the Jesuit order, founder and director of Homeboy Industries[416]Ruby Bridges, civil rights activist and the first African-American child to desegregate the all-white William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis[417]Sharon Brous, senior rabbi at IKAR[392]Amy Butler, Christian minister, former senior minister at the Riverside Church[84]Leslie Cagan, activist, writer, socialist organizer[391]Simone Campbell, Roman Catholic Religious Sister, lawyer, executive director of NETWORK[418]Amanda Carpenter, author, political advisor, speechwriter (Republican)[419]Gwen Carr, activist, public speaker, author, mother of police brutality victim Eric Garner[420]Rosalynn Carter, First Lady of the United States (1977–1981) and First Lady of Georgia (1971–1975)[421]James Carville, Democratic political consultant[422]Mona Charen, columnist, journalist, political commentator, writer (Republican)[423]Niki Christoff, economic policy advisor, campaign operative (Republican)[97]Connie Chung, journalist, reporter, former evening news anchor[424]Shane Claiborne, Christian activist, author[391]Charlotte Clymer, LGBTQ+ activist, writer for The Washington Post[a][425]Jeff Cohen, journalist, co-founder of RootsAction.org[426]Michael Cohen, disbarred lawyer, former attorney of Donald Trump (Former Republican, later Democratic)[427]George Conway, attorney, co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Republican before 2018, now Independent)[428]Claudia Conway, liberal activist, daughter of Kellyanne Conway and George Conway[429]Christian Cooper, LGBTQ+ activist, comic book writer, birder[430]Phil Coorey, Australian journalist, political editor for The Australian Financial Review[431]Benjamin Crump, civil rights lawyer[432]Alphonso David, LGBTQ+ activist president of Human Rights Campaign (2019–present)[433]Susan Del Percio, political strategist, media analyst (Republican)[434]Anthony Diekema, former president of Calvin University[84]TJ Ducklo, political aide, media strategist[435]Chaz Ebert, attorney, businesswoman[436]Douglas Emhoff, entertainment lawyer, Harris's husband[437]Adam C. Engst, publisher of TidBITS[438]Greg Epstein, Humanist Rabbi, Chaplain at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology[84]Liza Featherstone, journalist, writer for The Nation and Jacobin[391]Karen Finney, political commentator for CNN, spokesperson for the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign[439]Mary Fisher, HIV/AIDS activist[54]Abraham Foxman, lawyer, Holocaust survivor, national director of the Anti-Defamation League (1987–2015)[440]Roxane Gay, writer, professor, editor[437]Helene D. Gayle, doctor, CEO of the Chicago Community Trust[441]Menachem Genack, Orthodox rabbi, CEO of the Orthodox Union Kosher Division[442]Joseph Gerson, peace and disarmament activist[391]Jeffrey Goldberg, journalist and editor-in-chief of The Atlantic magazine[443]X González, gun control activist, co-founder of Never Again MSD[444]Linda Gordon, feminist, historian[391]Suzanne Gordon, journalist, author[391]Chad Griffin, founder of American Foundation for Equal Rights, President of Human Rights Campaign (2012–2019)[445]Rhiana Gunn-Wright, Climate Policy Director at the Roosevelt Institute, co-author of the Green New Deal[446]Bruce Guthrie, Australian journalist[447]Fred Guttenberg, gun control activist, father of Stoneman Douglas High School shooting victim Jaime Guttenberg[448]Eugene Gu, former resident physician, social media personality (previously endorsed Andrew Yang)[449]Maya Harris, lawyer, public policy advocate, television commentator, Harris' sister[450]Meena Harris, lawyer, children's book author, founder of the Phenomenal Woman Action Campaign, Harris' niece[451]Jill Hazelbaker, communications director for the 2008 McCain presidential campaign (Republican)[97]Mary Kay Henry, labor leader, international president of SEIU[452]Doug Henwood, journalist, economic analyst, author, financial trader[391]Katrina vanden Heuvel, publisher, part-owner, and former editor of The Nation[453]Anita Hill, lawyer, professor, accused Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment in 1991[454]David Hogg, gun control activist, student who survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting[455]Ilyse Hogue, progressive activist, president of NARAL Pro-Choice America[406]Jared Hohlt, writer, editor of Slate[456]Dolores Huerta, labor leader, civil rights activist, co-founder of United Farm Workers[d][457]Coleman Hughes, writer, opinion columnist[458]Joel Hunter, former senior pastor of Northland Church[459]John Ibbitson, Canadian journalist, columnist for The Globe and Mail[460]Ben Jealous, civil rights leader, president of People for the American Way (2020–present)[461]Karine Jean-Pierre, political campaign organizer, activist, political commentator, lecturer in international and public affairs at Columbia University[462]Miriam Jerris, rabbi of the Society for Humanistic Judaism[84]Alexis McGill Johnson, president and CEO of Planned Parenthood (2020–present)[406]Derrick Johnson, lawyer, current CEO of the NAACP (2017–present)[463]Molly Jong-Fast, author, liberal political commentator, editor-at-large at The Daily Beast[394]Fred Kaplan, author, journalist, writer of the "War Stories" column for Slate[456]Cameron Kasky, activist, gun control activist, co-founder of Never Again MSD (previously endorsed Andrew Yang)[g][464]Valarie Kaur, activist, documentary filmmaker, lawyer, educator and faith leader[465]Joshua Keating, foreign policy analyst, staff writer and author of the World blog at Slate[456]Mara Keisling, founding executive director of the National Center for Transgender Equality[466]Kathy Kelly, peace activist, pacifist, author[391]Kate Kendell, former executive director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights[466]Ibram X. Kendi, author, historian, activist, professor[464]Victoria Reggie Kennedy, attorney, widow of former senator Ted Kennedy[467]Khizr Khan, father of deceased U.S. Army Captain Humayun Khan[468]Brian Klaas, political scientist, columnist for The Washington Post[469]Sharon Kleinbaum, rabbi, spiritual leader of New York City's Congregation Beit Simchat Torah[84]Jeff Klepper, cantor, Contemporary Jewish religious music influencer[84]Howard Krein, Biden's son-in-law, otolaryngologist, plastic surgeon, business executive[470]María Teresa Kumar, Colombian American political rights activist, president and CEO of Voto Latino[471]Dan La Botz, labor union activist, academic, journalist, author (Socialist Party USA)[391]Joy Ladin, poet and the David and Ruth Gottesman Chair in English at Stern College for Women at Yeshiva University[472]Khalid Latif, imam[473]James Lawson, activist in the Civil Rights Movement, pastor, professor[474]Lilly Ledbetter, equal pay for equal work activist, lead plaintiff in the landmark employment discrimination Supreme Court case, Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., namesake of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009[475]Robert W. Lee IV, activist, former pastor, descendant of Robert E. Lee[476]Rodrigo Lehtinen, Cuban-American LGBT rights advocate[410]Josh Levin, writer, executive editor at Slate[456]Sarah Longwell, publisher of The Bulwark, former board chair of the Log Cabin Republicans (Republican)[477]John R. MacArthur, journalist, president of Harper's Magazine[478]Ben Mathis-Lilley, journalist, chief news blogger of Slate's news section Slatest[456]Cindy McCain, businesswoman, philanthropist, humanitarian, widow of late Senator John McCain[479] (Republican)Steve McIntosh, author, lawyer, entrepreneur[480]Vashti Murphy McKenzie, Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church[137]Evan McMullin, activist, former CIA officer, 2016 independent candidate for President (Independent)[481]Michael Medved, radio show host[482]Mike Mignola, comics artist, writer[483]Stuart Milk, LGBT rights activist, political speaker, nephew of civil rights leader Harvey Milk[484]Laura Miller, journalist, critic, Books and Culture columnist at Slate[456]Dale Minami, lawyer, represented Fred Korematsu in Korematsu v. United States[126]Shannon Minter, civil rights attorney, legal director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights[141]Jack Moline, Conservative rabbi, executive director of Interfaith Alliance[84]Michael Mulgrew, president of the United Federation of Teachers (2009–present)[485]Mike Murphy, political consultant, strategist (Republican)[97]Tammy Murphy, First Lady of New Jersey (2018–present)[225]William Murphy, former Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre[137]Ana Navarro, political commentator, strategist (Republican)[486]Bill Nye, science communicator, television presenter, and mechanical engineer[487]Michelle Obama, activist, First Lady of the United States (2009–2017)[488]Jim Obergefell, lead plaintiff in landmark civil rights Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges[445]Jen O'Malley Dillon, political strategist, campaign manager for the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign, campaign manager for the Beto O'Rourke 2020 presidential campaign[119]Howard Opinsky, national press secretary of the 2000 McCain presidential campaign (Republican)[97]Doug Pagitt, progressive evangelical pastor, author[391]Claudia Palacios, Colombian journalist, former news anchor for CNN en Español[489]John M. Perkins, Christian minister, civil rights activist, Bible teacher, best-selling author, philosopher, community developer[393]Mike Pesca, radio journalist, host of Slate’s podcast The Gist[456]Alexandra Petri, humorist, columnist for The Washington Post[490]Megan Phelps-Roper, former member and spokesperson of the Westboro Baptist Church[403]Leonard Pitts, commentator, journalist, and novelist[491]Abigail Pogrebin, writer, journalist, podcast host for Tablet magazine, former director of Jewish Outreach for the Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign[80][e]Katha Pollitt, post, essayist, critic[492]Dan Rather, journalist, former national evening news anchor[493]Irwin Redlener, pediatrician, public health activist[113]Cecile Richards, former president of Planned Parenthood[406]Laura Ricketts, former attorney, first openly gay owner of a major-league sports franchise[494]Gene Robinson, former bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire[84]Julie Chavez Rodriguez, political rights activist, designated director of the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs for Biden[142]Joanne Rogers, widow of Fred Rogers[495]Shmuel Rosner, Israeli columnist, editor, researcher[496]Jonathan Rotenberg, executive coach, co-founder of the Boston Computer Society[61]Jennifer Rubin, journalist, columnist for The Washington Post (Independent)[497]Faiza Saeed, attorney, partner at Cravath, Swaine & Moore[61]Bamby Salcedo, founder of TransLatina Coalition[498]William Saletan, writer and national correspondent at Slate[456]Mark Salter, speechwriter of the 2008 McCain presidential campaign (Republican)[97]David Sanford, civil rights attorney[61]Lydia Sargent, feminist, writer, author, playwright, actor[391]Harut Sassounian, Armenian-American writer, public activist, publisher of The California Courier[499]Reshma Saujani, lawyer, founder of Girls Who Code[500]Andrea Saul, press secretary of the 2012 Romney presidential campaign (Republican)[97]Rob Schenck, Evangelical clergyman, president of the Dietrich Bonhoeffer Institute[84]Jack Schlossberg, grandson of former president John F. Kennedy[501]Steve Schmidt, chief strategist for the John McCain 2008 presidential campaign, co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Republican before 2018, now Democrat)[502]Stephen F. Schneck, Catholic activist, executive director of Franciscan Action Network[418]Stephanie Schriock, political strategist and president of EMILY's List[406]Stuart Schuffman, contemporary travel writer, blogger[503]Connie Schultz, writer, journalist, wife of Senator Sherrod Brown[504]Jacques Servin, leading member of The Yes Men[505]Tara Setmayer, CNN political commentator, contributor to ABC News (Republican)[419]Fawn Sharp, politician, attorney, president of the National Congress of American Indians (since 2019)[171]Al Sharpton, civil rights activist, Baptist minister, talk show host[506][507]Dennis Shepard, father of Matthew Shepard, co-founder of the Matthew Shepard Foundation, LGBTQ+ activist[508]Judy Shepard, mother of Matthew Shepard, co-founder of the Matthew Shepard Foundation, LGBTQ+ activist[508]Maria Shriver, journalist, author, First Lady of California (2003–2011) (Independent)[509]Timothy Shriver, chairman of the Special Olympics, disability rights activist, film producer, member of the Kennedy family[79]Ron Sider, theologian, social activist and founder of Evangelicals for Social Action[459]Simran Jeet Singh, educator, writer and activist[510]Marina Sitrin, writer, professor, lawyer, activist[391]Norman Solomon, journalist, activist, co-founder of RootsAction.org[426]Mohamed Soltan, Egyptian-American human rights advocate, former political prisoner in Egypt[61]Andy Spahn, political activist, consultant[511]Roy Speckhardt, executive director of the American Humanist Association, author[403]Richard B. Spencer, neo-Nazi, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, white supremacist[512] (endorsement rejected by Biden)[513]Andrea Dew Steele, co-founder of Emerge California[61]Bret Stephens, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, conservative journalist, editor, columnist[514]Stuart Stevens, writer and senior political strategist for Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign (Republican)[394]Tom Steyer, hedge fund manager, liberal activist, philanthropist, 2020 candidate for president[515]Mac Stipanovich, political activist, strategist[516]Sully Sullenberger, former U.S. Air Force captain and commercial airline pilot during the water landing of US Airways Flight 1549[517]Charlie Sykes, conservative talk show radio host, founder of The Bulwark (Republican)[518]Greta Thunberg, Swedish environmental activist and de facto leader of the school strike for climate movement[519]Richard Trumka, president of the AFL–CIO (2009–present), president of the United Mine Workers (1982–1995)[520]Mary L. Trump, psychologist, businessperson, author, niece of Donald Trump[521]Cristina Tzintzún Ramirez, labor organizer, writer[522]Cenk Uygur, liberal political commentator, media host, journalist[523]Alexandria Villaseñor, climate activist, co-founder of US Youth Climate Strike[524][525]Christie Vilsack, First Lady of Iowa (1999–2007), 2012 nominee for IA-04[526]Ou Virak, Cambodian human rights activist, public intellect[527]Suzyn Waldman, sportscaster[528]Dane Waters, campaign strategist (Republican)[97]Mikal Watts, attorney[61]Jeff Weaver, president of Our Revolution (2016–2017), campaign manager for the Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign, advisor to the Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign[529][c]John Weaver, political consultant, chief strategist for the John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign, co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Republican)[115]Peter Wehner, writer for The New York Times, former speechwriter (Republican)[530]Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers (2008–present), President of the United Federation of Teachers (1998–2008), labor leader, attorney, educator[531]Perry Weitz, attorney, partner at Weitz & Luxenberg P.C.[61]George Will, journalist, columnist for The Washington Post (Formerly Republican, now Independent since 2016)[532]John Eddie Williams, pharmaceutical injury and mass tort attorney[61]Gregory Wilpert, German activist, founder of Venezuelanalysis.com[391]Nancy Wilson, cleric, former moderator of the Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches[84]Rick Wilson, political strategist, media consultant, author, co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Former Republican, now Independent since 2019)[502]Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove, writer, Baptist preacher[391]Mark Winer, interfaith activist, rabbi[84]Evan Wolfson, attorney, gay rights activist, founder and president of Freedom to Marry[533]Eric Yoffie, rabbi, president of the Union for Reform Judaism (1996–2012)[534]Rick Zbur, executive director of Equality California[466]James Zogby, founder and president of the Arab American Institute[77]Marc Zwillinger, founder and managing member of the privacy and information security law firm ZwillGen[61]Business executives and leadersMark CubanCarly FiorinaBob IgerHoward SchultzAnna WintourAndrew YangJoyce Aboussie, founder and CEO of Aboussie & Associates and Telephone Contact Inc.[61]S. Daniel Abraham, investor, philanthropist and founder of Thompson Medical[535]Michael Alter, president and owner of the Alter Group[494]Ashok Amritraj, chairman and CEO of the Hyde Park Entertainment Group[536]José Andrés, chef and founder of World Central Kitchen[464]Mark Arabo, Chaldean-American businessman[61]Amy Banse, managing director and head of funds for Comcast Ventures, senior vice president of Comcast, member of the board of directors at Adobe Systems and Clorox[61]Robert Bass Texas Billionaire Investor [537]Arthur Blank, co-founder of The Home Depot[538]David Bonderman, billionaire, founding partner of TPG Capital and Newbridge Capital[494]Lisa Brummel, co-owner of the Seattle Storm[539]Sandy Carter, vice president at Amazon Web Services[391]Edwin Catmull, co-founder of Pixar, former president of Walt Disney Animation Studios, computer scientist[395]Peter Chernin, chairman and CEO of the Chernin Group[540]David L. Cohen, senior executive vice-president and chief lobbyist for Comcast[61]Mark Cuban, investor and owner of the Dallas Mavericks[541] (Independent)Leslee Dart, founder and co-CEO of 42West[542]Morgan DeBaun, founder and CEO of Blavity Inc.[542]Michael De Luca, chairman of MGM Studios[528]Barry Diller, chairman and senior executive of IAC/InterActiveCorp and Expedia Group, founder of Fox Broadcasting Company and USA Broadcasting[540]Jamie Dinan, investor, hedge fund manager, philanthropist[494]Kevin Feige, president of Marvel Studios[528]Carly Fiorina, chair (2000–2005), president and CEO (1999–2005) of Hewlett-Packard, 2016 candidate for president, California 2010 nominee for Senate (Republican)[543][544]Rob Friedman, media executive[540]Nely Galán, former president of entertainment for Telemundo[542]Mark Gallogly, managing principal and founder of Centerbridge Partners[545]Jim Gianopulos, CEO of Paramount Pictures[546]L. Felice Gorordo, entrepreneur and CEO of eMerge Americas[79]Julia S. Gouw, former president and COO of East West Bank[542]Peter Guber, chairman and CEO of Mandalay Entertainment[494]Reed Hastings, co-founder, chairman, and co-chief executive officer (CEO) of Netflix[535]John L. Hennessy, computer scientist and chair of Alphabet Inc.[547]Mellody Hobson, president and co-CEO of Ariel Investments[540]Reid Hoffman, co-founder and former executive chairman of LinkedIn[61]Lisa Hook, former president of CEO of Neustar[542]Alan F. Horn, co-chairman of Walt Disney Studios[528]Bob Iger, executive chairman of The Walt Disney Company[540]Laurene Powell Jobs, billionaire heiress, businesswoman, executive and founder of the Emerson Collective[548]Jeffrey Katzenberg, co-founder and CEO of DreamWorks Animation and DreamWorks Records,[549] (previously endorsed Steve Bullock)[g][550]Donna Langley, chairwoman of Universal Pictures[61]Sherry Lansing, former CEO of Paramount Pictures[61]Marc Lasry, billionaire, hedge fund manager, co-founder and CEO of Avenue Capital Group, co-owner of the Milwaukee Bucks[494]Keith Leaphart, entrepreneur, philanthropist and physician[551]Aileen Lee, founder of Cowboy Ventures[542]Kevin Liles, record executive and co-founder and CEO of 300 Entertainment[552]Bryan Lourd, partner, managing director and co-chairman of Creative Artists Agency[540]Li Lu, founder and chairman of Himalaya Capital Management[126]Daniel Lubetzky, founder and executive chairman of Kind[553]Larry Lucchino, former CEO of the Boston Red Sox[528]Christina Weiss Lurie, part owner of the Philadelphia Eagles[528]Jacqueline Mars, heiress to Mars, Inc and investor[535]David Morehouse, CEO and president of the Pittsburgh Penguins[528]James Murdoch, former CEO of 21st Century Fox[540]Dominic Ng, chairman, president and CEO of East West Bank[126]Indra Nooyi, former chairman and CEO of PepsiCo[554]Jorge M. Pérez, chairman and CEO of The Related Group, real estate developer, art collector, and philanthropist[535]Kathryn Petralia, co-founder and COO of Kabbage[542]John Pritzker, billionaire and investor[535]M. R. Rangaswami, Indian software executive[61]Douglas Rediker, founder and chairman of International Capital Strategies, LLC[61]Joyce Rey, luxury real estate agent, head of the Global Luxury division for Coldwell Banker[61]Joseph L. Rice III, co-founder of Clayton, Dubilier & Rice[61]Katie Rodan, dermatologist, entrepreneur and author[535]John W. Rogers Jr., investor, philanthropist founder of Ariel Investments[61]Art Rooney II, owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers[528]Angelica Ross, businesswoman, founder and CEO of TransTech Social Enterprises[555]Tom Rothman, chairman of Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group[61]Haim Saban, Israeli-American media proprietor, investor, and producer of records, film, and television[556]Howard Schultz, former CEO of Starbucks[557]Mark Schuster, dean and CEO of the Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine[61]Jon Shirley, former president, chief operating officer, and director of Microsoft[61]David A. Siegel, founder of Westgate Resorts[535]Herbert Simon, real estate developer, owner of the Indiana Pacers[494]Nat Simons, hedge fund manager, billionaire, philanthropist[40]Michael Peter Skelly, renewable energy and infrastructure developer and entrepreneur[61]Harry E. Sloan, director of ZeniMax Media[61]Brad Smith, president of Microsoft[61]Chip Smith, executive vice president of Public Affairs at 21st Century Fox[61]Jay T. Snyder, philanthropist[61]Jonathan Soros, founder and chief executive officer of JS Capital Management LLC[61]Bill Stetson, businessman[61]Arn Tellem, vice chairman of the Detroit Pistons[528]Jonathan Tisch, chairman emeritus of the United States Travel Association, board member of the Tribeca Film Institute and co-owner of the New York Giants[535]Glen Tullman, former CEO of Allscripts[61]Jon F. Vein, co-founder and former co-Chief of MarketShare[61]Dana Walden, chairman of entertainment at Walt Disney Television[61]Tom Werner, chairman of the Boston Red Sox[528]Meg Whitman, CEO of Quibi, CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise (2011–2018), CEO of eBay (1998–2008), 2010 nominee for Governor of California (Republican)[558]Zygi Wilf, billionaire, co-owner of the Minnesota Vikings[538]Whitney Williams, businesswoman[61]Anna Wintour, journalist, editor-in-chief of Vogue[559]Anne Wojcicki, co-founder and CEO of 23andMe[542]Robert Wolf, chairman and CEO of UBS Americas[61]Andrew Yang, Presidential Ambassador for Global Entrepreneurship (2015–17), founder of Venture for America, 2020 candidate for president[560]Kneeland Youngblood, co-founder of private equity firm Pharos Capital Group, LLC[61]Kinney Zalesne, general manager for corporate strategy at Microsoft[542]Peng Zhao, CEO of Citadel LLC[126]Jeremy Zimmer, CEO of United Talent Agency[528]Entertainment and sports personalitiesMain article: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsementsOrganizationsFurther information: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizationsSee alsoEndorsements in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primariesNews media endorsements in the 2020 United States presidential primariesNews media endorsements in the 2020 United States presidential electionList of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsementsList of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsementsList of former Trump administration officials who endorsed Joe BidenList of Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign endorsementsList of Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign endorsementsList of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaignNotes Previously endorsed Elizabeth Warren. Previously endorsed Julian Castro. Previously endorsed Bernie Sanders. Previously endorsed Kamala Harris. Previously endorsed Michael Bloomberg. Previously endorsed Cory Booker. Previously endorsed another candidate.References Wagner, Meg; Alfonso, Fernando III; Macaya, Melissa; Mahtani, Melissa; Rocha, Veronica; Wills, Amanda (November 8, 2020). "Joe Biden elected president". CNN. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Lemire, Johnathan; Miller, Zeke; Weissert, Will (November 8, 2020). "Biden defeats Trump for White House, says 'time to heal'". AP. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Jonathan Tamari (May 16, 2019). "Joe Biden chooses Philadelphia for 2020 presidential campaign headquarters". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2019. "Biden, Joseph R. Jr. – Candidate Overview". Federal Election Commission. Retrieved July 29, 2020. "'Battle for the soul of the nation': Before they were running mates, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris both used slogan". www.msn.com. Caleb Howe (April 26, 2019). "Jimmy Fallon (Lightly) Roasts Joe Biden with Alternate Campaign Slogans: 'Make America Feel a Little Tipsy Again'". Mediaite. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019. Yglesias, Matthew (December 3, 2019). ""No Malarkey," Joe Biden's unabashedly lame new slogan, explained". Vox. "Build Back Better: Joe Biden's Jobs and Economic Recovery Plan for Working Families". Joe Biden for President: Official Campaign Website. Retrieved February 21, 2021. Axelrod, Tal (July 30, 2020). "Biden campaign releases first TV ads in Ohio". TheHill. "Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Make Their Case for Biden at DNC". CNN. August 18, 2020. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020. Otterbein, Holly (August 11, 2020). "DNC Lineup Will Feature VP Candidates Plus Obamas, Clintons and AOC". Politico. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020. Forgey, Quint; Caputo, Marc (April 14, 2020). "Obama Endorses Biden's White House Bid". Politico. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020. Barrow, Bill (April 22, 2020). "Gore Says Backing Biden Isn't 'Rocket Science'". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020. "The Weekly With Walter Mondale | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Albright, Madeleine (March 11, 2020). "Albright: Joe Biden Will Restore America's Stature in the World". Miami Herald. "Peter Allgeier". 43 Alumni for Joe Biden. Retrieved October 23, 2020. Bender, Bryan (September 24, 2020). "Biden gets major endorsements today". Politico Morning Defense. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Citing the open letter with list of signatories: Smith, Michael E.; et al. (September 24, 2020). "To Our Fellow Citizens". National Security Leaders for Biden. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Morrill, Jim (August 7, 2019). "Former VP Biden, leading in NC polls, coming to Charlotte this month for fundraiser". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved October 23, 2020. Geman, Ben (July 3, 2020). "Biden rolls out team to boost climate vote". Retrieved October 14, 2020. McCammond, Alexi (June 2, 2020). "Julián Castro Endorses Joe Biden for President". Axios. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Arias, Miriam (January 17, 2020). ""Él No Tomó las Decisiones, Ahora Sería differente". El Influyente Latino Henry Cisneros Respalda a Biden" (in Spanish). Telemundo. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Nakashima, Ellen (March 18, 2020). "More Than 100 National Security Professionals Break with Tradition and Endorse a Presidential Candidate — Biden". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Lerer, Lisa; Astor, Maggie (April 28, 2020). "Hillary Clinton Endorses Joe Biden: 'I Wish He Were President Right Now'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Yam, Kimmy (May 29, 2020). "Asian American and Pacific Islanders Who Worked for Obama Endorse Biden". NBC News. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Russell, Eric (August 26, 2020). "Former Republican Senator from Maine, Bill Cohen, Endorses Biden". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved October 14, 2020. "Nuestros Negocios, Nuestro Futuro · Joe Biden for President". Mobilize. Vigdor, Neil (October 22, 2020). "Six former commerce secretaries endorse Biden". The New York Times. Rogin, Josh (November 12, 2019). "133 Foreign Policy Professionals Endorse Joe Biden". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2020. Emanuel, Rahm (August 15, 2020). "'Biden Republicans,' Don't Turn Back". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2020. "Kamala Harris Endorses Biden, Jesse Jackson Backs Sanders". WBBM. Associated Press. March 8, 2020. Foxx, Anthony (February 17, 2020). "Joe Biden Is the Fighter We Need to Win". The Charlotte Post. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Coleman, Justine (November 12, 2019). "Biden Campaign Rolls out Endorsements from 133 Foreign Policy Officials". The Hill. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Korecki, Natasha (August 25, 2020). "'He's Going to Be Unleashed': Republican DOJ Appointees Urge against Trump Second Term". Politico. "OPINION: Kansas, and the country, must return to 'constructive partisanship'". Salina Post. September 12, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020. "43 Alumni for Biden". Politico. Retrieved August 27, 2020. Epstein, Kayla. "Obama Is Staying Silent on the 2020 Democratic Primary, but Some of His Top Advisers Are Endorsing Joe Biden". Business Insider. Sanger, David E. (August 20, 2020). "Top Republican National Security Officials Say They Will Vote for Biden". The New York Times. Bublé, Courtney (August 21, 2020). "Former National Security Officials from Republican Administrations Endorse Biden". Government Executive. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021. 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"Political Commentator Karine Jean-Pierre Joins Joe Biden's Campaign; Will No Longer Be NBC News, MSNBC Contributor". Retrieved September 13, 2020. Astor, Maggie (August 17, 2020). "Democrats Plan a Virtual Gathering". The New York Times. Saad, Nardine (August 11, 2020). "'Yes, We Kam!' Hollywood Is Fired up over Kamala Harris as Biden's VP Pick". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2020. "Sikh group holds launch event on bullying, expresses support for Biden". News India Times. September 21, 2020. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. The online event was hosted by ... Valerie Kaur ... Vella, Lauren (August 27, 2020). "Over 300 LGBT leaders endorse Biden for president : 'The most pro-equality ticket in US history'". TheHill. "Austin Mayor Steve Adler Endorses Joe Biden for President". KXAN. March 2, 2020. Saenz, Arlette (November 18, 2019). "Gold Star Father Khizr Khan Endorses Joe Biden, Plans to Campaign for Him". CNN. Retrieved November 18, 2019. Klaas, Brian. "Opinion | To save democracy, vote for Joe Biden" – via www.washingtonpost.com. "Biden's son-in-law advises campaign on pandemic while investing in Covid-19 startups". POLITICO. "Young Americans for Biden Convention Watch Party with Cyn Santana and Mayor Pete Buttigieg! · Joe Biden for President". Mobilize. "Out for Biden Shabbat · Florida 2020 Victory". Mobilize. "Hamara Mulk, Hamari Awaaz: Pakistanis for Biden Townhall · Joe Biden for President". Mobilize. "Mayor Pete Does Some Major Prep". NBC News. August 21, 2020. Haines, Errin (March 31, 2019). "Lilly Ledbetter, Advocate for Equal Pay for Women, Endorses Joe Biden". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 31, 2020. Phillips, Morgan (August 28, 2020). "Hundreds of Faith Leaders Endorse Biden to 'Restore the Soul' of US". Fox News. Retrieved August 29, 2020. Longwell, Sarah (March 9, 2020). "'Never Trump' Republicans Will Support Biden, Not Sanders". The New York Times. MacArthur, John R. (November 2, 2020). "[Publisher's Note] The Referendum, by John R. MacArthur". Harper's Magazine. Jaffe, Alexandra (August 18, 2020). "Cindy Mccain Details Husband's Friendship with Biden for DNC". Associated Press. "Why I'm Voting for Biden". October 23, 2020. Davidson, Lee (October 8, 2020). "Latter-day Saints for Biden launches list of endorsers". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved October 21, 2020. Medved, Michael (October 16, 2020). "Michael Medved backs both GOP, Dems in 2020 Voters Guide". 770KTTH. Seattle. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. This time, I am voting for Joe Biden, not because I feel confident that he will reconcile the nation's warring tribes but because I believe there's at least a chance that he might. With another term of Trump, there is no chance. Jennings, Collier (September 20, 2020). "Hellboy: Mike Mignola's Fan-Favorite Creation Endorses Biden/Harris for 2020". CBR.com. Milk, Stuart (May 26, 2020). "Harvey Milk's Nephew Endorses Joe Biden". Retrieved October 2, 2020. Campanile, Carl (February 3, 2020). "NYC Teachers Union President Mike Mulgrew Backing Joe Biden". New York Post. Retrieved February 15, 2020. Sesin, Carmen (August 6, 2020). "Biden Camp Taps Republican Trump Foe Ana Navarro to Rev up Latino Voters". NBC News. Retrieved September 7, 2020. "Bill Nye Encourages Fans To Vote Biden/Harris, Says 'Science Is On The Ballot' This Election Year". The Inquisitr. October 28, 2020. Olson, Tyler (August 10, 2020). "The 2020 Democratic National Convention: What to Know". Fox News. Retrieved August 14, 2020. "The Biden-Harris Vision for Colombia and the Colombian-American Community · Joe Biden for President". Mobilize. Petri, Alexandra (March 3, 2020). "I just remembered Joe Biden is fine". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 24, 2020. "Pitts: 'I'm here to endorse a candidate'". timesfreepress.com. October 26, 2020. Casiano, Louis (May 21, 2020). "Liberal magazine columnist would vote for Biden even 'if he boiled babies and ate them'". Fox News. Retrieved September 24, 2020. Rather, Dan (August 21, 2020). "Dan Rather: This Was "Fighting" and "Caring" Joe". Ziegler, Sara (October 28, 2020). "Inside The Political Donation History Of Wealthy Sports Owners". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Daly, Michael (September 3, 2020). "Trump Went to Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, and Fred's Widow Is None Too Happy". Daily Beast. Retrieved September 13, 2020. Rosner, Shmuel (August 9, 2020). "Israel Will Be Perfectly Happy With President Biden". The New York Times. Rubin, Jennifer (April 3, 2020). "Joe Biden Understands the Devil Is in the Details". The Washington Post. "How to Watch Joe Biden's Star-Studded 'Celebration For Change' Fundraiser". Billboard. Sassounian, Harut (August 17, 2020). "Cautiously Optimistic about Success of Biden/Harris in Presidential Elections". Retrieved September 13, 2020. Seddiq, Oma (September 2, 2020). "Jared Kushner's Supermodel Sister-In-Law Karlie Kloss Plans to Campaign for Biden". Business Insider. Storey, Kate (August 18, 2020). "Why Jack Schlossberg, President John F. Kennedy's Only Grandson, Is Speaking at the 2020 DNC". Esquire. Conway, George; Galen, Reed; Schmidt, Steve; Weaver, John; Wilson, Rick (April 15, 2020). "We've Never Backed a Democrat for President. But Trump Must Be Defeated". The Washington Post. Schuffman, Stuart (August 26, 2020). "I'm a lifelong progressive voting for Joe Biden — here's why". Retrieved September 25, 2020. Schultz, Connie (August 17, 2020). "Connie Schultz: Finding hope in Kamala Harris". Retrieved September 25, 2020. Servin, Jacques (October 26, 2020). "Elect Biden, Then Give Him Power". Progressive.org. "Rev. Al Sharpton Posts Picture with Joe Biden and Family of George Floyd". NBC News. June 8, 2020. "Rev. Al Sharpton: Biden Should Say 'Game on'". Deadline. August 21, 2020. Ring, Trudy (August 19, 2020). "Pete Buttigieg, Judy and Dennis Shepard Help Nominate Biden". The Advocate. Retrieved September 7, 2020. "Live from MI: Catholics for Biden GOTV Finale · Joe Biden for President". Mobilize. Singh, Simran Jeet (October 21, 2020). "Opinion: Why Sikhs Should Vote for Biden". GV Wire. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Day, Emily Glazer and Chad (September 24, 2020). "Kamala Harris Brings Hollywood Cash to Biden Campaign". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com. Grzeszczak, Jocelyn (August 25, 2020). "Richard Spencer reiterates support for Biden, disavows "useless" and "traitorous" GOP". Newsweek. Retrieved October 15, 2020. Shonam, Seth (August 24, 2020). "'Absolutely repugnant': Biden's campaign forcefully disavows an endorsement from neo-Nazi Richard Spencer". Business Insider. Retrieved August 24, 2020. Stephens, Bret (August 17, 2020). "On Being a Biden Conservative". The New York Times. Retrieved September 24, 2020. Marinucci, Carla (April 9, 2020). "Steyer Endorses Biden While Prodding Him on Young Voters". Politico. Retrieved April 10, 2020. Stipanovich, Mac (March 4, 2020). "Why This Former Republican Voted for Joe Biden". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved April 7, 2020. "Sullenberger Joins Joe Biden at Henderson Rally". Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020. Bruni, Frank (July 11, 2020). "The Republicans Who Want to Destroy Trump". The New York Times. Dzhanova, Yelena. "17-year-old climate activist Greta Thunberg endorses Joe Biden". Business Insider. Trumka, Richard (May 26, 2020). "Trumka: Biden a Champion in Every Sense of the Word". AFL–CIO. Kranish, Michael (July 27, 2020). "Mary Trump, Niece of the President, Says She'll Do 'Everything in My Power' to Elect Joe Biden". Washington Post. Retrieved July 28, 2020. "We Know Joe!". Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign. Archived from the original on November 3, 2020. "Young Turks founder: Voting for Biden over Trump would be 'no-brainer'". The Hill. 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"AFT President Randi Weingarten Reacts to Final Presidential Debate, Congratulates Joe Biden". American Federation of Teachers. October 22, 2020. Will, George (April 29, 2020). "Only One of These Candidates Is Actually Able to Stand up to China". The Washington Post. Wolfson, Evan (May 4, 2020). "Joe Biden Has Met His Moment. America Needs Him Now More Than Ever". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved May 4, 2020. Yoffie, Eric (August 23, 2020). "Why Joe Biden Will Win the Biggest Jewish Vote Ever". Haaretz. Rogers, Taylor Nicole (August 12, 2020). "Meet the Billionaires Bankrolling Joe Biden's 2020 Campaign". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020. "'South Asian Block Party' shows support for Biden-Harris ticket". NBC News. Recio, Maria. "High-dollar Texas donors prefer Trump (but Austin gave more to Biden)". Austin American-Statesman. "These NFL owners have donated to Joe Biden and Democrats". Newsweek. October 30, 2020. Pickman, Ben. "Seattle Storm Endorse Joe Biden-Kamala Harris Ticket". Sports Illustrated. Johnson, Ted (July 16, 2020). "Joe Biden Boosted By Hollywood Donors In Latest Quarter: Jeffrey Katzenberg, Bob Iger And James Murdoch Among Major Contributors". Concha, Joe (June 24, 2020). "Mark Cuban Endorses Biden on Hannity: He 'Actually Wants to Run a Country'". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. Zalensne, Kinney (October 11, 2020). "We're a group of female executives at some of America's most innovative companies. It's clear to us that Joe Biden is the right choice for our economy, businesses, and working women". Business Insider. Retrieved October 11, 2020. Forgey, Quint (June 25, 2020). "Fiorina Says She'll Vote for Biden over Trump". Politico. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020. Dovere, Edward-Isaac (June 25, 2020). "She Wanted to Be a Republican President. She's Voting for Biden". The Atlantic. 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Daniels, Eugene (March 10, 2020). "Yang Endorses Biden for President". Politico. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.External linksWikiquote has quotations related to Joe Biden.Official website

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List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsementsArticleTalkReadEditView historyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSee also: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign primary endorsements and List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaignThis article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (October 2020)Biden for PresidentBiden Harris logo.svgCampaign	2020 Democratic primaries2020 U.S. presidential electionCandidate	Joe Biden47th Vice President of the United States(2009–2017)Kamala HarrisU.S. Senator from California(2017–2021)Affiliation	Democratic PartyStatus	Announced: April 25, 2019Official launch: April 29, 2019Presumptive nominee: April 8, 2020Official nominee: August 18, 2020Won election: November 7, 2020[1][2]Headquarters	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[3]Receipts	US$328,413,079.01[4] (July 31, 2020)Slogan	Battle for the Soul of the Nation[5]Our Best Days Still Lie Ahead[6]No Malarkey![7]Build Back Better[8]Unite for a Better America[9]Websitewww.joebiden.comJoe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg	This article is part ofa series aboutJoe BidenPolitical positionsElectoral historyEarly life and careerEponymsFamilyHonorsPublic imageU.S. Senator from Delaware47th Vice President of the United States46th President of the United StatesIncumbentPresidency first 100 daystimelineTransition COVID-19 Advisory BoardInaugurationEfforts to impeachTenureExecutive actions proclamationsTrips international202120222023Geneva summitCOVID-19 pandemicKillings al-Qurashial-ZawahiriAfghanistan withdrawalClassified documents incidentPoliciesCOVID-19 WH Response TeamEconomy ARPIIJAIRAElectoral/ethicsEnvironmentForeign policy AUKUSIPEFWar in UkraineImmigration Border crisisSocial issues BSCACannabisRFMAAppointmentsCabinetAmbassadorsFederal judges Supreme Court candidatesJacksonExecutive OfficeU.S. attorneysPresidential campaignsVice presidential campaignsPublished worksPromises to KeepPromise Me, DadJoe Biden's signatureSeal of the President of the United StatesvteThis is a list of notable individuals and organizations who endorsed Joe Biden's campaign for President of the United States in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.Endorsements listed once each.Former federal executive officialsPresidentsJimmy CarterBill ClintonBarack ObamaJimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States (1977–1981), Governor of Georgia (1971–1975), Georgia State Senator from District 14 (1963–1967), recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002[10]Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992), Attorney General of Arkansas (1977–1979)[11]Barack Obama, 44th president of the United States – with Biden as the vice president (2009–2017), U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–2008), Illinois State Senator from District 13 (1997–2004), recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009[12]Vice PresidentsAl GoreWalter MondaleAl Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001), U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1985–1993), U.S. Representative from TN-06 (1983–1985) and TN-04 (1977–1983), 2000 nominee for president, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007[13]Walter Mondale, 42nd Vice President of the United States (1977–1981), U.S. Ambassador to Japan (1993–1996), U.S. Senator from Minnesota (1964–1976), Attorney General of Minnesota (1960–1964), 1984 nominee for president[14]Cabinet-level officialsHillary ClintonEric HolderJohn KerryColin PowellSusan RiceTom RidgeSally YatesMadeleine Albright, U.S. Secretary of State (1997–2001), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1993–1997)[15]Peter Allgeier, U.S. Trade Representative (2005, 2009) (Republican)[16]Rand Beers, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2013), U.S. Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (2013), Under Secretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs (2009–2014)[17]Erskine Bowles, president of the University of North Carolina System (2005–2010), Administrator of the Small Business Administration (1993–1994), White House Chief of Staff (1997–1998), White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (1994–1996)[18]Carol Browner, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1993–2001), director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy (2009–2011)[19]William J. Burns, U.S. Secretary of State (2009)[17]Ash Carter, U.S. Secretary of Defense (2015–2017)[17]Julian Castro, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (2014–2017), Mayor of San Antonio, Texas (2009–2014), 2020 candidate for president[20][a]Henry Cisneros, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1993–1997), Mayor of San Antonio, TX (1981–1989)[21][b]James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence (2010–2017), Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (2007–2010), director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2001–2006), Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (1991–1995)[22]Hillary Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State (2009–2013), U.S. Senator from New York (2001–2009), First Lady of the United States (1993–2001), 2016 nominee for president[23]Steven Chu, U.S. Secretary of Energy (2009–2013), Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1997)[24]William Cohen, U.S. Secretary of Defense (1997–2001), U.S. Senator from Maine (1979–1997), U.S. Representative from ME-02 (1973–1979)[25] (Republican)Maria Contreras-Sweet, administrator of the Small Business Administration (2014–2017), California Secretary of Business, Transportation and Housing Agency (1999–2003)[26]James B. Cunningham, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2001), U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (2012–2014), U.S. Ambassador to Israel (2008–2011)[17]William M. Daley, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (1997–2000), White House Chief of Staff (2011–2012)[27]Tom Donilon, U.S. National Security Advisor (2010–2013), Deputy National Security Advisor (2009–2010)[28]Rahm Emanuel, Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (2011–2019), White House Chief of Staff (2009–2010), U.S. Representative from IL-05 (2003–2009), Senior Advisor to the President (1993–1998)[29]Mike Espy, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (1993–1994), 2020 nominee for Senate, U.S. Representative from MS-02 (1987–1993)[30]Anthony Foxx, U.S. Secretary of Transportation (2013–2017), Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina (2009–2013)[31]Michael Froman, U.S. Trade Representative (2013–2017)[32]Stuart M. Gerson, U.S. Attorney General (1993) (Republican)[33]Dan Glickman, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (1995–2001), U.S. Representative from KS-04 (1977–1995)[34]Carlos Gutierrez, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (2005–2009)[35] (Republican)Chuck Hagel, U.S. Secretary of Defense (2013–2015), U.S. Senator from Nebraska (1997–2009)[36] (Republican)Michael Hayden, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2006–2009), Director of the National Security Agency (1999–2005)[37] (Independent)Carla Anderson Hills, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1975–1977), U.S. Trade Representative (1989–1993) (Republican)[38]Eric Holder, U.S. Attorney General (2009–2015), U.S. Deputy Attorney General (1997–2001), U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia (1993–1997)[39]Sally Jewell, U.S. Secretary of the Interior (2013–2017)[40]Mickey Kantor, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (1996–1997), U.S. Trade Representative (1993–1996)[41]Peter Keisler, U.S. Attorney General (2007) (Republican)[33]John Kerry, U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate (2021–present), U.S. Secretary of State (2013–2017), U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1985–2013), Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1983–1985), 2004 nominee for president[42]Ray LaHood, U.S. Secretary of Transportation (2009–2013), U.S. Representative from IL-18 (1995–2009)[43] (Republican)Jack Lew, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (2013–2017), White House Chief of Staff (2012–2013), Director of the Office of Management and Budget (2010–2012, 1998–2001)[44]Gary Locke, U.S. Ambassador to China (2011–2014), U.S. Secretary of Commerce (2009–2011), Governor of Washington (1997–2005)[45]James Loy, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2005)[17]Gina McCarthy, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (2013–2017)[46]Bob McDonald, U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2014–2017)[47] (Republican)Denis McDonough, U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2021–present), White House Chief of Staff (2013–2017), Deputy National Security Advisor (2010–2013)[48]Donald McHenry, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1979–1981)[17]Norman Mineta, U.S. Secretary of Transportation (2001–2006), U.S. Secretary of Commerce (2000–2001), U.S. Representative from CA-15 (1993–1995) and CA-13 (1975–1993)[49]Janet Napolitano, president of the University of California System (2013–present), U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2009–2013), Governor of Arizona (2003–2009), chair of the National Governors Association (2006–2007)[50]John Negroponte, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2007–2009), Director of National Intelligence (2005–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (2004–2005), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines (1993–1996), U.S. Ambassador to Mexico (1989–1993), Deputy National Security Advisor (1987–1989), Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (1985–1987), U.S. Ambassador to Honduras (1981–1985)[51] (Republican)Leon Panetta, U.S. Secretary of Defense (2011–2013), director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2009–2011), White House Chief of Staff (1994–1997), director of the Office of Management and Budget (1993–1994), U.S. Representative from CA-16 (1977–1993)[52]Anne W. Patterson, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2013–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (2011–2013), U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan (2007–2010), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2005), Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (2005–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Colombia (2000–2003), U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador (1997–2000)[22]Kal Penn, former Principal Associate Director of the White House Office of Public Engagement (2009–2011) and actor[citation needed]Federico Peña, U.S. Secretary of Energy (1997–1998), U.S. Secretary of Transportation (1993–1997), Mayor of Denver, Colorado (1983–1991)[53]William Perry, U.S. Secretary of Defense (1994–1997), U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993–1994), Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering[17]Mary E. Peters, U.S. Secretary of Transportation (2006–2009)[54] (Republican)Thomas R. Pickering, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1989–1992)[17]John Podesta, White House Chief of Staff (1998–2001)Colin Powell, U.S. Secretary of State (2001–2005), Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), U.S. National Security Advisor (1987–1989)[55] (Republican)Samantha Power, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2013–2017)[36]Penny Pritzker, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (2013–2017)[56]Robert Reich, U.S. Secretary of Labor (1993–1997)[57]William K. Reilly, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1989–1993)[54] (Republican)Susan Rice, Director of the United States Domestic Policy Council (2021–present), U.S. National Security Advisor (2013–2017), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2009–2013), Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (1997–2001)[58]Bill Richardson, Governor of New Mexico (2003–2011), U.S. Secretary of Energy (1998–2001), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1997–1998), U.S. Representative from NM-03 (1983–1997)[17]Tom Ridge, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2005) U.S. Homeland Security Advisor (2001–2003) Governor of Pennsylvania (1995–2001) U.S. Representative from PA-21 (1983–1995) (Republican)[59]Richard Riley, U.S. Secretary of Education (1993–2001), Governor of South Carolina (1979–1987)[60]Robert Rubin, director of the U.S. National Economic Council (1993–1995), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1995–1999), chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations (2007–2017)[61]Ken Salazar, U.S. Secretary of the Interior (2009–2013), U.S. Senator from Colorado (2005–2009)[62]Miriam Sapiro, U.S. Trade Representative (2013), Deputy U.S. Trade Representative (2009–2014)[17]Kathleen Sebelius, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services (2009–2014), Governor of Kansas (2003–2009)[63]Thomas A. Shannon Jr., U.S. Secretary of State (2017) (Republican)[38]Hilda Solis, U.S. Secretary of Labor (2009–2013), U.S. Representative from CA-32 (2001–2009)[64]Lawrence Summers, Director of the National Economic Council (2009–2011), President of Harvard University (2001–2006), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1999–2001)[65]Ann Veneman, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (2001–2005)[66] (Republican)Tom Vilsack, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (2009–2017, 2021–present), Governor of Iowa (1999–2007)[67]Jack Watson, White House Chief of Staff (1980–1981)[17]William H. Webster, chair of the Homeland Security Advisory Council (2005–2020), Director of Central Intelligence (1987–1991), Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1978–1987), judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1973–1978), judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (1970–1973), U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri (1960–1961)[68] (Republican)Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (2001–2003) Governor of New Jersey (1994–2001)[69] (Republican)Neal S. Wolin, U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (2009–2013), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (2013), chair of the Intelligence Oversight Board (2015–2017)[61]Sally Yates, U.S. Attorney General (2017), U.S. Deputy Attorney General (2015–2017), U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia (2010–2015)[70]Janet Yellen, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (2021–present), Chair of the Federal Reserve (2014–2018), vice chair of the Federal Reserve (2010–2014), member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (2010–2018, 1994–1997), president of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (2004–2010), chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (1997–1999)[71]Andrew Young, Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (1982–1990), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1977–1979), U.S. Representative from GA-05 (1973–1977)[72]Jeffrey Zients, Chief Performance Officer of the United States (2009–2013), director of the Office of Management and Budget (2010, 2012–2013), director of the National Economic Council (2014–2017)[61]Robert Zoellick, U.S. Trade Representative (2001–2005) (Republican)[17]State Department officialsHady Amr, U.S. Deputy Special Envoy for Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations (2014–2017)[61]Richard Armitage, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2001–2005) (Republican)[37]Elizabeth Frawley Bagley, special advisor for Secretary's Initiatives (2010–2013, 2014–2017), special representative for Global Partnerships (2009–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1994–1997)[61]John B. Bellinger III, Legal Adviser of the Department of State (2005–2009) (Republican)[37]Virginia L. Bennett, Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2017)[17]Nisha Biswal, Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (2014–2017)[73]Robert O. Blake Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia (2014–2016), Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (2009–2013)[17]Tony Blinken, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2015–2017), Deputy National Security Advisor (2013–2015)[28]Richard Boucher, Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (2006–2009) (Republican)[38]Reuben Brigety, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (2011–2013)[32]R. Nicholas Burns, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (2005–2008)[32]Kurt M. Campbell, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2009–2013)[74]Richard A. Clarke, Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs (1989–1992)[17]Eliot A. Cohen, Counselor of the U.S. Department of State (2007–2009) (Republican)[75]Elinor Constable, Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (1993–1995), U.S. Ambassador to Kenya (1986–1989)[74]Chester Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (1981–1989) (Republican)[38]Evan Dobelle, Chief of Protocol (1977–1978)[74]William A. Eaton, U.S. Ambassador to Panama (2005–2008), Assistant Secretary of State for Administration (2001–2005)[17]Eric S. Edelman, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (2005–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Turkey (2003–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Finland (1998–2001) (Republican)[17]Stuart E. Eizenstat, U.S. Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment (1997–1999), U.S. Ambassador to the European Union (1993–1996)[76]Jeffrey D. Feltman, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2009–2012), U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (2004–2008)[22][77]Jose W. Fernandez, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs (2009–2013)[74]Jonathan Finer, Director of Policy Planning (2016–2017)[22]Carl W. Ford Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research (2001–2003) (Republican)[38]Ira Forman, Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating Anti-Semitism (2013–2017)[78]Douglas Frantz, Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs (2013–2015)[22]Robert S. Gelbard, U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia (1999–2001), Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters (1993–1997), U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia (1988–1991)[74]James K. Glassman, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (2008–2009) (Republican)[38]L. Felice Gorordo, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (2006–2007)[79]Rose Gottemoeller, Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance (2009–2014), Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2012–2016)[17]Colleen Graffy, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy in Europe and Eurasia (2004–2009) (Republican)[38]Heather Higginbottom, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources (2013–2017), Counselor of the United States Department of State (2013), deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget (2011–2013)[22]Christopher R. Hill, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2005–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (2009–2010), U.S. Ambassador to South Korea (2004–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Poland (2000–2004), U.S. Ambassador to Macedonia (1996–1999), U.S. Ambassador to Albania (1991)[32]Karl Inderfurth, Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (1997–2001)[17]Roberta S. Jacobson, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs (2011–2016), U.S. Ambassador to Mexico (2016–2018)[32][17]Tracey Ann Jacobson, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (2017), U.S. Ambassador to Kosovo (2012–2015), U.S. Ambassador to Tajikistan (2006–2009)[17]James A. Kelly, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2001–2005) (Republican)[38]Kristie Kenney, Counselor of the United States Department of State (2016–2017)[17]Harold Hongju Koh, Legal Adviser of the Department of State (2009–2013), Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (1998–2001)[24]David J. Kramer, Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2008–2009) (Republican)[38]Stephen D. Krasner, director of policy planning (2005–2007) (Republican)[38]Barbara Larkin, Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (1996–2001)[74]Reta Jo Lewis, special representative for global intergovernmental affairs at the Department of State[17]John Limbert, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Iran (2009–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Mauritania (2000–2003)[77]David Lyle Mack, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs (1990–1993), U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (1986–1989)[77]Nancy McEldowney, director of the Foreign Service Institute (2013–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria (2008–2009)[17]Thomas O. Melia, Assistant Administrator of USAID for Europe and Eurasia (2015–2017)[74]Alberto J. Mora, general counsel to the U.S. Information Agency (1989–1993) (Republican)[38]Thomas R. Nides, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources (2011–2013)[17]Suzanne Nossel, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (2009)[22]Victoria Nuland, Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs (2013–2017), Spokesperson for the United States Department of State (2011–2013), U.S. Ambassador to NATO (2005–2008)[32]Douglas H. Paal, former member of the U.S. State Department Policy Planning Staff (Republican)[38]Michael C. Polt, U.S. Ambassador to Estonia (2009–2012), U.S. Ambassador to Serbia (2006–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro (2004–2006), Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (2001)[32]Robin Raphel, U.S. Ambassador to Tunisia (1997–2001), Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs (1993–1997)[17]Joel Martin Rubin, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (2014–2017)[80][c]Evan Ryan, Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs (2013–2017)[61]Kori Schake, deputy director for Policy Planning for the U.S. Department of State (2007–2008) (Republican)[38]Peter A. Selfridge, Chief of Protocol of the United States (2014–2017)[61]Elaine Schuster, public delegate to the United Nations General Assembly (2009–2010)[61]Wendy Sherman, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2014–2015)[17]Jay T. Snyder, Commissioner of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy[74]James Steinberg, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2009–2011), Deputy National Security Advisor (1996–2000)[17]Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (2013–2017), Director General of the Foreign Service (2012–2013), U.S. Ambassador to Liberia (2008–2012)[32]Arturo Valenzuela, Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs (2009–2011)[74]Nicholas A. Veliotes, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (1981–1983), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (1984–1986), U.S. Ambassador to Jordan (1978–1981)[32]Richard Verma, Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs (2009–2011), U.S. Ambassador to India (2015–2017)[32][73]Edward S. Walker Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (2000–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Israel (1997–2000), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (1994–1997), U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (1989–1992)[32][77]Earl Anthony Wayne, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs (2000–2006), U.S. Ambassador to Argentina (2007–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Mexico (2011–2015)[17]Frank G. Wisner, U.S. Ambassador to Zambia (1979–1982), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (1986–1991), U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines (1991–1992), Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs (1992–1993), Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (1993–1994), U.S. Ambassador to India (1994–1997)[77][32]John Wolf, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (1989–1992), U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia (1992–1995) (Republican)[38]Philip D. Zelikow, counselor of the U.S. Department of State (2005–2007) (Republican)[38]Peter Zimmerman, former chief scientist of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and Science Adviser for Arms Control[17]U.S. AmbassadorsCaroline KennedyMarie YovanovitchGina Abercrombie-Winstanley, U.S. Ambassador to Malta (2012–2016)[17]Charles C. Adams Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Finland (2015–2017)[17][77]Leslie M. Alexander, U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador (1996–1999), U.S. Ambassador to Mauritius, U.S. Ambassador to Comoros (1994–1996), U.S. Ambassador to Haiti (1992–1993)[74]Mari Carmen Aponte, U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador (2012–2015)[17]Nicole Avant, U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas (2009–2011)[61]Robert C. Barber, U.S. Ambassador to Iceland (2015–2017)[61]Robert L. Barry, U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia (1992–1995), U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria (1981–1984)[74]Matthew Barzun, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (2013–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Sweden (2009–2011)[32]Leslie A. Bassett, U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay (2015–2017)[17]Michael A. Battle Sr., U.S. Ambassador to the African Union (2009–2013)[17]Max Baucus, U.S. Senator from Montana (1978–2014), U.S. Ambassador to China (2014–2017), U.S. Representative from MT-01 (1975–1978)[81]Denise Bauer, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (2013–2017)[32]Colleen Bell, U.S. Ambassador to Hungary (2015–2017)[17]Jack R. Binns, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras (1980–1981)[74]Robert Blackwill, U.S. Ambassador to India (2001–2003)[38] (Republican)James Blanchard, U.S. Ambassador to Canada (1993–1996), Governor of Michigan (1983–1991), U.S. Representative from MI-18 (1975–1983)[74]John W. Blaney, U.S. Ambassador to Liberia (2002–2005)[17]Jeff Bleich, U.S. Ambassador to Australia (2009–2013)[61]Alan Blinken, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (1993–1997)[74]Barbara Bodine, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (1997–2001)[77]Avis Bohlen, U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria (1996–1999)[17]Amy L. Bondurant, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization for Cooperation and Development (1997–2001)[17][77]Charles R. Bowers, U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia (1991–1994) (Republican)[38]Carol Moseley Braun, U.S. Senator from Illinois (1993–1999), U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa (1999–2001)[82]Aurelia E. Brazeal, U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia (2002–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Kenya (1993–1996), U.S. Ambassador to Micronesia (1990–1993)[17]Wally Brewster, U.S. Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (2013–2017)[74]Peter Bridges, U.S. Ambassador to Somalia (1984–1986) (Republican)[38]Reuben Brigety, U.S. Ambassador to the African Union (2013–2015), Dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs (2015–present)[74]Tim Broas, U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands (2014–2016)[74]Sue K. Brown, U.S. Ambassador to Montenegro (2011–2015)[17]George Charles Bruno, U.S. Ambassador to Belize (1994–1997)[17]Mark Brzezinski, U.S. Ambassador to Sweden (2011–2015)[74]Richard Burt, U.S. Ambassador to Germany (1985–1989) (Republican)[38]Dwight L. Bush Sr., U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (2014–2017)[74][77]Prudence Bushnell, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala (1999–2002), U.S. Ambassador to Kenya (1996–1999)[17]Judith Beth Cefkin, U.S. Ambassador to Fiji (2015–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Kiribati (2015–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Nauru (2015–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Tonga (2015–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Tuvalu (2015–2018)[17]Dick Celeste, Governor of Ohio (1983–1991), U.S. Ambassador to India (1997–2001), director of the Peace Corps (1979–1981), Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1975–1979)[83]Peter R. Chaveas, U.S. Ambassador to Sierra Leone (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to Malawi (1994–1997)[17]Mark B. Childress, U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania (2014–2016)[74]Jack Chow, former special representative of the U.S. Secretary of State on Global HIV/AIDS (Republican)[38]Isobel Coleman, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations for Management and Reform (2014–2017)[74]Maura Connelly, U.S. Ambassador to Syria (2008–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (2010–2013)[77]Elinor G. Constable, U.S. Ambassador to Kenya (1986–1989)[17]Frances D. Cook, U.S. Ambassador to Burundi (1980–1983), U.S. Ambassador to Cameroon (1989–1993), U.S. Ambassador to Oman (1996–1999)[77]Suzan Johnson Cook, U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom (2011–2013)[84]Jerome G. Cooper, U.S. Ambassador to Jamaica (1994–1997)[17]James Costos, U.S. Ambassador to Spain and Andorra (2013–2017)[85]Cindy Courville, U.S. Ambassador to the African Union (2006–2008)[17]Ryan Crocker, U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (2002, 2011–2012), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (2007–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan (2004–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Syria (1999–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait (1994–1997), U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (1990–1993)[77]Ruth A. Davis, U.S. Ambassador to Benin (1992–1995)[17]Jeffrey DeLaurentis, U.S. Ambassador to Cuba (2014–2017), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations for Special Political Affairs (2011–2014)[32]Greg Delawie, U.S. Ambassador to Kosovo (2015–2018)[22]Robert Sherwood Dillon, U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (1981–1983)[77]Kathleen A. Doherty, U.S. Ambassador to Cyprus (2015–2018)[17]William Eacho, U.S. Ambassador to Austria (2009–2013)[32]Stuart Eizenstat, director of the White House Domestic Policy Council (1977–1981), U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (1999–2001), U.S. Ambassador to the European Union (1993–1996)[74]Susan M. Elliott, U.S. Ambassador to Tajikistan (2012–2015)[17]John B. Emerson, U.S. Ambassador to Germany (2013–2017)[17]John L. Estrada, U.S. Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago (2016–2017)[17]Gerald Feierstein, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (2010–2013)[22][77]Judith Fergin, U.S. Ambassador to East Timor (2010–2013)[17]Julie Finley, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (2005–2009) (Republican)[38]Robert Stephen Ford, U.S. Ambassador to Syria (2011–2014), U.S. Ambassador to Algeria (2006–2008)[17][77]Elizabeth Frawley Bagley, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1994–1997)[32]Laurie S. Fulton, U.S. Ambassador to Denmark (2009–2013)[17]Julie Furuta-Toy, U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea (2016–2019)[17]Edward M. Gabriel, U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1997–2001)[17][77]Peter Galbraith, U.S. Ambassador to Croatia (1993–1998)[17]Anthony L. Gardner, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union (2014–2017)[74]Gordon Giffin, U.S. Ambassador to Canada (1997–2001)[17]Rufus Gifford, U.S. Ambassador to Denmark (2013–2017)[86]Mark Gilbert, U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand (2015–2017)[61]Marc Ginsberg, U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1994–1998)[74]Mark Gitenstein, U.S. Ambassador to Romania (2009–2012)[32]Edward Gnehm, U.S. Ambassador to Jordan (2001–2014), U.S. Ambassador to Australia (2000–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait (1991–1994)[77]Christopher E. Goldthwait, U.S. Ambassador to Chad (1999–2004)[32]Gary A. Grappo U.S. Ambassador to Oman (2006–2009)[32]Gordon Gray III, U.S. Ambassador to Tunisia (2009–2012)[17][77]Gabriel Guerra-Mondragón, U.S. Ambassador to Chile (1994–1998)[87]Lino Gutierrez, U.S. Ambassador to Argentina (2003–2006), U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua (1996–1999)[17]Howard Gutman, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (2009–2013)[17]Nina Hachigian, U.S. Ambassador to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2014–2017)[22]Tony P. Hall, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture (2002–2006)[84]Pamela Hamamoto, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations International Organizations in Geneva (2014–2017)[17]S. Fitzgerald Haney, U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica (2015–2017)[88]Anthony Stephen Harrington, U.S. Ambassador to Brazil (1999–2001)[17]Jane D. Hartley, U.S. Ambassador to France (2014–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Monaco (2014–2017)[89]Bruce Heyman, U.S. Ambassador to Canada (2014–2017)[17]Karl W. Hofmann, U.S. Ambassador to Togo (2000–2002)[74]Laura Holgate, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations International Organizations in Vienna (2016–2017)[17]Thomas C. Hubbard, U.S. Ambassador to South Korea (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines (1996–2000)[32]Vicki J. Huddleston, U.S. Ambassador to Mali (2000–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Madagascar (1995–1996)[32]David Huebner, U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa (2010–2014)[17]Edmund Hull, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (2001–2004)[77]David T. Johnson, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (1998–2001)[17]A. Elizabeth Jones, U.S. Ambassador to Kazakhstan (1995–1997)[17][77]Deborah K. Jones, U.S. Ambassador to Libya (2013–2015), U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait (2008–2011)[22][77]Samuel L. Kaplan, U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (2009–2013)[77]Theodore H. Kattouf, U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (1999–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Syria (2001–2003)[77]Richard Kauzlarich, U.S. Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997–1999), U.S. Ambassador to Azerbaijan (1994–1997)[22]Caroline Kennedy, U.S. Ambassador to Japan (2013–2017)[90]Laura E. Kennedy, U.S. Ambassador to Turkmenistan (2001–2003)[17]Kristie Kenney, U.S. Ambassador to Thailand (2011–2014), U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador (2002–2005)[17]Jimmy J. Kolker, U.S. Ambassador to Uganda (2002–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Burkina Faso (1999–2002)[17]Karen Kornbluh, U.S. Ambassador to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009–2012)[17]Thomas C. Krajeski, U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (2004–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Bahrain (2011–2014)[77]Lisa Kubiske. U.S. Ambassador to Honduras (2011–2014)[22]Madeleine Kunin, Governor of Vermont (1985–1991), U.S. Ambassador to Liechtenstein (1997–1999), U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland (1996–1999), U.S. Deputy Secretary of Education (1993–1996), Lieutenant Governor of Vermont (1979–1983)[91]Mark P. Lagon, U.S. Ambassador-at-Large to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (2007–2009)[74]Frank Lavin, U.S. Ambassador to Singapore (2001–2005) (Republican)[35]David Floyd Lambertson, U.S. Ambassador to Thailand (1991–1995)[74]Joyce Ellen Leader, U.S. Ambassador to Guinea (1999–2000)[17]Richard LeBaron, U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait (2004–2007)[77]Alfonso E. Lenhardt, U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania (2009–2013)[17]Jeffrey D. Levine, U.S. Ambassador to Estonia (2012–2015)[17]Suzan G. LeVine, U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (2014–2017)[92][better source needed]Dawn M. Liberi, U.S. Ambassador to Burundi (2012–2016)[17]Carmen Lomellin, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization of American States (2009–2014)[17]Winston Lord, U.S. Ambassador to China (1984–1989)[38] (Republican)Douglas Lute, U.S. Ambassador to NATO (2013–2017)[32]Ray Mabus, Secretary of the Navy (2009–2017), U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1994–1996), Governor of Mississippi (1988–1992)[d][93][better source needed]Deborah R. Malac, U.S. Ambassador to Uganda (2016–2020), U.S. Ambassador to Liberia (2012–2015)[17]Robert A. Mandell, U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg (2011–2015), chairman of the Florida Environmental Regulation Commission (1987–1990)[17]R. Niels Marquardt, U.S. Ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros (2007–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea (2004–2006), U.S. Ambassador to Cameroon (2001–2004)[32]Gail D. Mathieu, U.S. Ambassador to Namibia (2007–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Niger (2002–2005)[17]Marshall Fletcher McCallie, U.S. Ambassador to Namibia (1993–1996)[17]Stephen G. McFarland, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala (2008–2011)[17]Michael McKinley, U.S. Ambassador to Brazil (2017–2018), U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (2015–2016), U.S. Ambassador to Colombia (2010–2014), U.S. Ambassador to Peru (2007–2010) (Republican)[38]Elizabeth Davenport McKune, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (1998–2001)[32]Christopher McMullen, U.S. Ambassador to Angola (2010–2013)[32]James D. Melville Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Estonia (2015–2018)[17]Tom Miller, U.S. Ambassador to Greece (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina (1999–2001)[32]Richard Morningstar, U.S. Ambassador to Azerbaijan (2012–2015)[32]David D. Nelson, U.S. Ambassador to Uruguay (2009–2011)[17]Crystal Nix-Hines, U.S. Ambassador to UNESCO (2014–2017)[17]Lyndon Lowell Olson Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Sweden (1998–2001)[32]Kevin O'Malley, U.S. Ambassador to Ireland (2014–2017)[74]Louis O'Neill, U.S. Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2006–2008)[17]Robert Orr, U.S. Ambassador to the Asian Development Bank (2010–2016), president of Boeing Japan (2002–2007)[74]Joseph R. Paolino Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Malta (1994–1996)[61]June Carter Perry, U.S. Ambassador to Lesotho (2004–2007), U.S. Ambassador to Sierra Leone (2004–2007)[22]Nancy Bikoff Pettit, U.S. Ambassador to Latvia (2015–2019)[17]Joan M. Plaisted, U.S. Ambassador to Kiribati (1995–2000), U.S. Ambassador to the Marshall Islands (1995–2000), U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1991–1994)[74]Nancy Jo Powell, U.S. Ambassador to India (2012–2014)[17]Maureen E. Quinn, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (2001–2004)[17]Azita Raji, U.S. Ambassador to Sweden (2016–2017)[74]Charles A. Ray, U.S. Ambassador to Zimbabwe (2009–2012), Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for POW and Missing Personnel Affairs (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia (2002–2005)[28]Julissa Reynoso, U.S. Ambassador to Uruguay (2012–2014)[32]Thomas Bolling Robertson, U.S. Ambassador to Slovenia (2004–2008)[22]James Rosapepe, U.S. Ambassador to Romania (1998–2001)[94]Leslie V. Rowe, U.S. Ambassador to Mozambique (2010–2012), U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to the Solomon Islands (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Vanuatu (2006–2009)[17]William A. Rugh, U.S. Ambassador to North Yemen (1984–1987), U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (1992–1995)[77]Catherine M. Russell, U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues (2013–2017)[74]Janet A. Sanderson, U.S. Ambassador to Haiti (2006–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Algeria (2000–2003)[77]Teresita Currie Schaffer, U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka (1992–1995), U.S. Ambassador to the Maldives (1992–1995)[17]Tom Schieffer, U.S. Ambassador to Japan (2005–2009), U.S. Ambassador to Australia (2001–2005)[32]Gregory Schulte, U.S. Ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency (2005–2009) (Republican)[38]Tod Sedgwick, U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia (2010–2015)[17]Daniel B. Shapiro, U.S. Ambassador to Israel (2011–2017)[95]Mattie R. Sharpless, U.S. Ambassador to the Central African Republic (2001–2003)[17]Robert A. Sherman, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (2014–2017)[32]Dana Shell Smith, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (2014–2017)[22][77]Nancy Soderberg, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations for Special Political Affairs (1997–2001)[32]Alan Solomont, U.S. Ambassador to Spain and Andorra (2010–2013)[17]Daniel V. Speckhard, U.S. Ambassador to Greece (2007–2010), U.S. Ambassador to Belarus (1997–2000)[74]Carl Spielvogel, U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia (2000–2001)[61]Karen Clark Stanton, U.S. Ambassador to East Timor (2014–2017)[17]Charles Richard Stith, U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania (1998–2001)[74]Mark C. Storella, U.S. Ambassador to Zambia (2010–2013) (Republican)[17]Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli, Alternate United States Representative to the United Nations for Special Political Affairs (1990–1993) (Republican)[38]Robert H. Tuttle, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (2005–2009) (Republican)[38]Charles H. Twining, U.S. Ambassador to Cameroon (1995–1998), U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea (1995–1998), U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia (1994–1995), U.S. Ambassador to Benin (1982–1983)[74]Nicholas A. Veliotes, U.S. Ambassador to Jordan (1978–1981), U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (1984–1986)[77]Alexander Vershbow, U.S. Ambassador to NATO (1997–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Russia (2001–2005), U.S. Ambassador to South Korea (2005–2008)[17]Frederick Vreeland, U.S. Ambassador to Morocco (1992–1993)[77]Marcelle Wahba, U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (2001–2004)[77]Jenonne R. Walker, U.S. Ambassador to the Czech Republic (1995–1998)[17]Marc M. Wall, U.S. Ambassador to Chad (2004–2007) (Nonpartisan)[74]James Donald Walsh, U.S. Ambassador to Argentina (2000–2003)[17]Mary Burce Warlick, U.S. Ambassador to Serbia (2010–2012)[32]Joseph W. Westphal, U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (2014–2017), Under Secretary of the Army (2009–2014), Secretary of the Army (2001)[32]Barry B. White, U.S. Ambassador to Norway (2009–2013)[17]Bisa Williams, U.S. Ambassador to Niger (2010–2013)[17]Duane Woerth, U.S. Representative on the council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (2010–2013)[17]Lee S. Wolosky, U.S. Special Envoy for the Closure of the Guantánamo Bay Detention Facility (2015–2017)[22]Mary Carlin Yates, U.S. Ambassador to Ghana (2002–2005), U.S. Ambassador to Burundi (1999–2002)[32]Johnny Young, U.S. Ambassador to Slovenia (2001–2004), U.S. Ambassador to Bahrain (1997–2001), U.S. Ambassador to Togo (1994–1997), U.S. Ambassador to Sierra Leone (1989–1992)[17]Marie Yovanovitch, U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine (2016–2019), U.S. Ambassador to Armenia, (2008–2011), U.S. Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan (2005–2008)[96]Susan L. Ziadeh, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (2011–2014)[77]Anthony Zinni, U.S. Special Envoy for Qatar (2017–2019) (Independent)[17]Defense Department officialsLouis CalderaWesley ClarkEric FanningStanley McChrystalWilliam McRavenWilliam Howard Taft IVCharles S. Abbot, deputy commander in chief of the U.S. European Command (1998–2000)[17]Clara Adams-Ender, Chief of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps (1987–1991)[17]James A. Adkins, former major general in the U.S. Army[17]Clifford Alexander Jr., U.S. Secretary of the Army (1977–1981)[17]Ricardo Aponte, brigadier general in the Air Force Reserve Command and the U.S. Air Force (1972–2007)[17]Donald Arthur, Surgeon General of the U.S. Navy (2004–2007)[17]Jeremy Bash, chief of staff to the U.S. Secretary of Defense (2011–2013), chief of staff to the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2009–2011)[61]Charles Blanchard, General Counsel of the Army (1999–2001), General Counsel of the Air Force (2009–2013)[17]Ronald R. Blanck, Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1996–2000)[17]Charles G. Boyd, four-star general in the U.S. Air Force (1959–1995)[17]John A. Bradley, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force (1967–2008)[17]David M. Brahms, brigadier general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1961–1988)[17]Douglas A. Brook, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) (2007–2009) (Republican)[17]Louis Caldera, U.S. Secretary of the Army (1998–2001), director of the White House Military Office (2009)[17]Donald M. Campbell Jr., lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1978–2014)[17]Robert Cardillo, director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2014–2019), deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (2010)[17]Patrick G. Carrick, former deputy director of the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency[17]Antonia Chayes, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) (1977–1979), U.S. Under Secretary of the Air Force (1979–1981)[17]Stephen A. Cheney, brigadier general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1971–2001)[17]Peter W. Chiarelli, four-star general in the U.S. Army (1972–2012)[17]Henry G. Chiles Jr., four-star admiral in the U.S. Navy (1960–1996)[17]Deborah P. Christie, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Financial Management and Comptroller (1994–1998)[22]Wesley Clark, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (1997–2000), 2004 candidate for president[17]Torie Clarke, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs (2001–2003)[97] (Republican)Ronald S. Coleman, lieutenant general in the U.S. Navy (1968–1970) and the U.S. Marine Corps (1974–2009)[17]Erin Conaton, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (2012)[17]Peter Cooke, commander of the 96th Regional Readiness Command[17]W. Craig Vanderwagen, rear admiral of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (1978–2006)[17]John Dalton, U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1993–1998)[17]Richard Danzig, U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1998–2001, Under Secretary of the Navy (1993–1997)[22]Rudy de Leon, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (2000–2001), Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (1997–2000), Under Secretary of the Air Force (1994–1997)[17]Susan Y. Desjardins, former major general in the U.S. Air Force (1980–2012)[17]Richard T. Devereaux, former major general in the U.S. Air Force[17]Michael Donley, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (2008–2013)[17](Republican)John W. Douglass, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1995–1998)[28]Raymond DuBois, acting Under Secretary of the Army (2005–2006)[17] (Republican)Paul Eaton, deputy chief of staff for operations and training at Fort Monroe[98]Mari K. Eder, major general in the U.S. Army (1977–2012)[17]Stephen C. Evans, rear admiral in the U.S. Navy (1986–2020)[17]John R. Ewers, major general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1984–2020)[17]Eric Fanning, U.S. Secretary of the Army (2016–2017) and acting secretary (2015–2016), Acting U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (2013)[99]Michèle Flournoy, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (2009–2012)[17]Pat Foote, brigadier general in the U.S. Army (1959–1989)[17]Michael T. Franken, vice admiral in the U.S. Navy (1978–2017)[17]Juan M. Garcia III, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) (2009–2016)[17]Robert G. Gard Jr., lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1950–1981)[17]Jonathan D. George, brigadier general in the U.S. Air Force (1981–2011)[17]Daniel B. Ginsberg, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) (2009–2013)[17]Sherri W. Goodman, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment (1993–2001)[17]Michael Green, senior adviser to the Office of Asia Pacific Affairs (1997–2000) (Republican)[17]Robert Hale, Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) (2009–2014)[17]Irv Halter, major general in the U.S. Air Force (1977–2009)[17]Ken Harbaugh, lieutenant in the U.S. Navy (1996–2005)[17]Robert Harding, former major general in the U.S. Army[17]Richard D. Hearney, four-star general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1962–1996)[17]Clare Helminiak, rear admiral in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (1983–2005)[17]Reynold N. Hoover, lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1983–2020)[17]P. Gardner Howe III, former vice admiral in the U.S. Navy[17]John Hutson, former rear admiral in the U.S. Navy[17]Paul Ignatius, U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1967–1969)[17]Chris Inglis, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency (2006–2014)[17]Bobby Inman, Director of the National Security Agency (1977–1981), Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (1981–1982)[17]Deborah Lee James, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (2013–2017)[100]Les Janka, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Near Eastern and African Affairs (1976–1978) (Republican)[17]Randy Jayne, major general in the U.S. Air Force and the Air National Guard (1962–2000)[17]James Johnson, major general in the U.S. Army (1950–1990)[17]Michelle D. Johnson, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force (1981–2017)[17]Michele S. Jones, U.S. Army Reserve (1982–2007), first woman to reach the position of command sergeant major of the U.S. Army Reserve[101]Jan-Marc Jouas, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force (1979–2015)[17]Frank Kendall III, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (2011–2017)[74]Susan Koch, Nuclear reduction expert for the Secretary of Defense[22]Ken Krieg, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (2005–2007) (Republican)[17]Thomas R. Lamont, Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) (2009–2013)[17]J. William Leonard, director of the Information Security Oversight Office (2002–present)[22]Frank Libutti, lieutenant general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1966–2001)[17]George E. Little, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs (2012–2013)[22]Samuel J. Locklear, admiral in the U.S. Navy (1972–2015)[17]Deborah Loewer, rear admiral in the U.S. Navy (1976–2007), first woman promoted to a flagship rank in the U.S. Navy[17]Letitia Long, director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2010–2014)[17]Charles D. Luckey, lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1977–2020)[17]Michael D. Lumpkin, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (2014), Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict (2013–2015)[17]Boris Lushniak, U.S. Surgeon General (2013–2014)[17]David M. Maddox, four-star general in the U.S. Army (1960–1995)[17]Stanley McChrystal, general in the U.S. Army and Commander of U.S. forces in Afghanistan (2009–2010)[102]Merrill McPeak, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (1993)[17]William H. McRaven, four-star admiral, commander of the U.S. Special Operations Command (2011–2014)[103]Dee McWilliams, major general in the U.S. Army (1974–2003)[17]Joseph V. Medina, brigadier general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1976–2007)[17]Christopher Mellon, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (1999–2002)[17]James N. Miller, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (2012–2014)[74]Kenneth P. Moritsugu, U.S. Surgeon General (2002, 2006–2007)[17]Charles L. Munns, vice admiral in the U.S. Navy (1974–2007)[17]Patrick Murphy, Acting U.S. Secretary of the Army (2016), Under Secretary of the Army (2016–2017), U.S. Representative from PA-08 (2007–2011)[17]Robert B. Murrett, director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2006–2010)[17]Vivek Murthy, U.S. Surgeon General (2014–2017)[104]Michael Myatt, major general in the U.S. Marine Corps (1963–1995)[17]John B. Nathman, admiral in the U.S. Navy (1970–2007)[17]Lloyd W. Newton, four-star general in the U.S. Air Force (1966–2000)[17]Joseph Nye, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (1994–1995)[17]Sean O'Keefe, NASA Administrator (2001–2004), Secretary of the Navy (1992–1993)[37] (Republican)David R. Oliver Jr., rear admiral (1963–1995)[17]Eric T. Olson, admiral in the U.S. Navy (1973–2011)[17]Charles P. Otstott, lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1960–1990)[17]B.J. Penn, acting Secretary of the Navy (2009), Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Installations and Environment (2005–2009)[17]Whit Peters, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (1999–2001), Under Secretary of the Air Force (1997–1999)[17]Robert B. Pirie Jr., acting Secretary of the Navy (2001), Under Secretary of the Navy (2000–2001)[22]Gale Pollock, Deputy Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (2006–2007), former major general in the U.S. Army[17]Fernandez Ponds, rear admiral in the U.S. Navy (1983–2015)[17]Kevin M. Quinn, former rear admiral in the U.S. Navy[17]Joe Reeder, Under Secretary of the Army (1993–1997)[17]Raymond F. Rees, major general in the U.S. Army (1966–2013)[17]Charles H. Roadman II, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force (1968–1999)[17]Patricia Rose, first openly LGBT major general in the U.S. Air Force (1984–2017)[17]Joseph E. Schmitz, Inspector General of the Department of Defense (2002–2005) (Republican)[105]Paul Selva, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (2015–2019)[106]Robert W. Sennewald, four-star General in the U.S. Army (1951–1986)[17]Walter B. Slocombe, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (1994–2001)[17]Robert M. Speer, U.S. Secretary of the Army (2017){[17]Clifford L. Stanley, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (2010–2011)[17]Howard D. Stendahl, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force (1985–2015)[17]Maura Sullivan, assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs (2015)[17]Loree Sutton, former brigadier general of the U.S. Army, candidate for Mayor of New York City in 2021[17]William Howard Taft IV, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (1984–1989) and the great-grandson of President William Howard Taft[17] (Republican)Antonio Taguba, major general in the U.S. Army (1972–2007)[17]Paul E. Tobin Jr., rear admiral in the U.S. Navy (1963–1998)[17]Henry G. Ulrich III, four-star admiral in the U.S. Navy (1972–2007)[17]Robin Umberg, brigadier general of the U.S. Army (1973–2020)[17]Francis D. Vavala, Adjutant General of the Delaware Army National Guard (1999–2017)[74]Dale Vesser, lieutenant general in the U.S. Army (1954–1987)[17]Michael G. Vickers, Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (2011–2015)[37] (Republican)Matthew Waxman, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs (2004–2005)[17] (Republican)Andrew C. Weber, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs (2009–2014)[22]Jack Weinstein, Lieutenant General of the U.S. Air Force (1982–2018)[17]Joseph J. Went, U.S. Marine Corps four-star general (1952–1990)[17]Sheila Widnall, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force (1993–1997)[17]Kayla Williams, former intelligence specialist in the U.S. Army, author[17]Michael J. Williams, U.S. Marine Corps four star general (1967–2002)[17]Margaret C. Wilmoth, former brigadier general in the U.S. Army Reserve[17]Jesse A. Wilson Jr., Commander of Naval Surface Force Atlantic (2017–2020)[17]Johnnie E. Wilson, four-star general in the U.S. Army (1961–1999)[17]Margaret H. Woodward, major general in the U.S. Army (1982–2014)[17]Dov Zakheim, Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) (2001–2004)[17] (Republican)Justice Department officialsJim ComeyBill WeldA. Brian Albritton, U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Florida (2008–2010) (Republican)[107]Donald B. Ayer, U.S. Deputy Attorney General (1989–1990), U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California (1981–1986) (Republican)[108][107]A. Lee Bentley, III, U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Florida (2014–2017)[105]Daniel Bogden, U.S. Attorney for the District of Nevada (2001–2007, 2009–2017) (Republican)[107]Greg Brower, U.S. Attorney for the District of Nevada (2008–2009) (Republican)[107]Wayne Budd, U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts (1989–1992), U.S. Associate Attorney General (1992–1993) (Republican)[107]John P. Carlin, U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the National Security Division (2014–2016)[74]Paul K. Charlton, U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona (2001–2006) (Republican)[107]James M. Cole, U.S. Deputy Attorney General (2010–2015)[74]James Comey, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (2013–2017), U.S. Deputy Attorney General (2003–2005) (Independent)[109]Roxanne Conlin, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa (1977–1981)[105]Michael W. Cotter, U.S. Attorney for the District of Montana (2009–2017)[105]Deirdre M. Daly, U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut (2013–2017)[105]Steve Dettelbach, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio (2009–2015)[105]Conner Eldridge, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Arkansas (2010–2015)[105]David B. Fein, U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut (2010–2013)[105]Paul J. Fishman, U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey (2009–2017)[105]John P. Fishwick Jr., U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia (2015–2017)[105]Charles Fried, U.S. Solicitor General (1985–1989) (Republican)[33]Deborah R. Gilg, U.S. Attorney for the District of Nebraska (2009–2017)[105]Jonathan L. Goldstein, U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey (1974–1977) (Republican)[107]Barry Grissom, U.S. Attorney for the District of Kansas (2010–2016)[105]Timothy J. Heaphy, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia (2009–2015)[105]Thomas B. Heffelfinger, U.S. Attorney for the District of Minnesota (1991–1993, 2001–2006) (Republican)[107]Dwight Holton, U.S. Attorney for the District of Oregon (2010–2011)[105]David Iglesias, U.S. Attorney for the District of New Mexico (2001–2006) (Republican)[107]Marcos Jimenez, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida (2002–2005) (Republican)[107]David N. Kelley, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York (2003–2005) (Republican)[107][110]Nicholas A. Klinefeldt, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa (2009–2015)[105]David S. Kris, U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the National Security Division (2009–2011)[105]Karen L. Loeffler, U.S. Attorney for the District of Alaska (2009–2017)[105]Neil MacBride, U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia (2009–2013)[105]Ronald Machen, U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia (2010–2015)[105]Kenneth Magidson, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Texas (2011–2017)[105]John McKay, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington (2001–2006) (Republican)[107]Michael McKay, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington (1989–1993) (Republican)[107]Patrick Miles Jr., U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Michigan (2012–2017)[105]Jan Paul Miller, U.S. Attorney for the Central District of Illinois (2002–2005) (Republican)[107]Lisa Monaco, Homeland Security Advisor (2013–2017), U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the National Security Division (2011–2013)[28]Bill Nettles, U.S. Attorney for the District of South Carolina (2010–2016)[105]Carmen Ortiz, U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts (2009–2017)[105]Matthew D. Orwig, U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Texas (2001–2007) (Republican)[107]Paul Perez, U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Florida (2002–2007) (Republican)[107]Tim Purdon, U.S. Attorney for the District of North Dakota (2010–2015)[105]Carole Rendon, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio (2016–2017)[105]Sarah Saldaña, director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (2014–2017), U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Texas (2011–2014)[105]Kevin W. Techau, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Iowa (2014–2017)[105]Anne Tompkins, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of North Carolina (2010–2015)[105]Stanley Twardy, U.S. Attorney for the District of Connecticut (1985–1991) (Republican)[107]John W. Vaudreuil, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin (2010–2017)[105]Benjamin B. Wagner, U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California (2009–2016)[105]Kenneth L. Wainstein, U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia (2004–2006), U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the National Security Division (2006–2008), U.S. Homeland Security Advisor (2008–2009) (Republican)[107][105]John F. Walsh, U.S. Attorney for the District of Colorado (2010–2016)[105]Bill Weld, U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts (1981–1986), U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division (1986–1988), Governor of Massachusetts (1991–1997) (Republican)[107][54]Tony West, U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division (2009–2012), U.S. Associate Attorney General (2012–2014), brother-in-law of Kamala Harris[61]Kinney Zalesne, Council to the U.S. Attorney General (1998–2003)[61]Homeland Security Department officialsMiles TaylorJarrod Bernstein, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intergovernmental Affairs (2009–2011)[61]James C. Card, vice admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard (1964–2000)[17]Richard Falkenrath, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2004) (Republican)[17]Alejandro Mayorkas, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (2013–2016), U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2021-present)[74]Betsy Markey, Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Intergovernmental Affairs (2011–2013), U.S. Representative from CO-04 (2009–2011)[citation needed]John Mitnick, general counsel of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2018–2019) (Republican)[38]D. Brian Peterman, vice admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard (1973–2008)[17]Clyde Robbins, vice admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard (1955–1990)[17]Francis X. Taylor, Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis (2014–2017)[17]Miles Taylor, chief of staff of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2017–2019) (Republican)[111]Paul Zukunft, former commandant of the United States Coast Guard (2014–2018)[112]Energy Department officialsLinton Brooks, Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security and administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (2003–2007) (Republican)[38]Frank Klotz, Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security (2014–2018)[17]Arun Majumdar, director of the Energy Advanced Research Projects Agency (2009–2012)[113]Franklin Orr, Under Secretary of Energy for Science (2014–2017)[113]Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall, Deputy Secretary of Energy (2014–2017)[74]Steve Spinner, stimulus adviser for the U.S. Department of Energy (2009–2010)[61]White House officialsValerie JarrettBill KristolAnthony ScaramucciOmarosaSteve Abbot, Deputy Homeland Security Advisor (2001–2003) (Republican)[38]Kiran Ahuja, executive director of the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (2009–2015)[73]Eli Attie, screenwriter, producer, White House speech writer (2000)[114]Kenneth Baer, associate director of communications for the White House's Office of Management and Budget (2009–2012)[61]Bruce Bartlett, author, historian, policy advisor to Ronald Reagan (Independent, former Republican)[a][115][116]Robert Bauer, White House Counsel (2010–2011)[117]Kenneth Bernard, special assistant to the president for biodefense and as assistant surgeon general (2002–2005) (Republican)[38]Jason Bordoff, member of the U.S. National Security Council (2009–2013)[17]Jake Braun, White House Liaison to the Department of Homeland Security[118]Victor Cha, director of Asian Affairs of the U.S. National Security Council (2004–2007) (Republican)[38]Aneesh Chopra, U.S. Chief Technology Officer (2009–2012)[73]Nelson Cunningham, senior advisor to the special envoy for the Americas[74]Nancy-Ann DeParle, White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy (2011–2013), director of the White House Office of Health Reform (2009–2011)[24]Barbaralee Diamonstein-Spielvogel, White House assistant (1963–1966)[61]Anita Dunn, White House Communications Director (2009)[119]R. P. Eddy, director of the U.S. National Security Council (1994–1996)[17]Gary Edson, Deputy National Security Advisor (2001–2004) (Republican)[38]Aaron Friedberg, deputy assistant to the vice president for National Security (2003–2005) (Republican)[38]Michael Gerson, White House director of speechwriting (2001–2006) (Republican)[120]Chad Griffin, former member of the White House Press Office[121]Avril Haines, Deputy National Security Advisor (2015–2017), Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2013–2015)[28]Cynthia Hogan, counsel to the vice president (2009–2013)[47]John Holdren, director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (2009–2017)[113]Joel Hunter, advisory counsel for the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships (2009–2010)[122]Valerie Jarrett, director of the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs (2009–2017), Senior Advisor to the President (2009–2017)[123]Colin Kahl, National Security Advisor to the Vice President (2014–2017)[28]Christopher A. Kojm, chair of the National Intelligence Council (2009–2014)[22]Gil Kerlikowske, commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (2014–2017), director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (2009–2014), Chief of Police of Seattle, Washington (2001–2009)[105]Bill Kristol, Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States (1989–1993), founder of The Weekly Standard, editor of conservative The Bulwark[124]Anthony Lake, U.S. National Security Advisor (1993–1997), Director of Policy Planning (1977–1981)[17]Ann Lewis, Counselor to the President (1999–2001), White House Communications Director (1997–1999)[125]Chris Lu, White House Cabinet Secretary (2009–2013), U.S. Deputy Secretary of Labor (2014–2017)[126]Brett McGurk, Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2015–2018)[127]John E. McLaughlin, Director of Central Intelligence (2004)[17]Jami Miscik, chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (2014–2017)[17]Omarosa Manigault Newman, director of communications for the Office of Public Liaison (2017–2018) (Independent)[128]Gautam Raghavan, associate director of the Office of Public Engagement (2011–2014)[47]Steve Ricchetti, White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (1998–2001) (National Chair)[129]Desirée Rogers, White House Social Secretary (2009–2010)[61]Dan K. Rosenthal, Assistant to the President and director of Advance (1997–2000), special assistant to the president and deputy director of Advance (1995–1997)[77]Anthony Scaramucci, White House Communications Director (2017)[130] (Republican)Greg Schultz, special assistant to the president (2013–2017) and senior advisor to Biden's campaign[131]Sonal Shah, director of the Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation (2009–2011)[73]Stephen Slick, special assistant to the president (2005–2009) (Republican)[38]Mona Sutphen, White House Deputy Chief of Staff for policy (2009–2011)[17]Joseph Stiglitz, chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (1995–1997)[132]Olivia Troye, Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Advisor to Vice President Pence (2018–2020) (Republican)[133]Jeffrey Zients, director of the National Economic Council (2014–2017), acting director of the Office of Management and Budget (2012–2013, 2010)[47]Other executive branch officialsJim LeachHarold E. VarmusWilliam Drea Adams, Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities (2014–2017)[134]Kenneth Adelman, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Director (1983–1987) (Republican)[38]Roger Altman, U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (1993–1994)[61]Hunter Biden, vice chairman of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (2006–2009), Biden's son[135]Charles Bolden, Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009–2017)[17]David Cohen, Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2015–2017)[17]Nani A. Coloretti, Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (2014–2017), Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Management (2012–2014)[24]Richard Cordray, director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2012–2017), 2018 nominee for Governor of Ohio[136]Leah D. Daughtry, assistant secretary for Administration and Management[137]James M. Galloway, former Public Health Service officer for Region V[17]W. Scott Gould, Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2009–2013)[17]Jimmy Gurulé, Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (2001–2003) (Republican)[35]Jonathan Jarvis, director of the National Park Service (2009–2017)[113]Ray Jefferson, U.S. Assistant Secretary for the Veterans' Employment and Training Service (2009–2011)[17]Douglas Kamerow, U.S. Public Health Service employee (1979–2001)[17]Donald Kerr, Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence (2007–2009) (Republican)[38]David A. Kessler, Commissioner of Food and Drugs (1990–1997)[138]Esther Kia'aina, Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Areas (2014–2017)[24]Howard Koh, Assistant Secretary for Health (2009–2014)[24]Jim Leach, chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities (2009–2013), U.S. Representative from IA-02 (2003–2007), chair of the House Committee on Financial Services (1995–2001)[139] (Republican)Michael Leiter, director of the National Counterterrorism Center (2007–2011) (Republican)[38]Chris Lu, Deputy Secretary of Labor (2014–2017), White House Cabinet Secretary (2009–2013)[24]Jane Lubchenco, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2009–2013), Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere (2009–2013)[113]Rosario Marin, Treasurer of the United States (2001–2003) (Republican)[140]Sharon McGowan, former acting general counsel for Policy at the U.S. Office of Personnel Management[141]Susan Ness, Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission (1994–2001)[61]Dava Newman, Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2015–2017)[17]Matthew G. Olsen, director of the National Counterterrorism Center (2011–2014)[17]Edward Powell Jr., U.S. Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2000–2001)[17]Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr., former counselor to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce (Republican)[38]Sonny Ramaswamy, administrator of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2012–2018)[113]Robert Roche, former member of the Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations[61]Lillian Salerno, Deputy Undersecretary for Rural Development, U.S. Department of Agriculture (2015–2017)[61]Rob Shepardson, former member of the President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition[61]Marc Stanley, former Council Member of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum[61]Eric Stein, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Consumer Protection at the U.S. Treasury Department (2009–2010)[61]Joshua Steiner, chief of staff of the U.S. Treasury Department (1993–2001)[61]Kathryn D. Sullivan, Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2013–2017), former NASA astronaut[17]Neera Tanden, senior advisor in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services[142]John D. Trasviña, Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (2009–2014)[143]Harold E. Varmus, director of the National Cancer Institute (2010–2015), director of the National Institutes of Health (1993–1999)[113]Juan Verde, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Europe (2009–2011)[61]Robert A. Whitney, acting Surgeon General of the United States (1993)[17]U.S. CongressFurther information: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign U.S. Congress endorsementsFormer federal judicial officialsMoe Davis, Administrative Law Judge in the U.S. Department of Labor (2015–2019), Chief Prosecutor of the Guantanamo military commissions (2005–2007)[144]Lacy Thornburg, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of North Carolina (1995–2009), Attorney General of North Carolina (1985–1993)[145]State, territorial, and tribal executive officialsCurrent governorsState and territorialSteve BullockAndrew CuomoNed LamontGavin NewsomPhil ScottGretchen WhitmerAndy Beshear, Governor of Kentucky (2019–present), Attorney General of Kentucky (2016–2019)[146]Muriel Bowser, Mayor of the District of Columbia (2015–present) (governor-equivalent)[e][147]Kate Brown, Governor of Oregon (2015–present), Secretary of State of Oregon (2009–2015)[148]Albert Bryan, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (2019–present)[149]Steve Bullock, Governor of Montana (2013–2021), 2020 nominee for Senate, 2020 candidate for president, chair of the National Governors Association (2018–2019), Attorney General of Montana (2009–2013)[145]John Carney, Governor of Delaware (2017–present), U.S. Representative from DE-AL (2011–2017)[150]Roy Cooper, Governor of North Carolina (2017–present), Attorney General of North Carolina (2001–2017)[151]Andrew Cuomo, Governor of New York (2011–2021), chair of the National Governors Association (2020–2021), Attorney General of New York (2007–2010), U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1997–2001)[152]John Bel Edwards, Governor of Louisiana (2016–present), minority leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives (2012–2015), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives 72nd district (2008–2015)[153]Tony Evers, Governor of Wisconsin (2019–present), Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin (2009–2019)[154]Michelle Lujan Grisham, Governor of New Mexico (2019–present), U.S. Representative from NM-01 (2013–2019)[155]Lou Leon Guerrero, Governor of Guam (2019–present), senator of the Guam Legislature (1995–2005)[156]Jay Inslee, Governor of Washington (2013–present), U.S. Representative for WA-01 (1999–2012) and WA-04 (1993–1995), 2020 candidate for president[157]Ned Lamont, Governor of Connecticut (2019–present)[158]Janet Mills, Governor of Maine (2019–present), Attorney General of Maine (2013–2019)[159]Lolo Matalasi Moliga, Governor of American Samoa (2013–2021)[160]Phil Murphy, Governor of New Jersey (2018–present)[f][161]Gavin Newsom, Governor of California (2019–present), Lieutenant Governor of California (2011–2019), Mayor of San Francisco, California (2004–2011)[162][d]Ralph Northam, Governor of Virginia (2018–2022), Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (2014–2018), member of the Virginia Senatefrom the 6th district (2008–2014)Jared Polis, Governor of Colorado (2019–present), U.S. Representative from CO-02 (2009–2019)[163]J. B. Pritzker, Governor of Illinois (2019–present)[164]Gina Raimondo, Governor of Rhode Island (2015–2021), treasurer of Rhode Island (2011–2015)[e][165]Phil Scott, Governor of Vermont (2017–present), Lieutenant Governor of Vermont (2011–2017) (Republican)[166]Steve Sisolak, Governor of Nevada (2019–present), chair of the Clark County Commission (2013–2019)[citation needed]Tim Walz, Governor of Minnesota (2019–present), U.S. Representative from MN-01 (2007–2019)[167]Gretchen Whitmer, Governor of Michigan (2019–present), minority leader of the Michigan Senate (2011–2015) (National Co-Chair)[168]Tom Wolf, Governor of Pennsylvania (2015–present), Secretary of Revenue of Pennsylvania (2007–2008)[169]Tribal leaders and governor-equivalent officialsGabe Aguilar, president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe[170]W. Ron Allen, chairman of the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington (1977–present)[170]Ricky Armstrong, president of the Seneca Nation of New York[170]Floyd Azure, chairman of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (2015–present)[170]Jamie Azure, chairman of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians (2018–present)[170]Melanie Benjamin, chief executive of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (2000–2008, 2012–present)[171][170]Devon Boyer, chairman of the Shoshone-Bannock of Fort Hall[170]Shelley Buck, president of the Prairie Island Indian Community[170]Rodney Butler, chair of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe (2010–present)[172][170]Frances Charles, chairwoman of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe[170]E. Ken Choke, chairman of the Nisqually Reservation[170]Michael Conners, Chief of the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation[170]Cedric Cromwell, Tribal Council Chairman of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe (2009–present)[173][170]Carol Evans, chairwoman of the Spokane Tribe of Indians[170]Leonard Forsman, chairman of the Suquamish Tribe[170]Mark Fox, chairman of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation[170]Harold Frazier, chairman of the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation (2014–present)[174][170]Teri Gobin, chairwoman of the Tulalip (2019–present)[170]Shannon Holsey, president of the Stockbridge–Munsee Community (2015–present)[175][170]Delbert Hopkins, chairman of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate[170]Michael Hunter, Tribal Chairman of the Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians (2013–present)[170]Faron Jackson, chairman of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (2016–present)[170]Norma Jean, chairwoman of the Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington[170]Kenneth Kahn, chairman of the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians[170]Stephen Roe Lewis, Governor of the Gila River Indian Community (2014–present)[176][170]Mark Macarro, chairman of the Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians[170]Marilynn Malerba, Chief of the Mohegan Tribe (2010–present)[171][170]Margie Mejia, chairwoman of the Lytton Band of Pomo Indians[171][170]Robert Miguel, Council Chairman of the Ak-Chin Indian Community (2017–present)[170]Guy Miller, chairman of the Skokomish Indian Tribe[170]Bryan Newland, president of the Bay Mills Indian Community (2017–present)[170]Jonathan Nez, President of the Navajo Nation (2019–present)[177][170]Ned Norris Jr., chairman of the Tohono Oʼodham Nation (2007–2015, 2019–present)[170]Timothy Nuvangyaoma, chairman of the Hopi Reservation (2017–present)[170]Dennis Patch, chairman of the Colorado River Indian Tribes (2018–present)[170]Aaron Payment, Governor of the Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians (2004–2008, 2012–present)[175][170]Bob Peters, chairperson of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (2018–present)[170]Marshall Pierite, chairman of the Tunica-Biloxi (2018–present)[170]Erica Pinto, chairwoman of the Jamul Indian Village (2015–present)[170]Rhonda Pitka, First Chief of Beaver Village[170]Julian R. President, president of the Oglala Lakota Nation[170]Terry Rambler, chairman of the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation[170]Delano Saluskin, chairman of the Yakama Indian Reservation (2020–present)[170]Darrell G. Seki Sr., chairman of the Red Lake Indian Reservation[170]Fawn Sharp, president of the Quinault Indian Nation[170]Lawrence Solomon, chairman of the Lummi Nation[170]Lee Spoonhunter, chairman of the Northern Arapaho Tribe[170]Bill Sterud, chairman of the Puyallup Tribe of Indians[170]Patrick Suarez, councilman of the Meherrin Nation[170]Warren Swartz, Tribal President of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (2018–present)[170]Edward Thomas, president of the Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska[170]Amber Torres, chairwoman of the Walker River Paiute Tribe[170]Mike Williams, chair of the Akiak Native Community[170]Thomas Wooten, chairman of the Samish Indian Nation[170]Former governorsHoward DeanJohn HickenlooperJohn KasichRick SnyderGeorge Ariyoshi, Governor of Hawaii (1973–1986), Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (1970–1974)[178]John Baldacci, Governor of Maine (2003–11), U.S. Representative from ME-02 (1995–2003), Member of the Maine Senate from the 9th district (1982–94)[citation needed]Roy Barnes, Governor of Georgia (1999–2003)[179]Steve Beshear, Governor of Kentucky (2007–2015), Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky (1983–1987), Attorney General of Kentucky (1979–1983)[citation needed]Jerry Brown, Governor of California (1975–1983, 2011–2019), Attorney General of California (2007–2011), Mayor of Oakland, California (1999–2007), Secretary of State of California (1971–1975), 1976, 1980, and 1992 candidate for president[180]John W. Carlin, Governor of Kansas (1979–1987), chair of the National Governors Association (1984–1985), Archivist of the United States (1995–2005)[181]Ben Cayetano, Governor of Hawaii (1994–2002), Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (1986–1994)[178]Arne Carlson, Governor of Minnesota (1991–1999), Minnesota State Auditor (1979–1991)[182] (Republican)Richard J. Codey, Governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), president of the New Jersey Senate (2002–2010)[183]Jon Corzine, Governor of New Jersey (2006–2010), U.S. Senator from New Jersey (2001–2006)[citation needed]Chet Culver, Governor of Iowa (2007–2011), Secretary of State of Iowa (1999–2007)[184]Gray Davis, Governor of California (1999–2003), Lieutenant Governor of California (1995–1999)[185]Mark Dayton, Governor of Minnesota (2011–2019), U.S. Senator from Minnesota (2001–2007), Minnesota State Auditor (1991–1995)[citation needed]Howard Dean, Governor of Vermont (1991–2003), chair of the Democratic National Committee (2005–2009), chair of the National Governors Association (1994–1995), Lieutenant Governor of Vermont (1987–1991), 2004 candidate for president[186]Jim Doyle, Governor of Wisconsin (2003–2011), Attorney General of Wisconsin (1991–2003)[187]Michael Dukakis, Governor of Massachusetts (1975–1979, 1983–1991), 1988 nominee for president[188][a]Mike Easley, Governor of North Carolina (2001–2009), Attorney General of North Carolina (1993–2001)[145]Jim Edgar, Governor of Illinois (1991–1999), Secretary of State of Illinois (1981–1991)[189] (Republican)Alejandro García Padilla, Governor of Puerto Rico (2013–2017)[87]Parris Glendening, Governor of Maryland (1995–2003), chair of the National Governors Association (2000–2001)[190]Jennifer Granholm, Governor of Michigan (2003–2011), Attorney General of Michigan (1999–2003)[191]Bill Graves, Governor of Kansas (1995-2003) (Republican) [192]Christine Gregoire, Governor of Washington (2005–2013), chair of the National Governors Association (2010–2011), Attorney General of Washington (1993–2005)[193]John Hickenlooper, chair of the National Governors Association (2014–2015), Governor of Colorado (2011–2019), Mayor of Denver, Colorado (2003–2011), 2020 candidate for president and 2020 nominee for Senate[194]Jim Hodges, Governor of South Carolina (1999–2003)[195]Bob Holden, Governor of Missouri (2001–2005), State Treasurer of Missouri (1993–2001)[196]Jim Hunt, Governor of North Carolina (1977–1985, 1993–2001), Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina (1973–1977)[197]John Kasich, Governor of Ohio (2011–2019), 2016 candidate for president[198] (Republican)Tony Knowles, Governor of Alaska (1994–2004) Mayor of Anchorage, Alaska (1981–1987)[199][better source needed]Ted Kulongoski, Governor of Oregon (2003–2011), associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court (1997–2001), Attorney General of Oregon (1993–1997)[145]John Lynch, Governor of New Hampshire (2005–2013)[200]Dannel Malloy, Governor of Connecticut (2011–2019), Mayor of Stamford (1995–2009)[citation needed]Jack Markell, Governor of Delaware (2009–2017), chair of the National Governors Association (2012–2013)[201]Terry McAuliffe, Governor of Virginia (2014–2018), chair of the National Governors Association (2016–2017)[202]Jim McGreevey, Governor of New Jersey (2002–2004), Mayor of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey (1992–2002)[203]Bob Miller, Governor of Nevada (1989–1999), chair of the National Governors Association (1989–1999)[204]Ronnie Musgrove, Governor of Mississippi (2000–2004), Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi (1996–2000)[205]Jay Nixon, Governor of Missouri (2009–2017), Attorney General of Missouri (1993–2009)[196][e]Martin O'Malley, Governor of Maryland (2007–2015), 2016 candidate for president[206] (previously endorsed Beto O'Rourke)[g]Deval Patrick, Governor of Massachusetts (2007–2015), 2020 candidate for president[207]Pat Quinn, Governor of Illinois (2009–2015), Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (2003–2009), Treasurer of Illinois (1991–1995)[208]Marc Racicot, Governor of Montana (1993–2001), Attorney General of Montana (1989–1993), chair of the Republican National Committee (2001–2003)[209] (Republican)Ed Rendell, Governor of Pennsylvania (2003–2011), chair of the National Governors Association (2008–2009), General Chair of the Democratic National Committee (1999–2001)[210]Bill Ritter, Governor of Colorado (2007–2011), District Attorney of Denver (1993–2005)[211] (previously endorsed Michael Bennet)Roy Romer, Governor of Colorado (1987–1999), General Chair of the Democratic National Committee (1997–1999), chair of the National Governors Association (1992–1993)[212]Bill Sheffield, Governor of Alaska (1982–1986)[199]Peter Shumlin, Governor of Vermont (2011–2017)[213]Don Siegelman, Governor of Alabama (1999–2003), Lieutenant Governor of Alabama (1995–1999), Attorney General of Alabama (1987–1991), Secretary of State of Alabama (1979–1987)[145]Rick Snyder, Governor of Michigan (2011–2019)[214] (Republican)John D. Waihe'e III, Governor of Hawaii (1986–1994), Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (1982–1986)[178]Peterson Zah, President of the Navajo Nation (1991–1995) (governor-equivalent)[215]Lieutenant governorsCurrent state and territorialPeggy FlanaganMandela Barnes, Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin (2019–present)[216]Susan Bysiewicz, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (2019–present), Secretary of State of Connecticut (1999–2011)[217]John Fetterman, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania (2019–present), Mayor of Braddock, Pennsylvania (2005–2019)[218][219]Peggy Flanagan, Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota (2019–present)[167]Garlin Gilchrist, Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (2019–present)[220]Kathy Hochul, Lieutenant Governor of New York (2015–2021)[221]Eleni Kounalakis, Lieutenant Governor of California (2019–present)[222]Kate Marshall, Lieutenant Governor of Nevada (2019–2021), Treasurer of Nevada (2007–2015)[223]Daniel McKee, Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island (2015–2021)[224]Sheila Oliver, Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey (2018–present)[225]Juliana Stratton, Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (2019–present)[226]Josh Tenorio, Lieutenant Governor of Guam (2019–present)[227]David Zuckerman, Lieutenant Governor of Vermont (2017–2021), 2020 nominee for Governor of Vermont (Vermont Progressive)[228]Current tribalJason Cooke, vice chairman of the Yankton Sioux Tribe (2017–present)[170]Jefferson Keel, Lieutenant Governor of the Chickasaw Nation[170]Jodie Palmer, vice chair of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (2017–present)[170]Wendy Schlater, Vice Chairwoman of the La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians (2013–present)[170]Richard Silliboy, Vice Chief of the Miꞌkmaq[170]Brandon Yellowtail Stevens, vice-chairman of Oneida Nation of Wisconsin[229][170]Clark Tenakhongva, vice chair of the Hopi Reservation (2009–present)[170]FormerMichael SteeleBill Baxley, Lieutenant Governor of Alabama (1983–1987), Attorney General of Alabama (1971–1979)[145]Doug Chin, Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (2018), Attorney General of Hawaii (2015–2018)[230]Kathy Davis, Lieutenant Governor of Indiana (2003–2005)[231]Lee Fisher, Dean of Cleveland–Marshall College of Law (2017–present), Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (2007–2011), Attorney General of Ohio (1991–1995)[145]Jefferson Keel, Lieutenant Governor of Chickasaw Nation (1999–2019) (Lieutenant Governor-equivalent)[170]Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (1995–2003)[232]John Mutz, Lieutenant Governor of Indiana (1981–1989)[233] (Republican)Barbara O'Brien, Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (2007–2011)[234]Thomas P. O'Neill III, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1975–1983)[235]Michael Steele, Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (2003–2007), chair of the Republican National Committee (2009–2011), chair of the Maryland Republican Party (2000–2002)[236] (Republican)Shan Tsutsui, Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii (2012–2018)[230]Fran Ulmer, Lieutenant Governor of Alaska (1994–2002), Mayor of Juneau, Alaska (1983–1985)[237]Secretaries of StateCurrent state and territorialJocelyn Benson, Secretary of State of Michigan (2019–present), Dean of the Wayne State University Law School (2012–2016)[238]Alex Padilla, Secretary of State of California (2015–2021)[d][239]Jesse White, Secretary of State of Illinois (1999–present)[240]TribalMichelle Beaudin, secretary-treasurer of the Lac Courte Oreilles Tribe (2019–present)[170]Jeff Martin, Secretary of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (2016–present)[170]Christie Modlin, Tribal Secretary of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, former chairman[170]FormerRobin Carnahan, Secretary of State of Missouri (2005–2013)[196]Jason Kander, Secretary of State of Missouri (2013–2017)[241]Kathy Karpan, Secretary of State of Wyoming (1987–1995)[242]John P. McDonough, Secretary of State of Maryland (2008–2015)[243]Attorneys generalLetitia JamesXavier BecerraJosh ShapiroCurrentHector Balderas, Attorney General of New Mexico (2015–present), New Mexico State Auditor (2007–2015)[244]Xavier Becerra, Attorney General of California (2017–2021), House Democratic Assistant to the Leader (2007–2009), U.S. Representative from CA-34 (2013–2017), CA-31 (2003–2013), and CA-30 (1993–2003)[245]T.J. Donovan, Attorney General of Vermont (2017–present)[c][244]Keith Ellison, Attorney General of Minnesota (2019–present), U.S. representative from MN-05 (2007–2019)[246]Bob Ferguson, Attorney General of Washington (2013–present)[244]Aaron D. Ford, Attorney General of Nevada (2019–present), majority leader (2016–2018) and minority leader (2014–2016) of the Nevada Senate[244]Aaron Frey, Attorney General of Maine (2019–present)[244]Brian Frosh, Attorney General of Maryland (2015–present)[247]Gurbir Grewal, Attorney General of New Jersey (2018–present)[248]Maura Healey, Attorney General of Massachusetts (2015–present)[244]Mark Herring, Attorney General of Virginia (2014–present)[244]Letitia James, Attorney General of New York (2019–present)[244]Kathy Jennings, Attorney General of Delaware (2019–present)[249]Josh Kaul, Attorney General of Wisconsin (2019–present)[244]Tom Miller, Attorney General of Iowa (1995–present, 1979–1991)[250] (previously endorsed Steve Bullock)[g][251]Peter Neronha, Attorney General of Rhode Island (2019–present), U.S. Attorney for the District of Rhode Island (2009–2017)[244]Dana Nessel, Attorney General of Michigan (2019–present)[252]Karl Racine, Attorney General of the District of Columbia (2015–present)[d][244]Kwame Raoul, Attorney General of Illinois (2019–present)[253]Ellen Rosenblum, Attorney General of Oregon (2012–present)[244]Josh Shapiro, Attorney General of Pennsylvania (2017–present)[254]Josh Stein, Attorney General of North Carolina (2017–present)[244]William Tong, Attorney General of Connecticut (2019–present)[244]Phil Weiser, Attorney General of Colorado (2019–present), Dean of the University of Colorado Law School (2011–2016)[234]FormerBruce BotelhoGeorge JepsenMark ShurtleffLori SwansonRobert Abrams, Attorney General of New York (1979–1993)[145]Jeff Amestoy, Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court (1997–2004), Attorney General of Vermont (1985–1997)[145](Republican)Doug Baily, Attorney General of Alaska (1989–1990)[145](Republican)Thurbert Baker, Attorney General of Georgia (1997–2011)[145]Rosalie Ballentine, Attorney General of the United States Virgin Islands (1991–1995)[145]Paul Bardacke, Attorney General of New Mexico (1983–1986)[145]Bruce Botelho, Attorney General of Alaska (1994–2002), Mayor of Juneau, AK (2003–2012, 1988–1991)[145]Ethel Branch, Attorney General of the Navajo Nation (2015–2019) (attorney general-equivalent)[255]Margery Bronster, Attorney General of Hawaii (1995–1999)[145]Bob Butterworth, Attorney General of Florida (1987–2002)[105]Bonnie Campbell, Attorney General of Iowa (1991–1995)[256]Pamela Carter, Attorney General of Indiana (1993–1997)[145]Steve Clark, Attorney General of Arkansas (1979–1991)[145]Martha Coakley, Attorney General of Massachusetts (2007–2015)[145]Mike Cody, Attorney General of Tennessee (1984–1988)[145]Walter Cohen, Attorney General of Pennsylvania (1995)[145] (Republican)Jack Conway, Attorney General of Kentucky (2008–2016)[145]Frederick Cooke, Attorney General of the District of Columbia (1987–1990)[145]Robert E. Cooper Jr., Attorney General of Tennessee (2006–2014)[145]J. Joseph Curran Jr., Attorney General of Maryland (1987–2007), Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (1983–1987)[145]Frankie Sue Del Papa, Attorney General of Nevada (1991–2003), Secretary of State of Nevada (1987–1991)[105][145]Michael Delaney, Attorney General of New Hampshire (2009–2013)[145]Matthew Denn, Attorney General of Delaware (2015–2019), Lieutenant Governor of Delaware (2009–2015), Insurance Commissioner of Delaware (2005–2009)[145]M. Jerome Diamond, Attorney General of Vermont (1975–1981)[145]Rufus Edmisten, Attorney General of North Carolina (1974–1984), Secretary of State of North Carolina (1989–1996)[257][145]Drew Edmondson, Attorney General of Oklahoma (1995–2011)[258][259]Joseph Foster, Attorney General of New Hampshire (2013–2017)[105]Karen Freeman-Wilson, Attorney General of Indiana (2000–2001), Mayor of Gary, IN (2012–2019)[e][260]Steve Freudenthal, chair of the Wyoming Democratic Party (1999–2001), Attorney General of Wyoming (1981–1983)[145]Doug Gansler, Attorney General of Maryland (2007–2015)[145]Terry Goddard, Attorney General of Arizona (2003–2011), Mayor of Phoenix, AZ (1984–1990)[105]Chris Gorman, Attorney General of Kentucky (1992–1996)[145]Jan Graham, Attorney General of Utah (1993–2001)[145]Scott Harshbarger, Attorney General of Massachusetts (1991–1999)[145]Neil Hartigan, Attorney General of Illinois (1983–1991), Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (1973–1977)[145]Peter C. Harvey, Attorney General of New Jersey (2003–2006)[145]Mike Hatch, Attorney General of Minnesota (1999–2007)[105]Jim Hood, Attorney General of Mississippi (2004–2020)[145]Skip Humphrey, Attorney General of Minnesota (1983–1999)[145]Richard Ieyoub, Attorney General of Louisiana, (1992–2003)[145]George Jepsen, Attorney General of Connecticut (2011–2019)[145]Jim Jones, Chief Justice (2015–2017) and justice (2015–2017) of the Idaho Supreme Court, Attorney General of Idaho (1983–1991) (Republican)[145]Drew Ketterer, Attorney General of Maine (1995–2001)[145]Peter Kilmartin, Attorney General of Rhode Island (2011–2019)[145]Gary King, Attorney General of New Mexico (2007–2015)[145]Oliver Koppell, Attorney General of New York (1994)[145]Jahna Lindemuth, Attorney General of Alaska (2016–2018)[145] (Independent)Bill Lockyer, Treasurer of California (2007–2015), Attorney General of California (1999–2007), President pro tempore of the California Senate (1994–1998)[145]David M. Louie, Attorney General of Hawaii (2011–2014)[145]Lisa Madigan, Attorney General of Illinois (2003–2019)[145]Patricia A. Madrid, Attorney General of New Mexico (1999–2007)[145]Robert Marks, Attorney General of Hawaii (1992–1995)[145]Dustin McDaniel, Attorney General of Arkansas (2007–2015)[145]Frank Mendicino, Attorney General of Wyoming (1975–1978)[145]Anne Milgram, Attorney General of New Jersey (2007–2010)[145]Mike Moore, Attorney General of Mississippi (1988–2004)[145]Jeff Modisett, Attorney General of Indiana (1997–2000)[261]Irvin B. Nathan, Attorney General of the District of Columbia (2011–2014), general counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives (2007–2011)[145]Charles Oberly, U.S. Attorney for the District of Delaware (2010–2017), Attorney General of Delaware (1983–1995)[105][145]Jeffrey B. Pine, Attorney General of Rhode Island (1993–1999)[145] (Republican)Edwin L. Pittman, Chief Justice (2001–2004) and justice (1989–2004) of the Supreme Court of Mississippi, Attorney General of Mississippi (1984–1988)[145]Warren Price, Attorney General of Hawaii (1986–1992)[145]Thomas Reilly, Attorney General of Massachusetts (1999–2007)[145]Clarine Nardi Riddle, Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico (1981–1983)[145]Hector Reichard, Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico (1981–1983)[145]Nancy H. Rogers, Attorney General of Ohio (2008–2009), Dean of Moritz College of Law (2001–2006)[145]Stephen Rosenthal, Attorney General of Virginia (1993–1994)[145]Luis Sánchez Betances, Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico (2013)[145]Mark Shurtleff, Attorney General of Utah (2001–2013) (Republican)[145]Steve Six, Attorney General of Kansas (2008–2011)[145]Gregory Smith, Attorney General of New Hampshire (1980–1984)[145] (Republican)James C. Smith, Secretary of State of Florida (2002–2003, 1987–1995), Attorney General of Florida (1979–1987) (Republican)[262]Bill Sorrell, Attorney General of Vermont (1997–2017)[145]Robert Spagnoletti, Attorney General of the District of Columbia (2004–2006)[145]Lori Swanson, Attorney General of Minnesota (2007–2019)[145]Mary Sue Terry, Attorney General of Virginia (1986–1993)[145]James Tierney, Attorney General of Maine (1981–1991)[145]Anthony Troy, Attorney General of Virginia (1977–1978)[145]Mike Turpen, Attorney General of Oklahoma (1983–1987)[61][145]John Knox Walkup, Attorney General of Tennessee (1997–1999)[145]Grant Woods, Attorney General of Arizona (1991–1999) (Republican before 2018, Democratic from 2018–present)[263]James R. Zazzali, Chief Justice (2006–2007) and associate justice (2000–2006) of the New Jersey Supreme Court, Attorney General of New Jersey (1981–1982)[145]Greg Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana (2009–2017) (Republican)[145]Other executive elected officialsCurrent stateNikki Fried, Agriculture Commissioner of Florida (2019–present)[264]Nicole Galloway, 2020 nominee for Governor of Missouri, State Auditor of Missouri (2015–present)[265]Sarah Godlewski, Treasurer of Wisconsin (2019–present)[266]Richard Hodges, director of the Ohio Department of Health (2014–2017), Ohio House Representative (1993–1999) (Republican)[267]Kathy Hoffman, Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction (2019–present)[268]Sandra Kennedy, member of the Arizona Corporation Commission (2019–present)[269]Fiona Ma, Treasurer of California (2019–present), Speaker pro tempore of the California State Assembly (2010–2012)[270]Susana Mendoza, Comptroller of Illinois (2016–present)[271]Joe Torsella, Treasurer of Pennsylvania (2016–present), U.S. Representative to the United Nations for Management and Reform (with the rank of ambassador) (2011–2014), chair and chief executive of the National Constitution Center (2006–2009, 1997–2003)[272]Betty Yee, Controller of California (2015–present)[273]TribalJohn Daniels Jr, treasurer of the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe[170]Misty Napeahi, treasurer of the Tulalip[170]Tommie Williamson, treasurer of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (2018–present)[170]FormerPhil Angelides, California State Treasurer (1999–2007)[61]Rebecca Holcombe, Vermont Secretary of Education (2014–2018)[274]Lisa Graham Keegan, Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction (1995–2001) (Republican)[97]Andrew Sidamon-Eristoff, New Jersey State Treasurer (2010–2015) (Republican)[275]Lynn Simons, Wyoming Superintendent of Public Instruction (1979–1991)[242]Inez Tenenbaum, South Carolina Superintendent of Education (1999–2007)[276]Steve Westly, California State Controller (2003–2007)[61]State and territorial legislative officialsMain article: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsementsState, territorial, and tribal judicial officialsCurrentCheri Beasley, Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (2019–2020), associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (2012–2019)[277]FormerRebecca White Berch, Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court (2009–2014) (Republican)[263]John T. Broderick Jr., Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1995–2004)[200]Janine P. Geske, associate justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court (1993–1998) (Republican)[278]Robert C. Hunter, justice on the North Carolina Court of Appeals (1998–2014), North Carolina State Representative from District 49 (1980–1998)[257]Stacy Leeds, justice of the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court, Dean of the University of Arkansas School of Law (2011–2018)[171]Greg Mathis, judge of the District Court of the State of Michigan (1995–1998)[279]Robert F. Orr, justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (1994–2004) (Republican)[280]Leo E. Strine Jr., Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court (2014–2019)[61]Charles T. Wells, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Florida (2000–2002), member of the Supreme Court of Florida (1994–2009)[281]Municipal and local officialsFurther information: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsementsParty officialsDonna BrazileTom PerezParty chairsDonna Brazile, acting chair of the Democratic National Committee (2011, 2016–2017)[282]Maurice Mitchell, national director of the Working Families Party (2018–present) (Working Families Party)[283]Tom Perez, chair of the Democratic National Committee (2017–2021), U.S. Secretary of Labor (2013–2017), Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division (2013–2017)[284]David Wilhelm, chair of the Democratic National Committee (1993–1994)[61]Rosalind Wiener Wyman, chair of the 1984 Democratic National Convention, member of the Los Angeles City Council from District 5 (1953–1965)[285]Members of the DNCCurrentLindy Li, Women's co-chair and Mid-Atlantic Regional Chair at the Democratic National Committee[286]Bob Mulholland, senior advisor for the California Democratic Party[287][d][288]Henry R. Muñoz III, finance chair of the Democratic National Committee (2017–2019)[289][better source needed]Jason Rae, Secretary of the Democratic National Committee[290]James Roosevelt, attorney, grandson of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, co-chair of the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the Democratic National Committee (1995–present)[291]Symone Sanders, political commentator, national press secretary for the Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign, senior advisor for the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign[292]FormerSteve Kerrigan, CEO of the DNC (2009–2012)[293][better source needed]Hildy Kuryk, national finance director (2011–2013)[61]Jane Watson Stetson, national finance chair (2009–2013)[61]Andrew Tobias, treasurer of the DNC (1999–2017)[61]State and territory party chairsCurrentCecil Benjamin, chair of the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands[294]Nancy DiNardo, chair of the Connecticut Democratic Party (2020–present, 2005–2015)[295]Jane Kleeb, chair of the Nebraska Democratic Party (2016–present)[296]Felecia Rotellini, chair of the Arizona Democratic Party (2018–present)[255]FormerPaul Berendt, chair of the Washington State Democratic Party (1995–2006)[92][better source needed]Matt Borges, chair of the Ohio Republican Party (2013–2017) (Republican)[297]Chip Forrester, chair of the Tennessee Democratic Party (2009–2013)[298]Jaime Harrison, 2020 nominee for Senate, chair of the South Carolina Democratic Party (2013–2017)[299]Wayne Holland, chair of the Utah Democratic Party (2005–2011), president of United Steelworkers District 12 (2019–present)[300][better source needed]Jennifer Horn, chair of the New Hampshire Republican Party (2013–2017), co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Republican)[301]Bob Tuke, chair of the Tennessee Democratic Party (2005–2007)[302]David Young, chair of the North Carolina Democratic Party (2009–2011)[257]Pat Brady, chair of the Illinois Republican Party (2009–2013) (Republican)[303]Other 2020 candidatesMark KellyJon OssoffJake Auchincloss, 2020 nominee for Massachusetts's 4th congressional district[304]Jamaal Bowman, 2020 nominee for New York's 16th congressional district[305]Nancy Goroff, 2020 nominee for New York's 1st congressional district, chair of the chemistry department at Stony Brook University[306]Al Gross, Alaska 2020 nominee for Senate, orthopedic surgeon, former commercial fisherman[307]MJ Hegar, 2020 Texas nominee for Senate[308]Mondaire Jones, 2020 nominee for New York's 17th congressional district[309]Mark Kelly, Arizona 2020 nominee for Senate, former astronaut[310]Amy Kennedy, 2020 nominee for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district[225]Sri Preston Kulkarni, 2020 nominee for Texas's 22nd congressional district[311]Preston Love Jr., Nebraska 2020 write-in candidate for Senate[296]Kathy Manning, 2020 nominee for North Carolina's 6th congressional district[312]Amy McGrath, Kentucky 2020 nominee for Senate[313]Woody Myers, 2020 nominee for Governor of Indiana[314]Marie Newman, 2020 nominee for Illinois' 3rd congressional district[315]Jon Ossoff, Georgia 2020 nominee for Senate[316]Christopher Peterson, 2020 nominee for Governor of Utah, John J. Flynn Endowed Professor of Law at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law[317]Nikil Saval, Pennsylvania 2020 candidate for State Senate[318]Raphael Warnock, Georgia 2020 candidate for Senate, senior pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church[238]International officialsHeads of state and governmentCurrentAlberto FernandezMahmoud Abbas, President of the State of Palestine (2005–present) (Fatah)[319]Alberto Fernández, President of Argentina (2019–present) (Justicialist Party)[320]Zoran Milanović, President of Croatia (2020–present) (Independent)[321]Mohammad Shtayyeh, Prime Minister of the State of Palestine (2019–present) (Fatah)[322]FormerTony BlairDavid CameronVicente FoxDonald TuskCarl Bildt, Prime Minister of Sweden (1991–1994) (Moderate Party)[323]Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997–2007) (Labour Party)[324]Jim Bolger, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1990–1997) (New Zealand National Party)[325]Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico (2006–2012) (National Action Party)[326]David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010–2016) (Conservative Party)[327]Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–2008) (New Zealand Labour Party)[328]Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–2017) (Citizen Revolution Movement)[329]Mikuláš Dzurinda, Prime Minister of Slovakia (1998–2006), President of Slovakia (1998–1999) (Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party)[330]Laurent Fabius, Prime Minister of France (1984–1986) (Socialist Party)[331]José María Figueres, President of Costa Rica (1994–1998) (National Liberation Party)[332]Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (2001–2009), Secretary General of NATO (2009–2014) (Venstre)[323]Vicente Fox, President of Mexico (2000–2006) (Independent)[333]Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia (2010–2013) (Labor Party)[334]Ferenc Gyurcsány, Prime Minister of Hungary (2004–2009) (Democratic Coalition)[335]Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia (2006–2018) (Independent)[336]Albin Kurti, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2020) (Vetëvendosje)[337]Henry McLeish, First Minister of Scotland (2000–2001), Leader of the Scottish Labour Party (2000–2001) (Scottish Labour)[338]Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (2018–2020, 1981–2003) (Homeland Fighters' Party)[339]Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–2019) (Movement for Socialism)[340]Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada (1984–1993) (Conservative Party)[341]P. J. Patterson, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992–2006) (People's National Party)[342]Petro Poroshenko, President of Ukraine (2014–2019) (European Solidarity)[343]Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden (2006–2014) (Moderate Party)[344]Matteo Renzi, Prime Minister of Italy (2014–2016) (Italia Viva)[345]Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010, 2013) (Labor Party)[346]Malcolm Turnbull, Prime Minister of Australia (2015–2018) (Liberal Party)[347]Donald Tusk, President of the European Council (2014–2019), Prime Minister of Poland (2007–2014) (Civic Platform)[348]Leo Varadkar, Taoiseach of Ireland (2017–2020) (Fine Gael)[349]Other executive officialsCurrentJean Asselborn, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg (2004–present), Deputy Prime Minister of Luxembourg (2004–2013)[350]Francesco Boccia, Italian Minister of Regional Affairs and Autonomies (2019–2021), member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2008–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Hilde Crevits, Vice Minister-President and Minister of Education of the Flemish Government (2014–present) (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams)[352]Jan Hamáček, First Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2018–present) (Czech Social Democratic Party)[353]Kamina Johnson-Smith, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica (2016–present) (Labour Party)[354]Meryame Kitir, Minister of Development Cooperation and Urban Policy of Belgium (2020–present) (Socialistische Partij Anders)[352]Sammy Mahdi, Secretary of State for Asylum and Migration of Belgium (2020–present) (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams)[352]Vincent Van Quickenborne, Minister of Justice and the North Sea of Belgium (2020–present) (Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten)[352]Olaf Scholz, Federal Minister of Finance and Vice-Chancellor of Germany (2018–2021) (Social Democratic Party of Germany)[355]Petra De Sutter, Minister of Civil Service of Belgium (2020–present) (Groen)[352]FormerSimon Burns, Minister of State for Transport of the United Kingdom (2012–2013) (Conservative Party)[356]Alan Duncan, Minister of State for International Development of the United Kingdom (2010–2014) (Conservative Party)[356]Sigmar Gabriel, Vice-Chancellor of Germany (2013–2018) (Social Democratic Party of Germany)[357]William Hague, First Secretary of State of the United Kingdom (2010–2015), Leader of the House of Commons (2014–2015), Leader of the Conservative Party (1997–2001) (Conservative Party)[358]Sajid Javid, Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government of the United Kingdom (2016–2018), Home Secretary (2018–2019), Chancellor of the Exchequer (2019–2020) (Conservative Party)[359]Marina Kaljurand, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Estonia (2015–2016) (Social Democratic Party)[360]Luis Gilberto Murillo, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia (2016–2018) (Radical Change)[361]Ana Palacio, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain (2002–2004) (People's Party)[323]Christopher Pyne, Minister for Defence of Australia (2018–2019) (Liberal Party)[362]Fahrudin Radončić, Minister of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012–2014, 2019–2020) (Union for a Better Future of BiH)[363]Legislative officialsCurrentMarkéta Adamová, member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2013–present) (TOP 09)[353]Meyrem Almaci, member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (2007–present) (Groen)[352]Anna Ascani, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Ivan Bartoš, member of the Chamber of deputies of the Czech Republic (2017–present) (Czech Pirate Party)[353]Alfredo Bazoli, member of the Italian Chamber of deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Caterina Biti, member of the Italian Senate (2018–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Georges-Louis Bouchez, member of the Belgian Senate (2019–present) (Mouvement Réformateur)[352]Nooshi Dadgostar, member of the Riksdag from Stockholm County (2014–present) (Left Party)[364]Ed Davey, Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2020–present), Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom for Kingston and Surbiton (1997–2015, 2017–present) (Liberal Democrats)[365]Pia Olsen Dyhr, member of the Danish Folketing (2006, 2007–present) (Socialist People's Party)[366]Jakob Ellemann-Jensen, member of the Danish Folketing (2011–present) (Venstre)[366]Davide Faraone, member of the Italian Senate (2019–present) (Italia Viva)[351]Stephen Farry, Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom for North Down (2019–present) (Alliance Party of Northern Ireland)[367]Valeria Fedeli, member of the Italian Senate (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Maximiliano Ferraro, National Deputy for the City of Buenos Aires (2019–present) (Civic Coalition ARI)[368]Emanuele Fiano, member of the Italian Chamber of deputies (2006–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Dagmar Freitag, member of the German Bundestag (1994–present) (Social Democratic Party of Germany)[369]Peđa Grbin, member of the Croatian Parliament (2011–present) (Social Democratic Party of Croatia)[370]Gregor Gysi, member of the German Bundestag for Berlin-Treptow-Köpenick (2005–present) (The Left)[371]Marian Jurečka, member of the Chamber of deputies of the Czech Republic (2013–present) (KDU-ČSL)[353]Neil Kinnock, member of the House of Lords of the United Kingdom (2005–present), Leader of the Labour Party (1983–1992), Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom for Islwyn (1983–1995), MP for Bedwellty (1970–1983) (Labour Party)[372]Ulf Kristersson, member of the Riksdag (1994–2000, 2014–present) (Moderate Party)[364]Egbert Lachaert, member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (2014–present) (Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten)[352]Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, member of the German Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia (2017–present) (Free Democratic Party)[357]Facundo Suárez Lastra, National Deputy of Argentina (2017–present) (Radical Civic Union)[368]Stefan Liebich, member of the German Bundestag for Berlin (2009–present) (The Left)[373]Annie Lööf, member of the Riksdag (2006–present) (Centre Party)[364]Luca Lotti, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Andrea Marcucci, member of the Italian Senate (2008–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Salvatore Margiotta, member of the Italian Senate (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Maurizio Martina, member of the Italian Chamber of deputies for Lombardy (2018–present) (Democratic Party)[351]John McGahon, Seanad Éireann (2020–present) (Fine Gael)[374]Erin McGreehan, Seanad Éireann (2020–present) (Fianna Fáil)[374]Katherine Miranda, member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia (2018–present) (Green Alliance)[375]Alessia Morani, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Omid Nouripour, member of the German Bundestag for Hesse (2006–present) (Alliance 90/The Greens)[357]Dario Parrini, member of the Italian Senate (2018–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Gustavo Petro, Colombian Senator (2018–present, 2006–2010), Mayor of Bogota (2012–2015), 2010 and 2018 presidential nominee (Progressive Movement)[376]Adam Price, Leader of Plaid Cymru (2018–present), Member of the Senedd (2016–present) and MP (2001–2010) for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr (Plaid Cymru)[377]Lia Quartapelle, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Vít Rakušan, member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2017–present) (Mayors and Independents)[353]Neale Richmond, member of the Teachta Dála of Ireland (2020–present) (Fine Gael)[378]Gabriela Rivadeneira, member of the Ecuadorian National Assembly for the National Constituency (2013–present) (Citizen Revolution Movement)[379]Randolfe Rodrigues, Brazilian Senator for Amapá (2011–present) (Sustainability Network)[380]Ettore Rosato, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2008–present) (Italia Viva)[351]Norbert Röttgen, member of the Bundestag for Rhein-Sieg-Kreis II of Germany (1994–present) (Christian Democratic Union)[381]Jagmeet Singh, Canadian member of parliament, party leader (New Democratic Party[382]Pernille Skipper, member of the Danish Folketing (2011–present) (Red–Green Alliance)[366]Jonas Gahr Støre, Member of the Norwegian Parliament (2009–present) (Labour Party)[383]Gabriele Toccafondi, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2008–present) (Italia Viva)[351]Erkki Tuomioja, member of the Parliament of Finland (1970–1979, 1991–present) (Social Democratic Party of Finland)[384]Walter Verini, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2008–present) (Democratic Party)[351]Louisa Wall, member of the New Zealand Parliament, (2008, 2011–present) (New Zealand Labour Party)[385]FormerRicardo Anaya, president of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies (2013–2014), 2018 nominee for president (National Action Party)[386]Elisa Carrió, National Deputy for the City of Buenos Aires (2005–2007, 2009–2019) (Civic Coalition ARI)[368]Josephine Fock, member of the Danish Folketing (2015–2018) (The Alternative)[366]Antonello Giacomelli, member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies (2004–2020) (Democratic Party)[351]Boris Miletić, member of the Croatian Parliament (2008–2011, 2015–2018) (Istrian Democratic Assembly)[370]Leopoldo Martínez Nucete, deputy of the National Assembly of Venezuela (2000–2005)[387]Struan Stevenson, member of the European Parliament for Scotland (1999–2014) (Scottish Conservative)[388]Anne Tolley, Deputy Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives (2017–2020) (New Zealand National Party)[385]Academics and scholarsJames P. AllisonDavid BaltimoreElizabeth BlackburnNoam ChomskyAlan DershowitzJim PeeblesRandy SchekmanAndreas Acrivos, Albert Einstein Professor Emeritus of Science and Engineering at City College of New York[113]Peter Agre, physician, molecular biologist, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2003[389]George Akerlof, economist, professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University, professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley and 2001 recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics[132]Bruce Alberts, Chancellor's Leadership Chair in Biochemistry and Biophysics for Science and Education at the University of California, San Francisco, president of the National Academy of Sciences (1993–2005)[113]Parney Albright, physicist, weapons scientist and former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory[390]James P. Allison, immunologist, professor and chair of immunology and executive director of immunotherapy platform at the MD Anderson Cancer Center at the University of Texas and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018[389]Gar Alperovitz, historian, political economist, Lionel R. Bauman Professor of Political Economy at the University of Maryland, College Park[391]Sidney Altman, molecular biologist, Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989[389]Bernard Amadei, professor of civil engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder, founder of Engineers without Borders USA[113]Frances Arnold, chemical engineer, Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at California Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018[389]Reza Aslan, Iranian-American scholar of religious studies, writer, television host[392]Myron Augsburger, theologian, former president of Eastern Mennonite University and the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, pastor[393]Richard Axel, molecular biologist, professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004[389]David Baltimore, biologist, professor of Biology and former president at California Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1975[389]Barry Barish, experimental physicist, professor of physics, emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017[389]Paul Berg, biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980[389]Joshua Berman, professor of Bible at Bar-Ilan University[61]J. Michael Bishop, immunologist, microbiologist, former chancellor of University of California, San Francisco and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989[389]Rachel Bitecofer, author, assistant director of the Wason Center for Public Policy at Christopher Newport University and senior fellow at the Niskanen Center[394]Elizabeth Blackburn, biologist, former president of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009[389]Manuel Blum, former professor of computer science at University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University[395]Philip Bobbitt, Herbert Wechsler Professor of Jurisprudence at Columbia Law School[22]Michael Stuart Brown, geneticist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985[389]Linda B. Buck, biologist at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004[389]Diana Butler Bass, historian of Christianity, independent scholar, advocate for Progressive Christianity[84]Daniel Byman, Senior Associate Dean at the Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service[22]Mario Capecchi, geneticist, distinguished professor of Human Genetics and Biology at the University of Utah School of Medicine and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007[389]Thomas Cech, chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989[389]Vint Cerf, internet pioneer, former assistant professor at Stanford University[395]Martin Chalfie, neurobiologist, professor at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008[389]Aviva Chomsky, historian, professor of history and the coordinator of Latin American, Latino and Caribbean Studies at Salem State University[391]Noam Chomsky, linguist, Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology[c][396]Kim Cobb, professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology[113]Marjorie Cohn, professor of law at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, former president of the National Lawyers Guild[391]Elias James Corey, organic chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1990[389]Yi Cui, professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford University[113]John Dabiri, Centennial Chair Professor of Fluid Dynamics at the California Institute of Technology[113]Gretchen Daily, Bing Professor of Environmental Science at Stanford University[113]Ruth DeFries, environmental geographer and professor at Columbia University[113]Alan Dershowitz, lawyer and former Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School[397]Peter Diamond, economist, Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2010[132]Whitfield Diffie, consulting scholar at Stanford University[395]Anne H. Ehrlich, associate director of the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University[113]Paul R. Ehrlich, Bing Professor of Population Studies at Stanford University[113]Ezekiel Emanuel, oncologist, bioethicist, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and vice provost for global initiatives at the University of Pennsylvania[398]Ann Ferguson, philosopher, Professor Emerita of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst[391]Edmond H. Fischer, biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992[389]Joachim Frank, biophysicist at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017[389]Linda P. Fried, Dean of the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health (2008–present)[113]Jerome Isaac Friedman, physicist, professor of physics, emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990[389]Walter Gilbert, biochemist, physicist, molecular biology pioneer and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980[389]Sheldon Glashow, theoretical physicist, Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at Harvard University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979[389]Joseph L. Goldstein, biochemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985[389]Shafi Goldwasser, director of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, former mathematical science professor at Weizmann Institute of Science and RSA professor at MIT[395]John B. Goodenough, materials scientist, a solid-state physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019[389]Carol W. Greider, Daniel Nathans Professor and director of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009[113]David Gross, theoretical physicist, string theorist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004[389]Andrej Grubačić, Yugoslav world-systems historian, professor and department chair of anthropology and social change at the California Institute of Integral Studies[391]Robin Hahnel, economist, professor of economics at Portland State University[391]Jeffrey C. Hall, geneticist, chronobiologist, professor Emeritus of Biology at Brandeis University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017[389]John L. Hall, physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005[389]Oliver Hart, economist, university professor at Harvard University, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2016[132]Leland H. Hartwell, geneticist, former president, and director of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2001[389]Oona A. Hathaway, Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law at Yale Law School[22]Alan J. Heeger, physicist, academic and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000[389]Dudley R. Herschbach, chemist at Harvard University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986[389]Roald Hoffmann, Holocaust survivor, theoretical chemist, Frank H. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters, Emeritus, at Cornell University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1981[389]H. Robert Horvitz, biologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002[389]Louis Ignarro, pharmacologist, professor emeritus of pharmacology at the UCLA School of Medicine's department of molecular and medical pharmacology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998[389]William Kaelin Jr., physician-scientist, professor of medicine at Harvard University and the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019[389]Daniel Kammen, Distinguished Professor of Energy in the Energy and Resources Group at the University of California, Berkeley[113]Eric Kandel, medical doctor, neuroscientist, professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Columbia University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000[389]Rebecca Katz, professor and director of the Center for Global Health Science and Security at Georgetown University Medical Center[399]Wolfgang Ketterle, physicist, professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001[389]Brian Kobilka, physiologist, professor in the department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology at Stanford University School of Medicine and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012[389]Roger D. Kornberg, biochemist, professor of structural biology at Stanford University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006[389]J. Michael Kosterlitz, physicist, professor of physics at Brown University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2016[389]Herbert Kroemer, physicist, professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000[389]Robert B. Laughlin, theoretical physicist, Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998[389]Yann LeCun, computer scientist and Silver Professor of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University[395][400]Robert J. Lefkowitz, physician, biochemist, professor of biochemistry and chemistry at Duke University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012[389]Anthony James Leggett, theoretical physicist. professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003[389]Samuel T. Logan, professor of church history at Biblical Theological Seminary, ecclesiastic historian, Presbyterian minister[393]Roderick MacKinnon, biophysicist, neuroscientist, professor of molecular neurobiology and biophysics at Rockefeller University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2003[389]Michael E. Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University[113]Eric Maskin, economist, Harvard University Professor, professor of economics and mathematics at Harvard University[132]John C. Mather, cosmologist, senior astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Maryland and adjunct professor of physics at the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006[389]Robert W. McChesney, Gutgsell Endowed Professor in the department of communication at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign[391]Daniel McFadden, econometrician, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000, Presidential Professor of Health Economics at the University of Southern California, professor of the Graduate School at University of California, Berkeley[132]Bill McKibben, environmentalist, author, journalist, Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College, leader of 350.org[401]Jon Meacham, writer, presidential biographer and Carolyn T. and Robert M. Rogers Endowed Chair in American Presidency at Vanderbilt University[402]Craig Mello, biologist, professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2006[389]Paul L. Modrich, biochemist, James B. Duke Professor of biochemistry at Duke University, investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015[389]William E. Moerner, physical chemist and chemical physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014[389]Mario J. Molina, chemist, professor at the University of California, San Diego and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995[389]Richard Mouw, former president of the Fuller Theological Seminary, theologian, philosopher[393]Roger Myerson, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2007, David L. Pearson Distinguished Service Professor of Global Conflict Studies at the University of Chicago[132]Shuji Nakamura, electronic engineer, professor at the College of Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014[389]Jeremy Nathans, professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University[113]Tom Nichols, professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College and Harvard Extension School[394]William Nordhaus, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018, Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University[132]John O'Keefe, neuroscientist, psychologist, professor at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour and the Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at University College London, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014[389]Paul Ortiz, historian, professor of history at the University of Florida, director of the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program[391]Douglas Osheroff, physicist, J. G. Jackson and C. J. Wood Professor of Physics, Emeritus at Stanford University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2012[389]Jim Peebles, astrophysicist, astronomer, theoretical cosmologist who is currently the Albert Einstein Professor of Science, Emeritus, at Princeton University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019[389]Arno Allan Penzias, physicist, radio astronomer and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978[389]Saul Perlmutter, astrophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011[389]Taylor G. Petrey, scholar of religion, former associate professor and research associate at Harvard Divinity School[84]Edmund Phelps, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, former McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University[132]Anthony B. Pinn, Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor of Humanities and Professor of Religious Studies at Rice University[403]Hugh David Politzer, theoretical physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004[389]Paul Romer, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018, former professor of economics at University of Chicago, University of California, Berkeley, Stanford Graduate School of Business, and University of Rochester, former World Bank Chief Economist (2016–2018)[132]Michael Rosbash, geneticist, chronobiologist, professor and researcher at Brandeis University, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017[389]James Rothman, biochemist, Fergus F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences at Yale University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2013[389]Joseph Sakran, assistant professor of surgery at the Johns Hopkins University[61]Barbara A. Schaal, professor of evolutionary biology, Dean of Arts and Sciences at Washington University (2013–present)[113]Randy Schekman, professor of cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2013[113]Brian Schmidt, astrophysicist, vice-chancellor of the Australian National University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011[389]Juliet Schor, economist and Sociology Professor at Boston College[391]Richard R. Schrock, chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005[389]Gregg L. Semenza, physician, professor of genetic medicine at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019[389]Stephen Shalom, professor of political science at William Paterson University (Socialist Party of America)[391]Karl Barry Sharpless, chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001[389]Drew Shindell, physicist and professor of climate science at Duke University[113]Ron Sider, theologian, Distinguished Professor of Theology, Holistic Ministry and Public Policy at the Palmer Theological Seminary of St. Davids, Pennsylvania, social activist[84]Hamilton O. Smith, microbiologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978[389]Kirk R. Smith, professor of Global Environmental Health at the University of California, Berkeley[113]Adam Sobel, professor of applied physics, applied mathematics, and earth sciences at Columbia University[113]Sean Solomon, William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science and director of the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University[113]Robert Solow, economist, Eremitus Institute Professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1987[132]Alfred Sommer, ophthalmologist and epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health[113]Michael Spence, economist, professor William R. Berkley Professor in Economics and Business at the Stern School of Business at New York University, Philip H. Knight Professor of Management, Emeritus, and dean at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2001[132]Fraser Stoddart, chemist, Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry and head of the Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group in the department of chemistry at Northwestern University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2016[389]Thomas C. Südhof, biochemist, professor at Stanford University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2013[389]Karel Svoboda, neuroscientist at Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Janelia Research Campus[113]Jack W. Szostak, biologist, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, Alexander Rich Distinguished Investigator at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009[389]Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. astrophysicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993[389]Richard Thaler, economist, Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2017[132]Kip Thorne, theoretical physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017[389]Laurence Tribe, Carl M. Loeb University Professor at Harvard Law School[a][404]Susumu Tonegawa, molecular biologist, neuroscientist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1987[389]Daniel C. Tsui, physicist, Arthur Legrand Doty Professor of Electrical Engineering, emeritus, at Princeton University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998[389]Harold E. Varmus, biologist, former director of the National Institutes of Health, former director of the National Cancer Institute, Lewis Thomas University Professor of Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989[389]Burton Visotzky, scholar of Midrash, Appleman Professor of Midrash and Interreligious Studies at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America[84]Rainer Weiss, physicist, professor of physics, emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017[389]Cornel West, historian[391]Maureen White, senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies[61]M. Stanley Whittingham, chemist, professor of chemistry, director of both the Institute for Materials Research and the Materials Science and Engineering program at Binghamton University and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019[389]Eric F. Wieschaus, evolutionary developmental biologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995[389]Torsten Wiesel, neurophysiologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981[389]Frank Wilczek, theoretical physicist, mathematician, Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004[389]Robert Woodrow Wilson, astronomer and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978[389]David J. Wineland, physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2012[389]Michael W. Young, biologist, geneticist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017[389]Activists and public figuresMichael AvenattiRuby BridgesConnie ChungMichael CohenBenjamin CrumpAnita HillDolores HuertaCindy McCainMichelle ObamaAl SharptonTom SteyerSully SullenbergerGreta ThunbergClay Aiken, Democratic candidate for NC-02 in 2014, singer, television personality, actor, activist[405]Michael Albert, economist, speaker, writer, political critic[391]Valerie Alexander, speaker, writer for The Huffington Post[61]Aimee Allison, founder and president of She the People[406]Debbie Almontaser, schoolteacher, Yemeni activist, founder of the Khalil Gibran International Academy[84]Clayton Anderson, retired NASA astronaut, author, motivational speaker[84]Bob Avakian, chairman of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA[407] (Revolutionary Communist)Michael Avenatti, former attorney to Stormy Daniels, convicted felon[408]Ady Barkan, activist, attorney[a][409]Lisa Blue Baron, trial lawyer[61]David Barsamian, Armenian-American radio broadcaster, writer, founder and director of Alternative Radio[391]Ryan J. Bell, atheist, former Seventh-day Adventist Pastor, contributor to HuffPost[403]Medea Benjamin, political activist, co-founder of Code Pink[391]Ruthie Berman, LGBT rights activists[410]Megan Beyer, journalist, activist, advocate of women's rights and gender issues, former Second Lady of Virginia (1990–1998)[411]Ashley Biden, Biden's daughter, social worker, activist, philanthropist, fashion designer[412]Jill Biden, Second Lady of the United States (2009–2017), Biden's wife, educator[413]Richard Bloomingdale, president of the Pennsylvania AFL–CIO (2010–present)[414]Max Boot, author, consultant, military historian, columnist for The Washington Post (Republican before 2016, now independent)[415]Keith Boykin, progressive broadcaster, political commentator for CNN[141]Greg Boyle, Roman Catholic priest of the Jesuit order, founder and director of Homeboy Industries[416]Ruby Bridges, civil rights activist and the first African-American child to desegregate the all-white William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis[417]Sharon Brous, senior rabbi at IKAR[392]Amy Butler, Christian minister, former senior minister at the Riverside Church[84]Leslie Cagan, activist, writer, socialist organizer[391]Simone Campbell, Roman Catholic Religious Sister, lawyer, executive director of NETWORK[418]Amanda Carpenter, author, political advisor, speechwriter (Republican)[419]Gwen Carr, activist, public speaker, author, mother of police brutality victim Eric Garner[420]Rosalynn Carter, First Lady of the United States (1977–1981) and First Lady of Georgia (1971–1975)[421]James Carville, Democratic political consultant[422]Mona Charen, columnist, journalist, political commentator, writer (Republican)[423]Niki Christoff, economic policy advisor, campaign operative (Republican)[97]Connie Chung, journalist, reporter, former evening news anchor[424]Shane Claiborne, Christian activist, author[391]Charlotte Clymer, LGBTQ+ activist, writer for The Washington Post[a][425]Jeff Cohen, journalist, co-founder of RootsAction.org[426]Michael Cohen, disbarred lawyer, former attorney of Donald Trump (Former Republican, later Democratic)[427]George Conway, attorney, co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Republican before 2018, now Independent)[428]Claudia Conway, liberal activist, daughter of Kellyanne Conway and George Conway[429]Christian Cooper, LGBTQ+ activist, comic book writer, birder[430]Phil Coorey, Australian journalist, political editor for The Australian Financial Review[431]Benjamin Crump, civil rights lawyer[432]Alphonso David, LGBTQ+ activist president of Human Rights Campaign (2019–present)[433]Susan Del Percio, political strategist, media analyst (Republican)[434]Anthony Diekema, former president of Calvin University[84]TJ Ducklo, political aide, media strategist[435]Chaz Ebert, attorney, businesswoman[436]Douglas Emhoff, entertainment lawyer, Harris's husband[437]Adam C. Engst, publisher of TidBITS[438]Greg Epstein, Humanist Rabbi, Chaplain at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology[84]Liza Featherstone, journalist, writer for The Nation and Jacobin[391]Karen Finney, political commentator for CNN, spokesperson for the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign[439]Mary Fisher, HIV/AIDS activist[54]Abraham Foxman, lawyer, Holocaust survivor, national director of the Anti-Defamation League (1987–2015)[440]Roxane Gay, writer, professor, editor[437]Helene D. Gayle, doctor, CEO of the Chicago Community Trust[441]Menachem Genack, Orthodox rabbi, CEO of the Orthodox Union Kosher Division[442]Joseph Gerson, peace and disarmament activist[391]Jeffrey Goldberg, journalist and editor-in-chief of The Atlantic magazine[443]X González, gun control activist, co-founder of Never Again MSD[444]Linda Gordon, feminist, historian[391]Suzanne Gordon, journalist, author[391]Chad Griffin, founder of American Foundation for Equal Rights, President of Human Rights Campaign (2012–2019)[445]Rhiana Gunn-Wright, Climate Policy Director at the Roosevelt Institute, co-author of the Green New Deal[446]Bruce Guthrie, Australian journalist[447]Fred Guttenberg, gun control activist, father of Stoneman Douglas High School shooting victim Jaime Guttenberg[448]Eugene Gu, former resident physician, social media personality (previously endorsed Andrew Yang)[449]Maya Harris, lawyer, public policy advocate, television commentator, Harris' sister[450]Meena Harris, lawyer, children's book author, founder of the Phenomenal Woman Action Campaign, Harris' niece[451]Jill Hazelbaker, communications director for the 2008 McCain presidential campaign (Republican)[97]Mary Kay Henry, labor leader, international president of SEIU[452]Doug Henwood, journalist, economic analyst, author, financial trader[391]Katrina vanden Heuvel, publisher, part-owner, and former editor of The Nation[453]Anita Hill, lawyer, professor, accused Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment in 1991[454]David Hogg, gun control activist, student who survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting[455]Ilyse Hogue, progressive activist, president of NARAL Pro-Choice America[406]Jared Hohlt, writer, editor of Slate[456]Dolores Huerta, labor leader, civil rights activist, co-founder of United Farm Workers[d][457]Coleman Hughes, writer, opinion columnist[458]Joel Hunter, former senior pastor of Northland Church[459]John Ibbitson, Canadian journalist, columnist for The Globe and Mail[460]Ben Jealous, civil rights leader, president of People for the American Way (2020–present)[461]Karine Jean-Pierre, political campaign organizer, activist, political commentator, lecturer in international and public affairs at Columbia University[462]Miriam Jerris, rabbi of the Society for Humanistic Judaism[84]Alexis McGill Johnson, president and CEO of Planned Parenthood (2020–present)[406]Derrick Johnson, lawyer, current CEO of the NAACP (2017–present)[463]Molly Jong-Fast, author, liberal political commentator, editor-at-large at The Daily Beast[394]Fred Kaplan, author, journalist, writer of the "War Stories" column for Slate[456]Cameron Kasky, activist, gun control activist, co-founder of Never Again MSD (previously endorsed Andrew Yang)[g][464]Valarie Kaur, activist, documentary filmmaker, lawyer, educator and faith leader[465]Joshua Keating, foreign policy analyst, staff writer and author of the World blog at Slate[456]Mara Keisling, founding executive director of the National Center for Transgender Equality[466]Kathy Kelly, peace activist, pacifist, author[391]Kate Kendell, former executive director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights[466]Ibram X. Kendi, author, historian, activist, professor[464]Victoria Reggie Kennedy, attorney, widow of former senator Ted Kennedy[467]Khizr Khan, father of deceased U.S. Army Captain Humayun Khan[468]Brian Klaas, political scientist, columnist for The Washington Post[469]Sharon Kleinbaum, rabbi, spiritual leader of New York City's Congregation Beit Simchat Torah[84]Jeff Klepper, cantor, Contemporary Jewish religious music influencer[84]Howard Krein, Biden's son-in-law, otolaryngologist, plastic surgeon, business executive[470]María Teresa Kumar, Colombian American political rights activist, president and CEO of Voto Latino[471]Dan La Botz, labor union activist, academic, journalist, author (Socialist Party USA)[391]Joy Ladin, poet and the David and Ruth Gottesman Chair in English at Stern College for Women at Yeshiva University[472]Khalid Latif, imam[473]James Lawson, activist in the Civil Rights Movement, pastor, professor[474]Lilly Ledbetter, equal pay for equal work activist, lead plaintiff in the landmark employment discrimination Supreme Court case, Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., namesake of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009[475]Robert W. Lee IV, activist, former pastor, descendant of Robert E. Lee[476]Rodrigo Lehtinen, Cuban-American LGBT rights advocate[410]Josh Levin, writer, executive editor at Slate[456]Sarah Longwell, publisher of The Bulwark, former board chair of the Log Cabin Republicans (Republican)[477]John R. MacArthur, journalist, president of Harper's Magazine[478]Ben Mathis-Lilley, journalist, chief news blogger of Slate's news section Slatest[456]Cindy McCain, businesswoman, philanthropist, humanitarian, widow of late Senator John McCain[479] (Republican)Steve McIntosh, author, lawyer, entrepreneur[480]Vashti Murphy McKenzie, Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church[137]Evan McMullin, activist, former CIA officer, 2016 independent candidate for President (Independent)[481]Michael Medved, radio show host[482]Mike Mignola, comics artist, writer[483]Stuart Milk, LGBT rights activist, political speaker, nephew of civil rights leader Harvey Milk[484]Laura Miller, journalist, critic, Books and Culture columnist at Slate[456]Dale Minami, lawyer, represented Fred Korematsu in Korematsu v. United States[126]Shannon Minter, civil rights attorney, legal director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights[141]Jack Moline, Conservative rabbi, executive director of Interfaith Alliance[84]Michael Mulgrew, president of the United Federation of Teachers (2009–present)[485]Mike Murphy, political consultant, strategist (Republican)[97]Tammy Murphy, First Lady of New Jersey (2018–present)[225]William Murphy, former Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre[137]Ana Navarro, political commentator, strategist (Republican)[486]Bill Nye, science communicator, television presenter, and mechanical engineer[487]Michelle Obama, activist, First Lady of the United States (2009–2017)[488]Jim Obergefell, lead plaintiff in landmark civil rights Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges[445]Jen O'Malley Dillon, political strategist, campaign manager for the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign, campaign manager for the Beto O'Rourke 2020 presidential campaign[119]Howard Opinsky, national press secretary of the 2000 McCain presidential campaign (Republican)[97]Doug Pagitt, progressive evangelical pastor, author[391]Claudia Palacios, Colombian journalist, former news anchor for CNN en Español[489]John M. Perkins, Christian minister, civil rights activist, Bible teacher, best-selling author, philosopher, community developer[393]Mike Pesca, radio journalist, host of Slate’s podcast The Gist[456]Alexandra Petri, humorist, columnist for The Washington Post[490]Megan Phelps-Roper, former member and spokesperson of the Westboro Baptist Church[403]Leonard Pitts, commentator, journalist, and novelist[491]Abigail Pogrebin, writer, journalist, podcast host for Tablet magazine, former director of Jewish Outreach for the Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign[80][e]Katha Pollitt, post, essayist, critic[492]Dan Rather, journalist, former national evening news anchor[493]Irwin Redlener, pediatrician, public health activist[113]Cecile Richards, former president of Planned Parenthood[406]Laura Ricketts, former attorney, first openly gay owner of a major-league sports franchise[494]Gene Robinson, former bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire[84]Julie Chavez Rodriguez, political rights activist, designated director of the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs for Biden[142]Joanne Rogers, widow of Fred Rogers[495]Shmuel Rosner, Israeli columnist, editor, researcher[496]Jonathan Rotenberg, executive coach, co-founder of the Boston Computer Society[61]Jennifer Rubin, journalist, columnist for The Washington Post (Independent)[497]Faiza Saeed, attorney, partner at Cravath, Swaine & Moore[61]Bamby Salcedo, founder of TransLatina Coalition[498]William Saletan, writer and national correspondent at Slate[456]Mark Salter, speechwriter of the 2008 McCain presidential campaign (Republican)[97]David Sanford, civil rights attorney[61]Lydia Sargent, feminist, writer, author, playwright, actor[391]Harut Sassounian, Armenian-American writer, public activist, publisher of The California Courier[499]Reshma Saujani, lawyer, founder of Girls Who Code[500]Andrea Saul, press secretary of the 2012 Romney presidential campaign (Republican)[97]Rob Schenck, Evangelical clergyman, president of the Dietrich Bonhoeffer Institute[84]Jack Schlossberg, grandson of former president John F. Kennedy[501]Steve Schmidt, chief strategist for the John McCain 2008 presidential campaign, co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Republican before 2018, now Democrat)[502]Stephen F. Schneck, Catholic activist, executive director of Franciscan Action Network[418]Stephanie Schriock, political strategist and president of EMILY's List[406]Stuart Schuffman, contemporary travel writer, blogger[503]Connie Schultz, writer, journalist, wife of Senator Sherrod Brown[504]Jacques Servin, leading member of The Yes Men[505]Tara Setmayer, CNN political commentator, contributor to ABC News (Republican)[419]Fawn Sharp, politician, attorney, president of the National Congress of American Indians (since 2019)[171]Al Sharpton, civil rights activist, Baptist minister, talk show host[506][507]Dennis Shepard, father of Matthew Shepard, co-founder of the Matthew Shepard Foundation, LGBTQ+ activist[508]Judy Shepard, mother of Matthew Shepard, co-founder of the Matthew Shepard Foundation, LGBTQ+ activist[508]Maria Shriver, journalist, author, First Lady of California (2003–2011) (Independent)[509]Timothy Shriver, chairman of the Special Olympics, disability rights activist, film producer, member of the Kennedy family[79]Ron Sider, theologian, social activist and founder of Evangelicals for Social Action[459]Simran Jeet Singh, educator, writer and activist[510]Marina Sitrin, writer, professor, lawyer, activist[391]Norman Solomon, journalist, activist, co-founder of RootsAction.org[426]Mohamed Soltan, Egyptian-American human rights advocate, former political prisoner in Egypt[61]Andy Spahn, political activist, consultant[511]Roy Speckhardt, executive director of the American Humanist Association, author[403]Richard B. Spencer, neo-Nazi, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, white supremacist[512] (endorsement rejected by Biden)[513]Andrea Dew Steele, co-founder of Emerge California[61]Bret Stephens, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, conservative journalist, editor, columnist[514]Stuart Stevens, writer and senior political strategist for Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign (Republican)[394]Tom Steyer, hedge fund manager, liberal activist, philanthropist, 2020 candidate for president[515]Mac Stipanovich, political activist, strategist[516]Sully Sullenberger, former U.S. Air Force captain and commercial airline pilot during the water landing of US Airways Flight 1549[517]Charlie Sykes, conservative talk show radio host, founder of The Bulwark (Republican)[518]Greta Thunberg, Swedish environmental activist and de facto leader of the school strike for climate movement[519]Richard Trumka, president of the AFL–CIO (2009–present), president of the United Mine Workers (1982–1995)[520]Mary L. Trump, psychologist, businessperson, author, niece of Donald Trump[521]Cristina Tzintzún Ramirez, labor organizer, writer[522]Cenk Uygur, liberal political commentator, media host, journalist[523]Alexandria Villaseñor, climate activist, co-founder of US Youth Climate Strike[524][525]Christie Vilsack, First Lady of Iowa (1999–2007), 2012 nominee for IA-04[526]Ou Virak, Cambodian human rights activist, public intellect[527]Suzyn Waldman, sportscaster[528]Dane Waters, campaign strategist (Republican)[97]Mikal Watts, attorney[61]Jeff Weaver, president of Our Revolution (2016–2017), campaign manager for the Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign, advisor to the Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign[529][c]John Weaver, political consultant, chief strategist for the John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign, co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Republican)[115]Peter Wehner, writer for The New York Times, former speechwriter (Republican)[530]Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers (2008–present), President of the United Federation of Teachers (1998–2008), labor leader, attorney, educator[531]Perry Weitz, attorney, partner at Weitz & Luxenberg P.C.[61]George Will, journalist, columnist for The Washington Post (Formerly Republican, now Independent since 2016)[532]John Eddie Williams, pharmaceutical injury and mass tort attorney[61]Gregory Wilpert, German activist, founder of Venezuelanalysis.com[391]Nancy Wilson, cleric, former moderator of the Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches[84]Rick Wilson, political strategist, media consultant, author, co-founder of The Lincoln Project (Former Republican, now Independent since 2019)[502]Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove, writer, Baptist preacher[391]Mark Winer, interfaith activist, rabbi[84]Evan Wolfson, attorney, gay rights activist, founder and president of Freedom to Marry[533]Eric Yoffie, rabbi, president of the Union for Reform Judaism (1996–2012)[534]Rick Zbur, executive director of Equality California[466]James Zogby, founder and president of the Arab American Institute[77]Marc Zwillinger, founder and managing member of the privacy and information security law firm ZwillGen[61]Business executives and leadersMark CubanCarly FiorinaBob IgerHoward SchultzAnna WintourAndrew YangJoyce Aboussie, founder and CEO of Aboussie & Associates and Telephone Contact Inc.[61]S. Daniel Abraham, investor, philanthropist and founder of Thompson Medical[535]Michael Alter, president and owner of the Alter Group[494]Ashok Amritraj, chairman and CEO of the Hyde Park Entertainment Group[536]José Andrés, chef and founder of World Central Kitchen[464]Mark Arabo, Chaldean-American businessman[61]Amy Banse, managing director and head of funds for Comcast Ventures, senior vice president of Comcast, member of the board of directors at Adobe Systems and Clorox[61]Robert Bass Texas Billionaire Investor [537]Arthur Blank, co-founder of The Home Depot[538]David Bonderman, billionaire, founding partner of TPG Capital and Newbridge Capital[494]Lisa Brummel, co-owner of the Seattle Storm[539]Sandy Carter, vice president at Amazon Web Services[391]Edwin Catmull, co-founder of Pixar, former president of Walt Disney Animation Studios, computer scientist[395]Peter Chernin, chairman and CEO of the Chernin Group[540]David L. Cohen, senior executive vice-president and chief lobbyist for Comcast[61]Mark Cuban, investor and owner of the Dallas Mavericks[541] (Independent)Leslee Dart, founder and co-CEO of 42West[542]Morgan DeBaun, founder and CEO of Blavity Inc.[542]Michael De Luca, chairman of MGM Studios[528]Barry Diller, chairman and senior executive of IAC/InterActiveCorp and Expedia Group, founder of Fox Broadcasting Company and USA Broadcasting[540]Jamie Dinan, investor, hedge fund manager, philanthropist[494]Kevin Feige, president of Marvel Studios[528]Carly Fiorina, chair (2000–2005), president and CEO (1999–2005) of Hewlett-Packard, 2016 candidate for president, California 2010 nominee for Senate (Republican)[543][544]Rob Friedman, media executive[540]Nely Galán, former president of entertainment for Telemundo[542]Mark Gallogly, managing principal and founder of Centerbridge Partners[545]Jim Gianopulos, CEO of Paramount Pictures[546]L. Felice Gorordo, entrepreneur and CEO of eMerge Americas[79]Julia S. Gouw, former president and COO of East West Bank[542]Peter Guber, chairman and CEO of Mandalay Entertainment[494]Reed Hastings, co-founder, chairman, and co-chief executive officer (CEO) of Netflix[535]John L. Hennessy, computer scientist and chair of Alphabet Inc.[547]Mellody Hobson, president and co-CEO of Ariel Investments[540]Reid Hoffman, co-founder and former executive chairman of LinkedIn[61]Lisa Hook, former president of CEO of Neustar[542]Alan F. Horn, co-chairman of Walt Disney Studios[528]Bob Iger, executive chairman of The Walt Disney Company[540]Laurene Powell Jobs, billionaire heiress, businesswoman, executive and founder of the Emerson Collective[548]Jeffrey Katzenberg, co-founder and CEO of DreamWorks Animation and DreamWorks Records,[549] (previously endorsed Steve Bullock)[g][550]Donna Langley, chairwoman of Universal Pictures[61]Sherry Lansing, former CEO of Paramount Pictures[61]Marc Lasry, billionaire, hedge fund manager, co-founder and CEO of Avenue Capital Group, co-owner of the Milwaukee Bucks[494]Keith Leaphart, entrepreneur, philanthropist and physician[551]Aileen Lee, founder of Cowboy Ventures[542]Kevin Liles, record executive and co-founder and CEO of 300 Entertainment[552]Bryan Lourd, partner, managing director and co-chairman of Creative Artists Agency[540]Li Lu, founder and chairman of Himalaya Capital Management[126]Daniel Lubetzky, founder and executive chairman of Kind[553]Larry Lucchino, former CEO of the Boston Red Sox[528]Christina Weiss Lurie, part owner of the Philadelphia Eagles[528]Jacqueline Mars, heiress to Mars, Inc and investor[535]David Morehouse, CEO and president of the Pittsburgh Penguins[528]James Murdoch, former CEO of 21st Century Fox[540]Dominic Ng, chairman, president and CEO of East West Bank[126]Indra Nooyi, former chairman and CEO of PepsiCo[554]Jorge M. Pérez, chairman and CEO of The Related Group, real estate developer, art collector, and philanthropist[535]Kathryn Petralia, co-founder and COO of Kabbage[542]John Pritzker, billionaire and investor[535]M. R. Rangaswami, Indian software executive[61]Douglas Rediker, founder and chairman of International Capital Strategies, LLC[61]Joyce Rey, luxury real estate agent, head of the Global Luxury division for Coldwell Banker[61]Joseph L. Rice III, co-founder of Clayton, Dubilier & Rice[61]Katie Rodan, dermatologist, entrepreneur and author[535]John W. Rogers Jr., investor, philanthropist founder of Ariel Investments[61]Art Rooney II, owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers[528]Angelica Ross, businesswoman, founder and CEO of TransTech Social Enterprises[555]Tom Rothman, chairman of Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group[61]Haim Saban, Israeli-American media proprietor, investor, and producer of records, film, and television[556]Howard Schultz, former CEO of Starbucks[557]Mark Schuster, dean and CEO of the Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine[61]Jon Shirley, former president, chief operating officer, and director of Microsoft[61]David A. Siegel, founder of Westgate Resorts[535]Herbert Simon, real estate developer, owner of the Indiana Pacers[494]Nat Simons, hedge fund manager, billionaire, philanthropist[40]Michael Peter Skelly, renewable energy and infrastructure developer and entrepreneur[61]Harry E. Sloan, director of ZeniMax Media[61]Brad Smith, president of Microsoft[61]Chip Smith, executive vice president of Public Affairs at 21st Century Fox[61]Jay T. Snyder, philanthropist[61]Jonathan Soros, founder and chief executive officer of JS Capital Management LLC[61]Bill Stetson, businessman[61]Arn Tellem, vice chairman of the Detroit Pistons[528]Jonathan Tisch, chairman emeritus of the United States Travel Association, board member of the Tribeca Film Institute and co-owner of the New York Giants[535]Glen Tullman, former CEO of Allscripts[61]Jon F. Vein, co-founder and former co-Chief of MarketShare[61]Dana Walden, chairman of entertainment at Walt Disney Television[61]Tom Werner, chairman of the Boston Red Sox[528]Meg Whitman, CEO of Quibi, CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise (2011–2018), CEO of eBay (1998–2008), 2010 nominee for Governor of California (Republican)[558]Zygi Wilf, billionaire, co-owner of the Minnesota Vikings[538]Whitney Williams, businesswoman[61]Anna Wintour, journalist, editor-in-chief of Vogue[559]Anne Wojcicki, co-founder and CEO of 23andMe[542]Robert Wolf, chairman and CEO of UBS Americas[61]Andrew Yang, Presidential Ambassador for Global Entrepreneurship (2015–17), founder of Venture for America, 2020 candidate for president[560]Kneeland Youngblood, co-founder of private equity firm Pharos Capital Group, LLC[61]Kinney Zalesne, general manager for corporate strategy at Microsoft[542]Peng Zhao, CEO of Citadel LLC[126]Jeremy Zimmer, CEO of United Talent Agency[528]Entertainment and sports personalitiesMain article: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsementsOrganizationsFurther information: List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizationsSee alsoEndorsements in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primariesNews media endorsements in the 2020 United States presidential primariesNews media endorsements in the 2020 United States presidential electionList of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsementsList of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsementsList of former Trump administration officials who endorsed Joe BidenList of Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign endorsementsList of Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign endorsementsList of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaignNotes Previously endorsed Elizabeth Warren. Previously endorsed Julian Castro. Previously endorsed Bernie Sanders. Previously endorsed Kamala Harris. Previously endorsed Michael Bloomberg. Previously endorsed Cory Booker. Previously endorsed another candidate.References Wagner, Meg; Alfonso, Fernando III; Macaya, Melissa; Mahtani, Melissa; Rocha, Veronica; Wills, Amanda (November 8, 2020). "Joe Biden elected president". CNN. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Lemire, Johnathan; Miller, Zeke; Weissert, Will (November 8, 2020). "Biden defeats Trump for White House, says 'time to heal'". AP. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Jonathan Tamari (May 16, 2019). "Joe Biden chooses Philadelphia for 2020 presidential campaign headquarters". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2019. "Biden, Joseph R. Jr. – Candidate Overview". Federal Election Commission. Retrieved July 29, 2020. 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Coleman, Justine (November 12, 2019). "Biden Campaign Rolls out Endorsements from 133 Foreign Policy Officials". The Hill. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Korecki, Natasha (August 25, 2020). "'He's Going to Be Unleashed': Republican DOJ Appointees Urge against Trump Second Term". Politico. "OPINION: Kansas, and the country, must return to 'constructive partisanship'". Salina Post. September 12, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020. "43 Alumni for Biden". Politico. Retrieved August 27, 2020. Epstein, Kayla. "Obama Is Staying Silent on the 2020 Democratic Primary, but Some of His Top Advisers Are Endorsing Joe Biden". Business Insider. Sanger, David E. (August 20, 2020). "Top Republican National Security Officials Say They Will Vote for Biden". The New York Times. Bublé, Courtney (August 21, 2020). "Former National Security Officials from Republican Administrations Endorse Biden". Government Executive. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021. 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"Former Republican Lawmaker Backs Biden, Bucking Trump Campaign Co-Chairman Son". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved October 14, 2020.[dead link] Pramuk, Jacob (December 16, 2019). "Former Obama Treasury Secretary Jack Lew Endorses Joe Biden for President". CNBC. Retrieved October 14, 2019. Fuchs, Chris (January 31, 2020). "Joe Biden Gets Endorsement from Gary Locke, First Chinese American Named U.S. Ambassador to China". NBC News. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Grandoni, Dino (June 24, 2020). "Joe Biden Wins Backing of Major Environmental Group". The Washington Post. Thompson, Alex (September 5, 2020). "Biden Transition Team Shapes up with Obama-Biden Alum Hires". Politico. Retrieved October 14, 2020. McDonough, Denis (March 3, 2020). "Denis McDonough: I Worked Closely with Joe Biden, and Here's Why I Support Him". Mineta, Norm (March 11, 2020). "Bernie Sanders Should Accept It Is Down to a Two-Person Race: Donald Trump and Joe Biden". USA Today. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Hanson, Ronald J. (May 20, 2019). "Former Arizona Gov. Janet Napolitano Says Joe Biden Is Right Democrat to Win in Arizona". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Budryk, Zack (August 20, 2020). "Negroponte Endorses Biden: He Beats Trump on 'Character, Compassion and Life Experience'". The Hill. Itkowitz, Colby; Wang, Amy B. (February 29, 2020). "South Carolina Primary Highlights: Biden Wins South Carolina, Steyer Drops Out". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Garcia, Nic (July 29, 2019). "Federico Peña Supports Joe Biden over Coloradans in Presidential Primary". The Denver Post. Retrieved October 14, 2019. Whitman, Christine Todd (September 3, 2020). "Prominent Republicans and Independents, Led by Former Governor Christine Todd Whitman, Launch New Coalition Uniting Conservatives to Take on Trump and Elect Joe Biden". Republicans and Independents for Biden. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Harvey, Susan; Shumaker, Lisa (June 7, 2020). "Colin Powell Endorses Joe Biden for President". Reuters. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Slodysko, Brian (January 15, 2020). "Major Democratic fundraiser Penny Pritzker, sister of J.B., endorses Joe Biden for president". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Reich, Robert (August 29, 2020). "What the Fact?! Reacting to the RNC". robertreich.org. Klar, Rebecca (March 2, 2020). "Susan Rice Endorses Biden's Presidential Campaign". The Hill. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Ridge, Tom. "I was a Republican governor of Pa. I'm voting for Joe Biden | Opinion". The Inquirer. Retrieved September 27, 2020. Lovegrove, Jamie (September 9, 2019). "Former US Education Secretary, SC Gov. Dick Riley Endorses Joe Biden in Democratic Primary". The Post and Courier. Retrieved October 14, 2020.[dead link] Weprin, Alex (November 1, 2020). "Hollywood Heavyweights Among Biden Campaign Bundlers". Hollywood Reporter. Luning, Ernest (September 17, 2019). "Colorado's Ken Salazar Endorses Joe Biden's Presidential Bid". Retrieved October 14, 2020.[dead link] Lowry, Bryan (March 5, 2020). "Former Kansas Gov. Kathleen Sebelius Endorses Biden Ahead of Kansas City Visit". The Kansas City Star. Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Erickson, Bo (June 1, 2019). "Hilda Solis, First Latina Cabinet Secretary, Endorses Biden for President". CBS News. Retrieved October 14, 2019. Matthews, Steve (August 6, 2020). "Larry Summers Rules Out Taking a Job in a Biden Administration". Bloomberg. Allassan, Fadel (August 27, 2020). "2 George W. Bush Cabinet Secretaries Endorse Biden". Axios. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Vilsack, Tom (November 23, 2019). "Joe Biden Has Stood the Test of Time. He Should Be the Next President: Tom Vilsack". USA Today. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Janfaza, Rachel (August 21, 2020). "More Than 70 Former GOP National Security Officials and Congressmen Endorse Biden". CNN. Solender, Andrew (August 17, 2020). "List of Republicans Backing Biden Grows On First Night of Democratic Convention". Forbes. Forgey, Quint (March 12, 2020). "Sally Yates, DOJ Chief Trump Ousted, Endorses Biden". Politico. Retrieved March 12, 2020. Hager, Tyler (August 12, 2020). "Former Fed Chair Janet Yellen Is Advising Joe Biden and Kamala Harris". Bloomberg News. Bermas-Dawes, Sam (March 5, 2020). "Civil Rights Activist Andrew Young Endorses Joe Biden". Georgia Public Broadcasting. "Top Indian-American Ex-Officials in Obama Rule Endorse Joe Biden". NDTV. May 30, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020. Rogin, Josh (November 12, 2019). "Read the List: 133 Former National Security Officials Endorse Joe Biden". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2020. "Jewish Republicans for Biden feat. Dr. Eliot Cohen & Amb. Eric Edelman · Florida 2020 Victory". Mobilize. Eizenstat, Opinion by Stuart E. (October 30, 2020). "Opinion: Why Jews should vote for Joe Biden". CNN. "Biden receives major endorsement from Mid East experts, former ambassadors". October 9, 2020. Ducklo, TJ (September 8, 2020). "Ira Forman on Antisemitism". Jews for Joe. Retrieved August 14, 2020. White, Christopher (September 14, 2020). "NCR exclusive: Campaign names three dozen 'Catholics for Biden' co-chairs". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020. "Unite for Biden with Abigail Pogrebin and Joel Rubin, Moderated by Ambassador Dan Shapiro". Retrieved August 9, 2020. Coleman, Justine (February 2, 2020). "Baucus Backing Biden's 2020 Bid". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020. "Fmr. Sen. Carol Moseley Braun Endorses Biden: Joe Biden Passes Every Litmus Test". Grabien News. April 25, 2019. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020. "Ohio Italian Americans for Biden Kickoff Call · Italian Americans for Biden/Harris". Mobilize. 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Kennedy, Caroline (February 4, 2020). "Caroline Kennedy: Joe Biden for President". The Boston Globe. "Kunin: Truths hard to find in Trump's tirades". VTDigger. October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020. "Today, former Washington Governor Chris Gregoire joined elected officials and community leaders in endorsing Joe Biden for President". March 5, 2020. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020. Dec, Mike (March 8, 2020). "Former Secretary of the Navy, Ambassador and Mississippi Governor Ray Mabus Endorses Joe Biden". Blog4President. Gaines, Danielle E. (April 25, 2019). "Two State Lawmakers Launch 'Biden for Maryland'". Maryland Matters. Retrieved April 25, 2019. Shapiro, Daniel. "Why Jewish Democrats Are Going to Choose Joe Biden". Sun-Sentinel. Moreno, J. Edward (August 18, 2020). "Marie Yovanovitch Appears in Democratic Convention Video Ripping Trump". The Hill. "McCain Alums Endorse Joe Biden for President". Medium. August 26, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020. Eaton, Paul (May 15, 2020). "For American Security, Tammy Duckworth Is the Pick for Biden". Task & Purpose. "Former Army Secretary Backs Biden, Citing 'Moral Leadership'". Associated Press. June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020. "Air Force chief endorses Biden". NJ Today. August 3, 2020. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020. Gibson, Travis (September 23, 2020). "Jacksonville veterans voice support for Biden ahead of President Trump's campaign visit". Retrieved September 26, 2020. "Gen. McChrystal endorses Joe Biden for president". MSNBC.com. Retrieved October 1, 2020. McRaven, William (October 19, 2020). "Opinion | Biden Will Make America Lead Again". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 20, 2020. Miles, Thomas (August 21, 2020). "Joe Biden Delivers DNC Acceptance Speech". Killington Year Round News. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020. Singman, Brooke (September 4, 2020). "More Than 175 Current, Former Law Enforcement Officials Endorse Joe Biden, Slam Trump as 'Lawless' President". Fox News. "290 ex-security official sign endorsement letter for Biden". www.daijiworld.com. "Statement of Former U.S. Attorneys Who Served under Republican Presidents". The Washington Post. October 27, 2020. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Carrega, Christina (October 27, 2020). "20 former Republican US attorneys endorse Biden campaign". CNN. Oprysko, Caitlin (March 3, 2020). "James Comey Says He's Backing Biden for President". Politico. Retrieved March 3, 2020. Van Voris, Bob (October 27, 2020). "Biden Endorsed by Reagan FBI Director, Former U.S. Attorneys". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Diamond, Jeremy; Tapper, Jake; Warren, Michael (August 17, 2020). "Former Senior Trump Administration Official Endorses Joe Biden". CNN. Retrieved August 17, 2020. Seligman, Lara. "Trump's former Coast Guard chief endorses Biden, cites 'insurgency' on the Constitution". Politico. Retrieved September 24, 2020. Geman, Ben (April 21, 2020). "Scientists and Climate Experts Endorse Joe Biden for President". Axios. Retrieved April 21, 2020. "Cast and Creators of To Kill a Mockingbird and The West Wing to Phone Bank with Broadway for Biden". BroadwayWorld. October 29, 2020. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Torres, Ella (March 4, 2020). "'Return Decency to the White House': GOP Figures Cast Their Votes for Biden, Warren". ABC News. Retrieved April 13, 2020. Bartlett, Bruce (April 13, 2020). "Ex-Republican on Trump Coronavirus Failures: Our Lives Depend on Electing Joe Biden". USA Today. "Expect a clear outcome to the election, Biden senior adviser says". news.yahoo.com. Pfannenstiel, Brianne (May 17, 2019). "Joe Biden Makes Leadership Hires for 2020 Iowa Caucus Campaign". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved May 17, 2019. Scherer, Michael (March 12, 2020). 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The Twin Towers were the centerpieces of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. The North Tower, also known as 1 World Trade Center, stood at 1,368 feet (417 meters) tall, and the South Tower, 2 World Trade Center, stood at 1,362 feet (415 meters). Construction on the Twin Towers began in 1966 and was completed in 1973.

On September 11, 2001, the Twin Towers were attacked by terrorists associated with the group al-Qaeda. At 8:46 a.m., American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower, and at 9:03 a.m., United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower. The impact and subsequent fires caused both towers to collapse, killing 2,977 people.

The destruction of the Twin Towers had a profound impact on the United States and the world. In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, rescue and recovery efforts were launched, and the site of the World Trade Center was cleared and rebuilt. The One World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, was completed in 2014, and the National September 11 Memorial and Museum was opened in 2011. The attacks on the Twin Towers and the subsequent loss of life continue to be remembered and honored through memorials and ceremonies.

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Breaking BadFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchFor other uses, see Breaking Bad (disambiguation).Breaking BadA green montage with the name "Breaking Bad" written on it—the "Br" in "Breaking" and the "Ba" in "Bad" are denoted by the chemical symbols for bromine and bariumGenre	Crime dramaSerial dramaThriller[1]Neo-Western[2][3]Black comedy[4]Tragedy[5][6]Created by	Vince GilliganStarring	Bryan CranstonAnna GunnAaron PaulDean NorrisBetsy BrandtRJ MitteGiancarlo EspositoBob OdenkirkJonathan BanksLaura FraserJesse PlemonsComposer	Dave PorterCountry of origin	United StatesOriginal languages	EnglishSpanishNo. of seasons	5No. of episodes	62 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers	Vince GilliganMark JohnsonMichelle MacLarenProducers	Stewart A. LyonsSam CatlinJohn ShibanPeter GouldGeorge MastrasThomas SchnauzMelissa BernsteinDiane MercerBryan CranstonMoira Walley-BeckettKaren MoorePatty LinProduction location	Albuquerque, New MexicoCinematography	Michael SlovisReynaldo VillalobosArthur AlbertJohn TollNelson CraggMarshall AdamsEditors	Kelley DixonSkip MacdonaldChris McCalebSharidan Williams-SoteloLynne WillinghamRunning time	43–58 minutesProduction companies	High Bridge EntertainmentGran Via ProductionsSony Pictures TelevisionDistributor	Sony Pictures TelevisionBudget	$3 million per episodeReleaseOriginal network	AMCPicture format	HDTV 1080iAudio format	5.1 surround soundOriginal release	January 20, 2008 –September 29, 2013ChronologyFollowed by	Better Call SaulEl Camino: A Breaking Bad MovieRelated	Talking BadMetástasisBreaking Bad is an American crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan. Set and filmed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the series follows Walter White (Bryan Cranston), an underpaid, overqualified, and dispirited high-school chemistry teacher who is struggling with a recent diagnosis of stage-three lung cancer. White turns to a life of crime and partners with a former student, Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul), to produce and distribute methamphetamine to secure his family's financial future before he dies, while navigating the dangers of the criminal underworld. The show aired on AMC from January 20, 2008, to September 29, 2013, consisting of five seasons for a total of 62 episodes.Among the show's co-stars are Anna Gunn and RJ Mitte as Walter's wife Skyler and son Walter Jr., and Betsy Brandt and Dean Norris as Skyler's sister Marie Schrader and her husband Hank, a DEA agent. Others include Bob Odenkirk as Walter's and Jesse's lawyer Saul Goodman, Jonathan Banks as private investigator and fixer Mike Ehrmantraut, and Giancarlo Esposito as drug kingpin Gus Fring. The final season introduces Jesse Plemons as the criminally ambitious Todd Alquist, and Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte-Quayle, a cunning business executive secretly managing Walter's global meth sales for her company.Breaking Bad's first season received generally positive reviews, while the rest of its run received unanimous critical acclaim, with praise for the performances, direction, cinematography, screenplay, story, and character development. Since its conclusion, the show has been lauded by critics as one of the greatest television series of all time. It had fair viewership in its first three seasons, but the fourth and fifth seasons saw a moderate rise in viewership when it was made available on Netflix just before the fourth season premiere. Viewership increased more drastically upon the premiere of the second half of the fifth season in 2013. By the time that the series finale aired, it was among the most-watched cable shows on American television. The show received numerous awards, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, eight Satellite Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two Peabody Awards, two Critics' Choice Awards, and four Television Critics Association Awards. Cranston won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times, while Aaron Paul won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series three times; Anna Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series twice. In 2013, Breaking Bad entered the Guinness World Records as the most critically acclaimed TV show of all time.The series gave rise to the larger Breaking Bad franchise. A sequel film, El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie, starring Paul was released on Netflix and in theaters on October 11, 2019. Better Call Saul, a prequel series featuring Odenkirk, Banks, and Esposito reprising their Breaking Bad roles, as well as many others in guest and recurring appearances, debuted on AMC on February 8, 2015, and concluded on August 15, 2022.Contents1	Premise2	Cast and characters2.1	Main characters2.2	Recurring characters2.3	Special guest appearances3	Production3.1	Conception3.2	Development history3.3	Casting3.4	Scientific accuracy3.5	Technical aspects4	Episodes4.1	Season 1 (2008)4.2	Season 2 (2009)4.3	Season 3 (2010)4.4	Season 4 (2011)4.5	Season 5 (2012–13)5	Themes5.1	Moral consequences5.2	Devotion to family5.3	Pride6	Symbols6.1	Pink teddy bear6.2	Colors6.3	Walt Whitman7	Reception and legacy7.1	Critical reception7.2	Criticism7.3	Viewership7.4	Awards and nominations8	Retrospective conversations8.1	Writers reunion8.2	Rian Johnson's experience on the show9	Franchise10	Real-life influence10.1	Cult following10.2	Tributes from Albuquerque10.3	New Mexico Law Review11	References12	External linksPremiseSet in Albuquerque, New Mexico, between 2008 and 2010,[7] Breaking Bad follows Walter White, a modest high school chemistry teacher who transforms into a ruthless kingpin in the local methamphetamine drug trade, driven to financially provide for his family after being diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. Initially making only small batches of meth with his former student Jesse Pinkman in a rolling meth lab, Walter and Jesse eventually expand to make larger batches of special blue meth that is incredibly pure and creates high demand. Walter takes on the name "Heisenberg" to mask his identity. Because of his drug-related activities, Walter eventually finds himself at odds with his family, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) through his brother-in-law Hank Schrader, the local gangs, and the Mexican drug cartels (including their regional distributors), putting him and his family's lives at risk.Cast and charactersMain article: List of characters in the Breaking Bad franchiseBreaking Bad cast and crew (left to right): creator Vince Gilligan, RJ Mitte (Walter Jr.), Aaron Paul (Jesse Pinkman), Anna Gunn (Skyler White), Bryan Cranston (Walter White), Dean Norris (Hank Schrader), and producer Mark JohnsonMain charactersBryan Cranston as Walter White – a high-school chemistry teacher who, shortly after his 50th birthday, is diagnosed with Stage III lung cancer and turns to making meth to secure his family's finances. As his shady business progresses, Walter gains a notorious reputation under the alias of "Heisenberg". Cranston stated that, though he enjoyed doing comedy, he decided he... should really focus on doing something else. But I think any good drama worth its weight always has a sprinkling of comedy in it, because you can ease the tension to an audience when it's necessary, and then build it back up again. Walt White has no clue he's occasionally funny, but as an actor, I recognize when there are comedic moments and opportunities.[8]Anna Gunn as Skyler White – Walter's wife who was pregnant with their second child before his diagnosis and who becomes increasingly suspicious of her husband after he begins behaving in unfamiliar ways. Gunn sees Skyler as "grounded, tough, smart and driven". Gunn sees Skyler's stalled writing career as her biggest dream, saying, "I think she really deep down yearns to be an artist and to be creative and productive."[9]Aaron Paul as Jesse Pinkman – Walter's cooking partner and former student. Paul sees Jesse as a funny kid. "He's just this lost soul – I don't think he's a bad kid, he just got mixed in the wrong crowd." Paul elaborated on the character's background, saying, "He doesn't come from an abusive, alcoholic background. But maybe he just didn't relate to his father, maybe his father was too strict and too proper for Jesse." Paul compared the character's relationship with Walt to The Odd Couple.[10]Dean Norris as Hank Schrader – Marie's husband, Walter and Skyler's brother-in-law and a DEA agent. At the beginning of the series, Hank was intended to be the "comic relief". Norris, who has played several policemen before in film and television, stated:Having played so many cops, I've talked with a lot of technical advisers, so I've been able to pick up a lot. Coincidentally, one of my best friends growing up is a cop in Chicago, and one of my other best friends out in LA is a sheriff. So I get to see all the components of that culture.[11]Betsy Brandt as Marie Schrader – Skyler's sister and Hank's kleptomaniac wife. Brandt described Marie as "an unpleasant bitch", but also stated there was more to her than that. "I think we're seeing more of it now that she would be there for her family. But it's all about her."[12]RJ Mitte as Walter White, Jr. – Walter and Skyler's son, who has cerebral palsy. He begins lashing out after Walter's cancer announcement. Like Walter Jr., Mitte has cerebral palsy, although his is a milder form.[13] Mitte stated he had to regress from his therapy to portray the character, staying up late into the night to slur his speech and learning to walk on crutches so his walking would not look fake.[14]Giancarlo Esposito as Gustavo "Gus" Fring (guest season 2, main cast season 3–4) – a Chilean high-level drug distributor who has a cover as an owner of the fast-food chain Los Pollos Hermanos. Esposito stated that for the third season, he incorporated his yoga training in his performance.Gus is the coolest cucumber that ever walked the Earth. I think about Eddie Olmos way back in Miami Vice. He was like dead – he was hardly breathing. I thought, how is this guy just standing in this fire and doing nothing? Gus has totally allowed me that level of flexibility and relaxation – not because he has ultimate power and he knows he can take someone's life. He's just confident.[15]Bob Odenkirk as Saul Goodman (recurring season 2, main cast season 3–5) – a crooked strip mall lawyer who represents Walt and Jesse. Odenkirk drew inspiration for Goodman from film producer Robert Evans.I thought about Robert Evans because I've listened to The Kid Stays in the Picture on CD. He's constantly switching up his cadence and his delivery. He emphasizes interesting words. He has loads of attitude in almost every line that he says. So when I rehearse the scenes alone I do my impersonation of Robert Evans to find those moments and turns. Then I go out and I do Saul.[16]Jonathan Banks as Mike Ehrmantraut (guest star season 2, main cast season 3–5A) – works for Gus as an all-purpose cleaner and hitman, and also works for Saul as a private investigator. The character of Mike has been compared to Harvey Keitel's Winston Wolf character in Pulp Fiction, which Banks says he is not trying to emulate: "I immediately tried to put it out of my mind, quite honestly. His cleaner ain't my cleaner. But throughout this world, you would suspect there had been a great many cleaners, whether government-run or individual contractors."[17]Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte-Quayle (recurring season 5A, main cast season 5B) – a high-ranking employee of Madrigal Electromotive and a former associate of Gus Fring. She reluctantly begins supplying Walt and Jesse with methylamine and helps Walt expand his operation overseas.Jesse Plemons as Todd Alquist (recurring season 5A, main cast season 5B) – an employee of Vamonos Pest Control who becomes an associate of Walt and Jesse.Recurring charactersSteven Michael Quezada as Steven "Gomey" Gomez – Hank's DEA partner and best friend who assists in tracking down and learning the identity of Heisenberg. In comical situations between him and Hank, Gomez serves as the "straight man".Matt Jones as Brandon "Badger" Mayhew – Jesse's drug-addicted, dimwitted friend who often serves as the series' comic relief.Charles Baker as Skinny Pete – A friend of Jesse and a fellow pusher.Rodney Rush as Christian "Combo" Ortega – Also a friend of Jesse and a fellow pusher.Jessica Hecht and Adam Godley as Gretchen and Elliott Schwartz – Co-owners of Gray Matter, a company that they co-founded alongside Walter, who left the business prior to its major success. Gretchen was a former flame of Walt's and partially the reason he left.Raymond Cruz as Tuco Salamanca – A sociopathic Mexican drug kingpin who becomes Walt and Jesse's meth distributor.Mark Margolis as Hector Salamanca – A former high-ranking member of the Juarez Cartel who is now unable to walk or speak because of a stroke, communicating with the help of a bell. He is the uncle of Tuco, Marco, and Leonel Salamanca.Christopher Cousins as Ted Beneke – Skyler's boss and president of Beneke Fabricators who begins developing financial problems, resulting in an intervention from Skyler.Krysten Ritter as Jane Margolis – Jesse's apartment manager and girlfriend, who is a recovering addict.John de Lancie as Donald Margolis – Jane Margolis' father, an air traffic controller.David Costabile as Gale Boetticher – A chemist hired by Gus Fring to work alongside Walter.Daniel Moncada and Luis Moncada as Leonel and Marco Salamanca – Two ruthless and taciturn hitmen for the Juarez Cartel who are the cousins of Tuco Salamanca and the nephews of Hector Salamanca.Javier Grajeda as Juan Bolsa – A high-ranking member of the Juarez Cartel who acts as the mediator between the Salamancas and Gus Fring.Emily Rios as Andrea Cantillo – Jesse's second girlfriend, who is also a recovering addict. She has a young son named Brock.Jeremiah Bitsui as Victor – A loyal henchman to Gus who serves as his enforcer along with Mike.Ray Campbell as Tyrus Kitt – Gus's enforcer along with Mike during season 4.Lavell Crawford as Huell Babineaux – Saul's bodyguard who also handles problems Walter needs fixing.Tina Parker as Francesca Liddy – Saul Goodman's receptionist.Bill Burr as Patrick Kuby – A hired con man of Saul's who handles various sensitive tasks involving verbal intimidation, coercion, and misdirection.Michael Bowen as Jack Welker – Todd's uncle and the leader of the Aryan Brotherhood, a white supremacist gang.Kevin Rankin as Kenny – Jack's second-in-command.Special guest appearancesDanny Trejo as Tortuga – A Mexican cartel member and DEA informant.DJ Qualls as Getz – An Albuquerque police officer who brings Badger into police custody, prompting Walt to turn to Saul Goodman.Jim Beaver as Lawson – An Albuquerque arms dealer who obtains several guns for Walt.Steven Bauer as Don Eladio Vuente – The leader of the Juarez Cartel who has a history with Gus.Robert Forster as Ed Galbraith – A vacuum cleaner repairman whose undercover business is a new identity specialist.Charlie Rose as himself.ProductionConceptionBreaking Bad was created by Vince Gilligan, who spent several years writing the Fox series The X-Files. Gilligan wanted to create a series in which the protagonist became the antagonist. "Television is historically good at keeping its characters in a self-imposed stasis so that shows can go on for years or even decades," he said. "When I realized this, the logical next step was to think, how can I do a show in which the fundamental drive is toward change?"[18] He added that his goal with Walter White was to turn him from Mr. Chips into Scarface.[19][20][21] Gilligan believed the concept of showing the full drastic transformation of a character across the run of a television show was a risky concept and would be difficult to pitch without other powerful factors to support it, such as strong cinematography and acting.[22]The show's title is a Southern colloquialism meaning, among other things, "raising hell", and was chosen by Gilligan to describe Walter's transformation.[23] According to Time entertainment editor Lily Rothman, the term has a broader meaning and is an old phrase which "connotes more violence than 'raising hell' does ... [T]he words possess a wide variety of nuances: to 'break bad' can mean to 'go wild', to 'defy authority', and break the law, to be verbally 'combative, belligerent, or threatening' or, followed by the preposition 'on', 'to dominate or humiliate'."[24]The concept emerged as Gilligan talked with his fellow X-Files writer Thomas Schnauz regarding their current unemployment and joked that the solution was for them to put a "meth lab in the back of an RV and [drive] around the country cooking meth and making money".[25]After writing the concept for the show and pilot, Gilligan pitched it to Sony Pictures Television, who became very interested in supporting it. Sony arranged for meetings with the various cable networks. Showtime passed on this, as they had already started broadcasting Weeds, a show with similarities to the premise of Breaking Bad.[26] While his producers convinced him that the show was different enough to still be successful, Gilligan later stated that he would not have gone forward with the idea had he known about Weeds earlier.[27] Other networks like HBO and TNT also passed on the idea, but eventually FX took interest and began initial discussions on producing the pilot.[26] At the same time, FX had also started development of Dirt, a female-centric crime-based drama series, and with three existing male-centric shows already on the network, FX passed up Breaking Bad for Dirt.[26]One of Gilligan's agents spoke to Jeremy Elice, the director of original programming for AMC who was looking for more original shows to add alongside their upcoming Mad Men. Elice was intrigued, and soon a meeting was set up between Gilligan, Elice, and two programming executives. Gilligan was not optimistic about this meeting, fearing they would just put him off, but instead all three showed great interest, and the meeting ended up establishing how AMC would acquire the rights from FX and set the pilot into production. It took about a year following this meeting before Sony had set up the rights with AMC and production could start.[26]Development historyBreaking Bad was filmed at various locations across Albuquerque. Clockwise from top left: the house used for the Whites' home, the fast food restaurant that was used for Los Pollos Hermanos, the Crossroads Motels used in-show for various drug deals, a rental home used for Jane's and Jesse's apartment, the car wash where Walter works part-time, and the Doghouse, a functioning drive-in restaurant.The network ordered nine episodes for the first season (including the pilot), but the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike limited the production to seven episodes, as well as delaying the start of production for the second season.[28] Within the original nine-episode arc, Gilligan had planned to kill off Jesse or Hank, as a "ballsy" moment to end the season on.[22] This death was eliminated with the limited episode count, which Gilligan found to be a net positive given the strength of acting that both Paul and Norris brought to these roles through the seasons.[22] The strike also helped to slow down production long enough for Gilligan and his writing team to readjust the pacing of the show, which in the original arc had been moving too quickly.[22] Gould stated that the writer's strike "saved the show", as if they had produced the two additional episodes in the first season, they would have gone down a different creative path that he believes would have led to the show's cancellation by its third season.[29]The initial versions of the script were set in Riverside, California, but at the suggestion of Sony, Albuquerque was chosen for the production's location due to the favorable financial conditions offered by the state of New Mexico. Once Gilligan recognized that this would mean "we'd always have to be avoiding the Sandia Mountains" in shots directed toward the east, the story setting was changed to the actual production location.[30][31] It was shot primarily on 35 mm film,[32] with digital cameras employed as needed for additional angles, point of view shots and time-lapse photography.[33] Breaking Bad cost $3 million per episode to produce, higher than the average cost for a basic cable program.[34]Around 2010, AMC had expressed to Sony Pictures Television and Gilligan that they felt that the third season would be the last for Breaking Bad. Sony started to shop the show around, having gained quick interest from the FX network for two more seasons, upon which AMC changed its mind and allowed the show to continue.[35] At the same time, Netflix was starting to aggressively shop for content to add to its service and arranged a deal with Sony for Breaking Bad to be available after the airing of the fourth season. Knowing that AMC had placed Breaking Bad on a potential cancellation route, Sony pushed to have the show added to the service in time for the fourth season. Breaking Bad's viewership grew greatly as viewers binged the series on Netflix, helping to assure that a fifth season could be made. The fifth-season premiere had more than double the viewership compared to the fourth season premiere, attributed to the Netflix availability.[35] Gilligan thanked Netflix at the Emmy Awards in September 2013 after the series' conclusion for the popularity of the series, saying that Netflix "kept us on the air".[36]As the series progressed, Gilligan and the writing staff of Breaking Bad made Walter increasingly unsympathetic.[19] Gilligan said during the run of the series, "He's going from being a protagonist to an antagonist. We want to make people question who they're pulling for, and why."[20] Cranston said by the fourth season, "I think Walt's figured out it's better to be a pursuer than the pursued. He's well on his way to badass."[21]In July 2011, Vince Gilligan indicated that he intended to conclude Breaking Bad at the end of its fifth season.[37] In early August 2011, negotiations began over a deal regarding the fifth and possible final season between the network AMC and Sony Pictures Television, the production company of the series. AMC proposed a shortened fifth season (six to eight episodes, instead of 13) to cut costs, but the producers declined. Sony then approached other cable networks about possibly picking up the show if a deal could not be made.[38] On August 14, 2011, AMC renewed the series for a fifth and final season consisting of 16 episodes.[39] In April 2012, Bryan Cranston revealed that the fifth season would be split into two halves, with the first eight episodes airing in 2012, and the final eight in 2013.[40]Before the series finale, Gilligan said that it was difficult to write for Walter White because the character was so dark and morally questionable: "I'm going to miss the show when it's over, but on some level, it'll be a relief to not have Walt in my head anymore."[41] Gilligan later said the idea for Walter's character intrigued him so much that he "didn't really give much thought on how well it would sell", stating that he would have given up on the premise since it was "such an odd, dark story" that could have difficulties being pitched to studios.[25] Ultimately, Gilligan chose to end Breaking Bad with Walter's death, occurring in-story two years after he had first been diagnosed with cancer and given two years to live. Gilligan said by the end of the series, "it feels as if we should adhere to our promise that we explicitly made to our audience" from the first episode.[42]Casting"You're going to see that underlying humanity, even when he's making the most devious, terrible decisions, and you need someone who has that humanity – deep down, bedrock humanity – so you say, watching this show, 'All right, I'll go for this ride. I don't like what he's doing, but I understand, and I'll go with it for as far as it goes.' If you don't have a guy who gives you that, despite the greatest acting chops in the world, the show is not going to succeed."—Vince Gilligan, about Bryan Cranston[43]Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in the "Drive" episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, on which Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that "Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it."[41][43] AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.[44] When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his X-Files episode.[45]Cranston contributed significantly to the formation and development of the Walter White persona. When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.[41] At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline, and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed brown. He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as "impotent" and like a "dead caterpillar".[46] Cranston repeatedly identified elements in certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled,[47] and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters. Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as "a little hunched over, never erect, [as if] the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders." In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as "a kid trapped in a man's body".[41]Aaron Paul's casting was also initially questioned by production, as Paul looked too old and too much like a "pretty boy" to be associated with meth cooking. Gilligan reconsidered Paul's skills after seeing his audition and recalling he had also had guest starred on The X-Files episode "Lord of the Flies".[26] Gilligan originally intended for Pinkman to be killed at the end of Breaking Bad's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt. However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that "it became pretty clear early on that that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse".[48] Similarly, Dean Norris had shown his ability to be a law enforcement official in The X-Files episode "F. Emasculata", and was brought on to be Hank Schrader, Walter's brother-in-law and DEA agent.[49]Scientific accuracyDonna Nelson, a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, checked scripts and provided dialogue. She also drew chemical structures and wrote chemical equations which were used as props. According to creator Vince Gilligan,Dr. Donna Nelson from the University of Oklahoma approached us several seasons back and said, "I really like this show, and if you ever need help with the chemistry, I'd love to lend a hand." She's been a wonderful advisor. We get help wherever we need it, whether it's chemistry, electrical engineering, or physics. We try to get everything correct. There's no full-time [advisor] on set, but we run certain scenes by these experts first.[50]"Because Walter White was talking to his students, I was able to dumb down certain moments of description and dialogue in the early episodes which held me until we had some help from some honest-to-God chemists," says Gilligan. According to Gilligan, Nelson "vets our scripts to make sure our chemistry dialogue is accurate and up to date. We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Administration based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us."[51] Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right, saying that Gilligan "said it made a difference to him."[52]The gas mask worn when characters would cook meth in Breaking Bad is on display at the Mob Museum in Las Vegas.Several episodes of Mythbusters featured attempts to validate or disprove scenes from Breaking Bad, often with Gilligan guest-starring in the episode to participate. In 2013, two scenes from the first season of Breaking Bad were put under scrutiny in a Mythbusters Breaking Bad special. Despite several modifications to what was seen in the show, both the scenes depicted in the show were shown to be physically impossible.[53] It was shown impossible to use hydrofluoric acid to fully dissolve metal, flesh, or ceramic as shown in the episode "Cat's in the Bag...", and that while it was possible to throw fulminated mercury against the floor to cause an explosion, as in the episode "Crazy Handful of Nothin'", Walter would have needed a much larger quantity of the compound and thrown at a much faster speed, and likely would have killed all in the room.[54][55] A later Mythbusters episode, "Blow It Out of the Water", tested the possibility of mounting an automated machine gun in a car as in the series finale "Felina", and found it plausible.[56] An episode of MythBusters Jr. proved that it was impossible for an electromagnet to draw metallic objects from across a room as in the episode "Live Free or Die".[57]Jason Wallach of Vice magazine commended the accuracy of the cooking methods presented in the series. In early episodes, a once-common clandestine method, the Nagai red phosphorus/iodine method, is depicted, which uses pseudoephedrine as a precursor to d-(+)-methamphetamine.[58] By the season 1 finale, Walt chooses to use a different synthetic route based on the difficulty of acquiring enough pseudoephedrine to produce on the larger scale required. The new method Walt chooses is a reductive amination reaction, relying on phenyl-2-propanone and methylamine. On the show, the phenyl-2-propanone (otherwise known as phenylacetone or P2P) is produced from phenylacetic acid and acetic acid using a tube furnace and thorium dioxide (ThO2) as a catalyst, as mentioned in episodes "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" and "Más". P2P and methylamine form an imine intermediate; reduction of this P2P-methylamine imine intermediate is performed using mercury aluminum amalgam, as shown in several episodes, including "Hazard Pay".[59]The meth in each episode was blue candy created by the employees at "The Candy Lady".One of the important plot points in the series is that the crystal meth Walter "cooks" has very long crystals, is very pure, and (despite its purity) has a strong cyan blue color. Pure crystal meth would be clear or white.[60]In their article "Die Chemie bei Breaking Bad" on Chemie in unserer Zeit (translated into English on ChemistryViews as "The Chemistry of Breaking Bad"), Tunga Salthammer and Falk Harnish discuss the plausibility of the chemistry portrayed in certain scenes. According to the two, chemistry is clearly depicted as a manufacturing science without much explanation of analytical methods being provided. They also note, serious scientific subjects are mixed into the dialogue in order to show a world where chemistry plays a key role.[60]Technical aspectsMichael Slovis was the cinematographer of Breaking Bad, beginning with the second season, and he received critical acclaim for his work throughout the series. Critics appreciated the bold visual style adopted by the TV series. Although series creator Vince Gilligan and Slovis wanted to shoot Breaking Bad in CinemaScope, Sony and AMC did not grant them permission. Gilligan cited Sergio Leone's Westerns as a reference for how he wanted the series to look.[61] Slovis received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series and Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series.[62]Breaking Bad was shot on 35 mm movie film because of the robustness of the equipment and to keep a focus on shooting scenes economically. It also allowed for a later digital transfer to 4K Ultra HD resolution.[63] By the end of the fifth season, episodes had cost upwards of US$6 million to produce.[35]Kelley Dixon was one of the few editors of Breaking Bad and edited many of the series' "meth montages". For the montages, she would use techniques such as jump cuts and alternating the speed of the film, either faster or slower.[64] For her work, she received six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series and won the award in 2013.[62]EpisodesMain article: List of Breaking Bad episodesSeason	Episodes	Originally airedFirst aired	Last aired17	January 20, 2008	March 9, 2008213	March 8, 2009	May 31, 2009313	March 21, 2010	June 13, 2010413	July 17, 2011	October 9, 2011516	8	July 15, 2012	September 2, 20128	August 11, 2013	September 29, 2013The complete series was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 26, 2013, in a collectable box shaped like one of the barrels used by Walt to bury his money.[65] The set contains various features, including a two-hour documentary[66] and a humorous alternative ending that features Cranston and his Malcolm in the Middle co-star Jane Kaczmarek playing their characters Hal and Lois, in a nod to the final scene from Newhart.[67][68]Season 1 (2008)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 1)The first season was originally intended to be nine episodes, but due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike only seven episodes were filmed.[28] It ran from January 20 to March 9, 2008.Walter, diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer, conspires with Jesse to cook crystal meth to pay for his treatment and provide financial security for his family. Jesse secures an R.V. to cook in, while Walter devises a revolutionary formula using unregulated chemicals, creating a highly pure product tinted blue. After a run-in with the Mexican cartel, Walter adopts the nickname "Heisenberg" and trades his "blue sky" meth with psychotic drug lord Tuco Salamanca. The DEA and Hank, Walt's brother-in-law, become aware of Heisenberg's presence in the drug trade and begin investigating.Season 2 (2009)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 2)Tuco and Walter become hostile and Tuco is killed by Hank. After a failed attempt by Walter and Jesse to start their own distribution network leaves one of their dealers arrested and one murdered, Walter hires corrupt lawyer Saul Goodman, who later connects them to high-profile drug distributor Gus Fring and hitman Mike Ehrmantraut. Jesse dates his apartment manager Jane, who introduces him to heroin, making him unreliable. After selling a shipment to Gus, Walt refuses to pay Jesse his half of the money, but Jane blackmails him. Walt returns to Jesse to apologize but instead allows an unconscious Jane to choke on her own vomit. Jesse, traumatized, enters rehab. Walt seems content until he witnesses a mid-air collision of two planes; a result of Jane's father, an air-traffic controller, becoming distraught over her death while working.Season 3 (2010)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 3)On April 2, 2009, AMC announced that Breaking Bad was renewed for a third, 13-episode season.[69] It premiered on March 21, 2010, and concluded on June 13, 2010. The complete third season was released on Region 1 DVD and Region A Blu-ray on June 7, 2011.[70]Skyler learns of Walt's crimes and seeks a divorce from him. Walt briefly retires from the drug trade, but Gus offers him a job cooking meth at a hidden lab with an assistant, Gale. Hank's investigation leads him to Jesse. He finds no evidence, but assaults Jesse and is suspended from the DEA. Walt, in order to keep Jesse from suing Hank, coerces Gus into replacing Gale with Jesse as his lab assistant. Hank is attacked by Tuco's vengeful cousins and kills them, becoming paralyzed in the aftermath. Jesse's behavior becomes erratic, and Walt is forced to kill two of Gus' drug dealers to protect Jesse. After an enraged Gus orders them killed, Walt convinces Jesse to kill Gale so Gus cannot replace them.Season 4 (2011)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 4)On June 14, 2010, AMC announced Breaking Bad was renewed for a fourth, 13-episode season.[71] Production began in January 2011,[72] the season premiered on July 17, 2011, and concluded on October 9, 2011.[73] Originally, mini episodes of four minutes in length were to be produced before the premiere of the fourth season,[74] but these did not come to fruition.[75]Gus tightens security at the lab after Gale's death. Gus and Mike drive a wedge between Walt and Jesse, coercing Jesse to be their solitary cook while at the same time eliminating the Mexican cartel. Skyler accepts Walt's meth cooking and conspires with Saul to launder the earnings. Hank, in recovery, tracks Gale's death to Gus and the drug trade, so he plans to kill Hank. Walt tricks Jesse into turning against Gus, and convinces Hector Salamanca, the last living member of the cartel, to detonate a bomb while meeting with Gus, killing them both.Season 5 (2012–13)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 5)On August 14, 2011, AMC announced that Breaking Bad was renewed for a fifth and final season consisting of 16 episodes.[39] Season five is split into two parts, each consisting of 8 episodes. The first half premiered on July 15, 2012, while the second half premiered on August 11, 2013.[76] In August 2013, AMC released a trailer promoting the premiere of final season with Bryan Cranston reading the poem "Ozymandias" by Percy Bysshe Shelley, over timelapse shots of Breaking Bad locations.[77]After Gus' death, Walt, Jesse, and Mike start a new meth business. When their accomplice Todd kills a child witness during a methylamine theft, Jesse and Mike sell their share of the methylamine to Declan, another distributor. Walter produces meth for Declan, and Gus' former associate Lydia starts distribution in Europe, which is so successful that Walter earns US$80 million, which he buries on the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation. After Walter kills Mike during an argument, he is given names of Mike's imprisoned men from Lydia. Walt hires Todd's uncle, Jack, and his gang to kill Mike's associates; they also kill Declan.Hank discovers Walt is Heisenberg and begins gathering evidence. He turns to Jesse, who helps track Walt's money to the reservation. When Walt is arrested, Jack's gang arrives. They kill Hank, capture Jesse, and take most of Walt's money. Assuming Walt killed Hank, Skyler betrays Walt, forcing him to flee with the remaining money. After months in hiding, Walt plans to surrender but changes course after Elliott and Gretchen publicly minimize his involvement in starting Gray Matter. Walt manipulates Elliott and Gretchen to give his earnings to Walter Jr. once he turns 18. After poisoning Lydia, Walt admits to Skyler that he manufactured meth for his own satisfaction rather than for his family. At Jack's compound, Walter kills Jack and the rest of his gang with a remote turret and frees Jesse, who kills Todd. Wounded by his own weapon, Walt asks Jesse to kill him, but Jesse refuses. The two share a farewell glance before Jesse escapes. Walt dies from his wounds in Jack's meth lab.ThemesMoral consequencesIn an interview with The New York Times, creator Vince Gilligan said the larger lesson of the series is that "actions have consequences".[41] He elaborated on the show's philosophy:If religion is a reaction of man, and nothing more, it seems to me that it represents a human desire for wrongdoers to be punished. I hate the idea of Idi Amin living in Saudi Arabia for the last 25 years of his life. That galls me to no end. I feel some sort of need for Biblical atonement, or justice, or something. I like to believe there is some comeuppance, that karma kicks in at some point, even if it takes years or decades to happen. My girlfriend says this great thing that's become my philosophy as well. 'I want to believe there's a heaven. But I can't not believe there's a hell.'In a piece comparing the show to The Sopranos, Mad Men and The Wire, Chuck Klosterman said that Breaking Bad is "built on the uncomfortable premise that there's an irrefutable difference between what's right and what's wrong, and it's the only one where the characters have real control over how they choose to live". Klosterman added that the central question of Breaking Bad is: "What makes a man 'bad' – his actions, his motives, or his conscious decision to be a bad person?" Klosterman concluded that in the world of Breaking Bad, "goodness and badness are simply complicated choices, no different than anything else".[18]Ross Douthat of The New York Times, in a response to Klosterman's piece, compared Breaking Bad and The Sopranos, stating that both series are "morality plays" that are "both interested in moral agency". Douthat went on to say that Walter White and Tony Soprano "represent mirror-image takes on the problem of evil, damnation, and free will". Walter is a man who "deliberately abandons the light for the darkness" while Tony is "someone born and raised in darkness" who turns down "opportunity after opportunity to claw his way upward to the light".[78]Devotion to familyThe show explores most of the main characters' connections to their families in great detail. Walt justifies his decision to cook crystal meth and become a criminal because of his desire to provide for his family.[79] In the third season he tries to exit the business because it has driven Skyler to leave him. Gus convinces him to stay, telling him it is a man's job to provide for his family, even if he is unloved.[80] In the final episode of the series, Walt finally admits to Skyler that the main motivation for his endeavors in the meth business was his own interest, in spite of secretly securing the $9.72 million he had managed to salvage for her and the children. Jesse's loneliness in the early seasons of the show can be partly explained by his parents' decision to kick him out of their home due to his drug-related activities. This parental disconnect brings him closer to Jane, whose father berates her for her drug use. When Walt crosses paths with Jane's father, Walt refers to Jesse as his nephew and laments the fact that he cannot get through to him. Jane's father responds by telling him to keep trying, saying, "Family. You can't give up on them, ever. What else is there?"[81] Jane's subsequent death, which Walt purposefully did not prevent, is a major factor in her father causing the airliner crash at the end of the second season.Even the show's more hardened characters maintain ties to family. In the second season, Tuco Salamanca spends time caring for his physically disabled uncle, Hector. When Tuco is killed by Hank, his cousins vow revenge. Their actions are further explained in a flashback, where Hector explains to the brothers that "La familia es todo" ("Family is everything"). Gustavo Fring's franchise Los Pollos Hermanos translates to "The Chicken Brothers". This refers to the fact that the company was co-founded by Gus and a man named Max, with whom he shared a romantic relationship. When Max is killed by Hector Salamanca, Gus vows to destroy the Salamanca family and in particular to humiliate Hector and prolong and draw out his suffering.[79] In the first part of the fifth season, it is explained that Mike Ehrmantraut's intentions for being in this business were to provide for his granddaughter's future, and by his final episode he is conflicted when having to leave her in a park by herself once he has been warned that the police are onto him. During the second part of the fifth season, white supremacist Jack Welker says "don't skimp on family", and he lets Walt live after capturing him in the desert because of love for his nephew Todd Alquist, who has great respect for Walt. Lydia Rodarte-Quayle repeatedly demands that if Mike insists on killing her, that he leave her in her apartment so her daughter can find her, fearful she will think Lydia abandoned her. Much like Walt and Mike, Lydia seems to engage in the meth business in order to provide for her daughter, with actress Laura Fraser stating in an interview that Lydia's daughter is important to how "Lydia justified what she did to herself".[82]PridePride/hubris is a major theme in Walter White's tragic character arc. In an interview with The Village Voice, showrunner Vince Gilligan identified the tipping point at which Walt "breaks bad" as his prideful decision not to accept Gretchen and Elliott Schwartz's offer to pay for his chemotherapy (season 1, episode 5):"They offer [Walter White] everything he needs. At the end of that hour he says, 'Thank you, no,' and he goes back to Jesse Pinkman and says, 'Let's cook.' And that was where the character truly got interesting for me. This guy's got some serious pride issues."[83]The critically acclaimed episode "Ozymandias" references the Percy Bysshe Shelley poem of the same name, which describes the crumbling legacy of an overly prideful king.[84][85] The episode draws parallels to the poem, as both antiheroes are left with little to show for their empire-building efforts. Austin Gill of Xavier University stated the episode "evokes the tyrannical aspirations of invincibility and arrogance of Ozymandias himself as represented in Shelley's poem."[86] Douglas Eric Rasmussen of the University of Saskatchewan argued that the "concept of hubris and being punished for grandiose projects that serve an individual's egotism are central aspects of each work."[87] Hank's death marks the beginning of a shift where it becomes increasingly difficult for Walt to continue to insist that he cooks meth for the sake of his family's well-being. By the series finale, Walt finally admits to Skyler that he became Heisenberg for his own ego. "I did it for me. I liked it. I was good at it."[88]SymbolsPink teddy bearThe pink teddy bear as seen during the second seasonA motif within the second season is the image of a damaged teddy bear and its missing eye. The teddy bear first appears at the end of the music video "Fallacies" for Jesse's band "TwaüghtHammër", which was released as a webisode in February 2009 leading to the second season.[89] The teddy bear can also be spotted on the mural on Jane's bedroom wall during the final episode of the second season, further connecting the crash to Jane. It is seen in flashforwards during four episodes, the titles of which, when put together in order, form the sentence "Seven Thirty-Seven down over ABQ".[90][91][92] The flashforwards are shot in black and white, with the sole exception of the pink teddy bear, which is an homage to the film Schindler's List, where the color red is used to distinguish the coat of a very young girl.[93] At the end of the season, Walter indirectly helps cause the midair collision of two airplanes;[94][95] the pink teddy bear is then revealed to have fallen out of one of the planes and into the Whites' swimming pool. Vince Gilligan called the plane accident an attempt to visualize "all the terrible grief that Walt has wrought upon his loved ones" and "the judgment of God".[96]In the first episode of the third season, Walt finds the teddy bear's missing eye in the pool skimmer. Television critic Myles McNutt has called it "a symbol of the damage [Walter] feels responsible for",[97] and The A.V. Club commented that "the pink teddy bear continues to accuse."[98] Fans and critics have compared the appearance of the teddy bear's face to an image of Gus Fring's face in the fourth-season finale.[99]The teddy bear prop was auctioned off, among other memorabilia, on September 29, 2013, the air date of the show finale.[100][101]ColorsA recurring symbol within Breaking Bad is the use of color, particularly the characters' color for wardrobe, being used to represent a character's state of mind or a relationship between characters or to foreshadow an event.[102] In an interview with Vulture, Vince Gilligan says "Color is important on Breaking Bad; we always try to think in terms of it. We always try to think of the color that a character is dressed in, in the sense that it represents on some level their state of mind."[103]Walt WhitmanWalter White's name is reminiscent of the poet Walt Whitman.[91] During the series, Gale Boetticher gives Walt a copy of Whitman's Leaves of Grass.[104] Prior to giving this gift, Boetticher recites "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer".[105] In the episode "Bullet Points", Hank finds the initials W.W. written in Boetticher's notes, and jokes with Walt that they are his initials, although Walt indicates that they must refer to Whitman.In the episode "Hazard Pay", Walt finds the copy of Leaves of Grass as he is packing up his bedroom, briefly smiles, and leaves it out to read. This occurs at an especially high point in his life, when he feels that things are coming together and he is succeeding in all his ventures. A poem in the book, "Song of Myself", is based on many of these same feelings, furthering the connection between Walt's life and Whitman's poetry.[106] The mid-season finale of season five, "Gliding Over All", is titled after poem 271 of Leaves of Grass.[107] In the episode, Hank finds Leaves of Grass in Walt's bathroom and opens it to the cover page, where he reads the hand-written inscription: "To my other favorite W.W. It's an honour working with you. Fondly G.B." Upon reading this, Hank becomes visibly shocked, realizing the truth about Walter for the first time, which provides the opening premise for the second half of the final season.Reception and legacyCritical receptionCritical response of Breaking BadSeason	Rotten Tomatoes	Metacritic1	86% (8.3/10 average rating) (43 reviews)[108]	73 (27 reviews)[109]2	97% (9.1/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[110]	84 (19 reviews)[111]3	100% (9.2/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[112]	89 (15 reviews)[113]4	100% (9.6/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[114]	96 (15 reviews)[115]5	97% (9.5/10 average rating) (99 reviews)[116]	99 (22 reviews)[117]Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes scores per seasonBreaking Bad received widespread critical acclaim and has been praised by many critics as one of the greatest television shows of all time.[118] On the review aggregator website Metacritic (using a scale of 0–100), the first season scored 73,[109] the second 84,[111] the third 89,[113] the fourth 96,[115] and the fifth 99.[117] The American Film Institute listed Breaking Bad as one of the top ten television series of 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.[119][120][121][122][123] In 2013, TV Guide ranked it as the ninth greatest TV series of all time.[124] By its end, the series was among the most-watched cable shows on American television, with audience numbers doubling from the fourth season to the fifth.[125] A 2015 survey by The Hollywood Reporter of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named Breaking Bad as their #2 favorite show.[126] In 2016 and 2022, Rolling Stone ranked it third on its list of 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.[127][128] In September 2019, The Guardian ranked the show fifth on its list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century, describing it as "The show that arguably killed off the antihero drama; nothing since has been able to top the depraved descent made by Walter White (a never-better Bryan Cranston), from milquetoast chemistry teacher to meth overlord, and few have dared to try."[129] In 2021, Empire ranked Breaking Bad at number one on their list of The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.[130] Allen St. John of Forbes called it "The best TV show ever".[131] In 2021, it was voted the third-best TV series of the 21st century by the BBC, as picked by 206 TV experts from around the world.[132]For the first season, the series saw a generally positive reception. New York Post critic Linda Stasi praised the series, particularly the acting of Cranston and Paul, stating "Cranston and Paul are so good, it's astounding. I'd say the two have created great chemistry, but I'm ashamed to say such a cheap thing."[133] Robert Bianco of USA Today also praised Cranston and Paul, exclaiming "There is humor in the show, mostly in Walt's efforts to impose scholarly logic on the business and on his idiot apprentice, a role Paul plays very well. But even their scenes lean toward the suspenseful, as the duo learns that killing someone, even in self-defense, is ugly, messy work."[134]The second season saw critical acclaim. Entertainment Weekly critic Ken Tucker stated "Bad is a superlatively fresh metaphor for a middle-age crisis: It took cancer and lawbreaking to jolt Walt out of his suburban stupor, to experience life again—to take chances, risk danger, do things he didn't think himself capable of doing. None of this would work, of course, without Emmy winner Cranston's ferocious, funny selflessness as an actor. For all its bleakness and darkness, there's a glowing exhilaration about this series: It's a feel-good show about feeling really bad."[135] San Francisco Chronicle's Tim Goodman claimed "The first three episodes of Season 2 that AMC sent out continue that level of achievement with no evident missteps. In fact, it looks as if Gilligan's bold vision for Breaking Bad, now duly rewarded against all odds, has invigorated everyone involved in the project. You can sense its maturity and rising ambition in each episode."[136] Horror novelist Stephen King lauded the series, comparing it to the likes of Twin Peaks and Blue Velvet.[137]From left to right: Josh Sapan (AMC president and CEO), Aaron Paul (Jesse Pinkman), Vince Gilligan (creator), Bryan Cranston (Walter White) and Charlie Collier (President, general manager)The third season also saw critical acclaim. Time proclaimed, "It's a drama that has chosen the slow burn over the flashy explosion, and it's all the hotter for that choice."[138] Newsday stated Breaking Bad was still TV's best series and it stayed true to itself.[139] Tim Goodman praised the writing, acting, and cinematography, pointing out the "visual adventurousness" of the series. Goodman went on to call the show's visuals "a combination of staggering beauty – the directors make use of numerous wide-angle landscape portraits – and transfixing weirdness."[140] After the finale aired, The A.V. Club said that season three was "one of television's finest dramatic accomplishments. And what makes it so exciting – what makes the recognition of the current golden age so pressing – is that the season has not been, as [another reviewer] put it in another context, 'television good.' The heart-in-the-throat quality of this season comes as much from the writers' exhilarating disregard for television conventions as from the events portrayed."[141]Season four won near-universal critical acclaim. The Boston Globe referred to the show as a "taut exercise in withheld disaster" and declared the show "riveting".[142] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette labeled the series "smart and thought provoking that elevates the artistic achievements of the medium".[143] Season four was listed by many critics as one of the best seasons of television in 2011.[144] Time listed Walter White's "I am the one who knocks" line as one of the best television lines of 2011.[145] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette listed it as the best series of 2011 while noting that "Breaking Bad is that rare TV series that has never made a seriously damaging storytelling misstep."[146] The A.V. Club's review of the finale summed it up as a "fantastically fitting end for a season that ran in slow motion, starting and continuing with so many crises begging for resolution week after week. Now the decks are cleared, but that doesn't mean anybody is home free. Nothing's ever easy on Breaking Bad." The reviewer continued to exalt the season, and proclaimed, "What a season of television – truly something none of us could ever have expected, or claimed we deserved."[147]Both halves of the fifth season received overwhelming critical acclaim. Following the end of the series, critic Nick Harley summarized his commendation of the show: "Expertly written, virtuosic with its direction, and flawlessly performed, Breaking Bad is everything you could want in a drama. Critics will spend the next decade dissecting and arguing about what made it great, but the reasons are endless and already well documented."[148] During the final season, the show also received praise from George R. R. Martin, author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, particularly the episode "Ozymandias"; Martin commented that "Walter White is a bigger monster than anyone in Westeros."[149] In his review of the second half of season 5, Seth Amitin of IGN stated, "This final batch of Breaking Bad is one of the best run of episodes TV has ever offered," and praised "Ozymandias" in particular, referring to it as "maybe the best episode of TV [he's] ever seen".[150] Jonah Goldberg of National Review called it "the best show currently on television, and perhaps even the best ever".[151] The veteran actor Sir Anthony Hopkins wrote a letter of praise to Bryan Cranston, telling him that his "performance as Walter White was the best acting I have seen – ever". He lauded the rest of the cast and crew as well.[152][153] The letter first appeared on Steven Michael Quezada's (who portrayed DEA Agent Steven Gomez) Facebook page, and in spite of it being taken down, the letter soon went viral.[154] In 2013, Guinness World Records named Breaking Bad the highest-rated TV series of all time, citing its season 5 Metacritic score of 99 out of 100.[155][156]CriticismBreaking Bad has been accused by some members of law enforcement and the legal community of normalizing or glorifying methamphetamine creation and usage.[157][158][159]ViewershipBreaking Bad premiered on the same night as both the NFC and AFC Championships in the 2008 NFL playoffs, an intentional decision by AMC hoping to capture the adult male viewership immediately following the planned end of the NFC game.[22] The game ran over its time slot, cutting into Breaking Bad's timeslot in most of America. As a result, the pilot had only about 1.4 million viewers. Coupled with the ongoing writers strike, the first season did not draw as large of a viewership as they expected.[26] However, with subsequent seasons, viewership increased, avoiding the usual trend of downward viewership that most serialized shows had.[22] Ratings further increased by the fourth season as, prior to airing, the previous seasons had been added to Netflix, boosting interest in the show.[22] Breaking Bad is considered the first such show to have a renewed burst of interest due to the show being made available on Netflix.[35] The second half of the final season saw record viewership, with the series finale reaching over 10.3 million viewers.[160]Viewership and ratings per season of Breaking BadSeason	Timeslot (ET)	Episodes	First aired	Last aired	Avg. viewers(millions)Date	Viewers(millions)	Date	Viewers(millions)1	Sunday 10:00 pm	7	January 20, 2008	1.41[160]	March 9, 2008	1.50[161]	1.23[162]2	13	March 8, 2009	1.66[163]	May 31, 2009	1.50[164]	1.30[165]3	13	March 21, 2010	1.95[166]	June 13, 2010	1.56[167]	1.52[168]4	13	July 17, 2011	2.58[169]	October 9, 2011	1.90[170]	1.87[171]5A	8	July 15, 2012	2.93[172]	September 2, 2012	2.78[173]	4.32[174]5B	Sunday 9:00 pm	8	August 11, 2013	5.92[175]	September 29, 2013	10.28[176]Breaking Bad : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research[162][165][177][171][174]Awards and nominationsMain article: List of awards and nominations received by Breaking BadThe cast and crew of Breaking Bad at the 68th Annual Peabody AwardsThe series received numerous awards and nominations, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards and 58 nominations, including winning for Outstanding Drama Series in 2013 and 2014.[62] It also won two Peabody Awards, one in 2008[178] and one in 2013.[179]For his portrayal of Walter White, Bryan Cranston won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times, in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2014.[180] Cranston also won the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama in 2009 and the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series: Drama in 2008, 2009, and 2010, as well as the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television in 2012.Aaron Paul won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2010, 2012, and 2014. Paul also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2010 and 2012. Anna Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2013 and 2014. For his work on season four, Giancarlo Esposito won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.In 2010 and 2012, Breaking Bad won the TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama, as well as the TCA Award for Program of the Year in 2013. In 2009 and 2010, the series won the Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Drama, along with the Saturn Award for Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The series won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Dramatic Series in both 2012 and 2013.[181] In 2013, it was named No. 13 in a list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series of All Time by the Writers Guild of America[182] and won, for the first time, the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. Overall, the show has won 110 industry awards and has been nominated for 262.Retrospective conversationsWriters reunion"There was a hive mind with these wonderful writers, where I don't remember who said what, and it doesn't even matter whose idea was whose. But I remember one afternoon, somebody said — and I was kind of into it for a while — "Wouldn't it be really ironic if Walt is the only one to survive this?" Because it does seem so obvious that Walt should expire at the end of the final episode — but maybe he's the only one left alive. Maybe he still does have a death sentence, but we go out on him alive, and maybe his whole family's been wiped out. That would have been really f—ing dark."—Vince Gilligan, on an alternate ending[183]Variety held a Q&A with most of the original writing staff to reflect on the show's run, the final season, the writing process, and alternative endings. Along with creator Vince Gilligan, fellow writers and producers Peter Gould, Thomas Schnauz, Gennifer Hutchison, Moira Walley-Beckett, Sam Catlin and George Mastras joined to discuss memories from the show's humble beginnings, character transformations that concluded in the final season as well as surprising developments along the way. For instance, the character of Jesse Pinkman was originally supposed to die halfway through season one in a tragic drug deal gone horribly wrong. The reasoning behind this decision was that Jesse served his purpose "in a meat-and-potatoes, logistical sense. The character would give Walt his entrée into the business" before meeting his demise. However, this was eventually done away with as the story progressed beyond Gilligan's early scripts.[183]The writers also opened up on their collaborative process and how their form of storytelling evolved with the show. According to writer George Mastras,"Screen time was precious, and infusing every moment with the emotion [was the point], not just forming the pieces of the puzzle to tell the story, which is hard enough. If you're going to take five seconds of screen time, you'd better damn well be sure that there's an emotion there. It may be very, very subtle, but trust the audiences to pick up on that, because audiences do."[183]The development of certain characters posed challenges. Skyler White became unsympathetic to most viewers in earlier seasons as she was often presented as an obstacle to Walt's ultimate agenda. The writers struggled to change the dynamic and realized that "the only way people were going to like Skyler was if she started going along with what Walt was doing." It was a tricky shift to alter on screen because they didn't want to betray her character so they justified the change by using her past job as a bookkeeper to segue into her helping Walt money launder his cash under the guise of a car wash. Breaking the individual episodes was another form of problem-solving for the writers. They stressed the importance of not letting the "master plan" stop them from staying true to the world they created. There came a point where tracking the characters on a moment-by-moment basis proved to be more useful rather than the general direction of the story. Peter Gould said they would always start with the last thought in a character's head. "Where's Jesse's head at? That was always the prelude to the breakthrough moment, because when you said that, it's usually because we had gotten attached to some big plan or some big set-piece that we thought had to be there, but the characters didn't want to do what we wanted them to do."[183]Rian Johnson's experience on the showDirector Rian Johnson worked on three episodes ("Fly", "Fifty-One" and "Ozymandias") and in an interview with IGN shared his memories from behind the camera. He shed some light on the process including the fact that he sat through "tone meetings" with Vince Gilligan. The two of them talked about every dramatic beat in a script, the distinct visual look of the show, and how the tonal shift of each scene had to feel natural while serving the main storyline of the particular episode. Johnson also revealed that he learned so much about working with actors because of his directing of Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul, describing the experience as a "free masterclass."[184]When asked about the show's lasting legacy, Johnson offered up his thoughts,"I think the seriousness and depth with which it took its characters is the thing that really makes it stand apart for me. And that's where the power of it comes from. Obviously, starting with Walter White, there's just very few stories that are told on that scale, that have a character who is that deeply considered at the center of it. And I've heard people describe it as Shakespearean, and I know that word gets tossed around a lot, but I think in this case it really does apply. And that speaks, not so much to the fact that he goes to a dark place, but the fact that his entire journey is so deeply resonant, because it's so deeply considered."[184]FranchiseMain article: Breaking Bad (franchise)Breaking Bad's success caused numerous spin-offs and a media franchise. This includes a spin-off prequel series, a Spanish-language adaptation, a sequel film, a talk show, and a video game.[185][186][187][188][189]Real-life influenceSeveral attempts to create a real restaurant concept after Los Pollos Hermanos have occurred, most notably in 2019, Family Style, Inc., a chain of restaurants in California, Nevada, and Illinois, which secured rights from Sony and with Gilligan's blessing to sell chicken dinners through Uber Eats under the name and branding "Los Pollos Hermanos" in a three-year deal.[190]Law enforcement authorities have reported occasional instances of seizing blue crystal methamphetamine in drug-related arrests and raids. The appearance of "blue meth" in real-world drug use has been attributed to Breaking Bad's popularity.[191]Cult followingIn 2015, series creator Vince Gilligan publicly requested fans of the series to stop reenacting a scene from "Caballo sin Nombre" in which Walter angrily throws a pizza onto his own roof after Skyler refuses to let him inside; this came after complaints from the home's real-life owner.[192] Cranston reprised his role of the character in a commercial for Esurance which aired during Super Bowl XLIX, one week before the premiere of Breaking Bad spin-off Better Call Saul.[193]Tributes from AlbuquerqueA Breaking Bad fan group placed a paid obituary for Walter White in the Albuquerque Journal, October 4, 2013.[194] On October 19, 2013, a mock funeral procession (including a hearse and a replica of Walter's meth lab RV) and service for the character was held at Albuquerque's Sunset Memorial Park cemetery. A headstone was placed with a photo of Cranston as Walter. While some residents were unhappy with the makeshift gravesite for closure with the show, tickets for the event raised nearly $17,000 for a local charity called Healthcare for the Homeless.[195][196]Gilligan and Sony Television Pictures commissioned and donated a bronze statue of Walter and Jesse to the city of Albuquerque in July 2022, which is on display at the Albuquerque Convention Center.[197]New Mexico Law ReviewIn May 2015, the New Mexico Law Review published a collection of eight articles by legal scholars, each dedicated to dissecting legal issues presented by Breaking Bad.[198][199] The articles discussed issues such as whether the attorney–client privilege would protect communications with Saul Goodman,[200] and whether Walter White could have filed a lawsuit to force his way back into Gray Matter Technologies.[201]References Poniewozik, James (June 21, 2010). "Breaking Bad: TV's Best Thriller". Time. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. 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Breaking BadFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchFor other uses, see Breaking Bad (disambiguation).Breaking BadA green montage with the name "Breaking Bad" written on it—the "Br" in "Breaking" and the "Ba" in "Bad" are denoted by the chemical symbols for bromine and bariumGenre	Crime dramaSerial dramaThriller[1]Neo-Western[2][3]Black comedy[4]Tragedy[5][6]Created by	Vince GilliganStarring	Bryan CranstonAnna GunnAaron PaulDean NorrisBetsy BrandtRJ MitteGiancarlo EspositoBob OdenkirkJonathan BanksLaura FraserJesse PlemonsComposer	Dave PorterCountry of origin	United StatesOriginal languages	EnglishSpanishNo. of seasons	5No. of episodes	62 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers	Vince GilliganMark JohnsonMichelle MacLarenProducers	Stewart A. LyonsSam CatlinJohn ShibanPeter GouldGeorge MastrasThomas SchnauzMelissa BernsteinDiane MercerBryan CranstonMoira Walley-BeckettKaren MoorePatty LinProduction location	Albuquerque, New MexicoCinematography	Michael SlovisReynaldo VillalobosArthur AlbertJohn TollNelson CraggMarshall AdamsEditors	Kelley DixonSkip MacdonaldChris McCalebSharidan Williams-SoteloLynne WillinghamRunning time	43–58 minutesProduction companies	High Bridge EntertainmentGran Via ProductionsSony Pictures TelevisionDistributor	Sony Pictures TelevisionBudget	$3 million per episodeReleaseOriginal network	AMCPicture format	HDTV 1080iAudio format	5.1 surround soundOriginal release	January 20, 2008 –September 29, 2013ChronologyFollowed by	Better Call SaulEl Camino: A Breaking Bad MovieRelated	Talking BadMetástasisBreaking Bad is an American crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan. Set and filmed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the series follows Walter White (Bryan Cranston), an underpaid, overqualified, and dispirited high-school chemistry teacher who is struggling with a recent diagnosis of stage-three lung cancer. White turns to a life of crime and partners with a former student, Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul), to produce and distribute methamphetamine to secure his family's financial future before he dies, while navigating the dangers of the criminal underworld. The show aired on AMC from January 20, 2008, to September 29, 2013, consisting of five seasons for a total of 62 episodes.Among the show's co-stars are Anna Gunn and RJ Mitte as Walter's wife Skyler and son Walter Jr., and Betsy Brandt and Dean Norris as Skyler's sister Marie Schrader and her husband Hank, a DEA agent. Others include Bob Odenkirk as Walter's and Jesse's lawyer Saul Goodman, Jonathan Banks as private investigator and fixer Mike Ehrmantraut, and Giancarlo Esposito as drug kingpin Gus Fring. The final season introduces Jesse Plemons as the criminally ambitious Todd Alquist, and Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte-Quayle, a cunning business executive secretly managing Walter's global meth sales for her company.Breaking Bad's first season received generally positive reviews, while the rest of its run received unanimous critical acclaim, with praise for the performances, direction, cinematography, screenplay, story, and character development. Since its conclusion, the show has been lauded by critics as one of the greatest television series of all time. It had fair viewership in its first three seasons, but the fourth and fifth seasons saw a moderate rise in viewership when it was made available on Netflix just before the fourth season premiere. Viewership increased more drastically upon the premiere of the second half of the fifth season in 2013. By the time that the series finale aired, it was among the most-watched cable shows on American television. The show received numerous awards, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, eight Satellite Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two Peabody Awards, two Critics' Choice Awards, and four Television Critics Association Awards. Cranston won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times, while Aaron Paul won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series three times; Anna Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series twice. In 2013, Breaking Bad entered the Guinness World Records as the most critically acclaimed TV show of all time.The series gave rise to the larger Breaking Bad franchise. A sequel film, El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie, starring Paul was released on Netflix and in theaters on October 11, 2019. Better Call Saul, a prequel series featuring Odenkirk, Banks, and Esposito reprising their Breaking Bad roles, as well as many others in guest and recurring appearances, debuted on AMC on February 8, 2015, and concluded on August 15, 2022.Contents1	Premise2	Cast and characters2.1	Main characters2.2	Recurring characters2.3	Special guest appearances3	Production3.1	Conception3.2	Development history3.3	Casting3.4	Scientific accuracy3.5	Technical aspects4	Episodes4.1	Season 1 (2008)4.2	Season 2 (2009)4.3	Season 3 (2010)4.4	Season 4 (2011)4.5	Season 5 (2012–13)5	Themes5.1	Moral consequences5.2	Devotion to family5.3	Pride6	Symbols6.1	Pink teddy bear6.2	Colors6.3	Walt Whitman7	Reception and legacy7.1	Critical reception7.2	Criticism7.3	Viewership7.4	Awards and nominations8	Retrospective conversations8.1	Writers reunion8.2	Rian Johnson's experience on the show9	Franchise10	Real-life influence10.1	Cult following10.2	Tributes from Albuquerque10.3	New Mexico Law Review11	References12	External linksPremiseSet in Albuquerque, New Mexico, between 2008 and 2010,[7] Breaking Bad follows Walter White, a modest high school chemistry teacher who transforms into a ruthless kingpin in the local methamphetamine drug trade, driven to financially provide for his family after being diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. Initially making only small batches of meth with his former student Jesse Pinkman in a rolling meth lab, Walter and Jesse eventually expand to make larger batches of special blue meth that is incredibly pure and creates high demand. Walter takes on the name "Heisenberg" to mask his identity. Because of his drug-related activities, Walter eventually finds himself at odds with his family, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) through his brother-in-law Hank Schrader, the local gangs, and the Mexican drug cartels (including their regional distributors), putting him and his family's lives at risk.Cast and charactersMain article: List of characters in the Breaking Bad franchiseBreaking Bad cast and crew (left to right): creator Vince Gilligan, RJ Mitte (Walter Jr.), Aaron Paul (Jesse Pinkman), Anna Gunn (Skyler White), Bryan Cranston (Walter White), Dean Norris (Hank Schrader), and producer Mark JohnsonMain charactersBryan Cranston as Walter White – a high-school chemistry teacher who, shortly after his 50th birthday, is diagnosed with Stage III lung cancer and turns to making meth to secure his family's finances. As his shady business progresses, Walter gains a notorious reputation under the alias of "Heisenberg". Cranston stated that, though he enjoyed doing comedy, he decided he... should really focus on doing something else. But I think any good drama worth its weight always has a sprinkling of comedy in it, because you can ease the tension to an audience when it's necessary, and then build it back up again. Walt White has no clue he's occasionally funny, but as an actor, I recognize when there are comedic moments and opportunities.[8]Anna Gunn as Skyler White – Walter's wife who was pregnant with their second child before his diagnosis and who becomes increasingly suspicious of her husband after he begins behaving in unfamiliar ways. Gunn sees Skyler as "grounded, tough, smart and driven". Gunn sees Skyler's stalled writing career as her biggest dream, saying, "I think she really deep down yearns to be an artist and to be creative and productive."[9]Aaron Paul as Jesse Pinkman – Walter's cooking partner and former student. Paul sees Jesse as a funny kid. "He's just this lost soul – I don't think he's a bad kid, he just got mixed in the wrong crowd." Paul elaborated on the character's background, saying, "He doesn't come from an abusive, alcoholic background. But maybe he just didn't relate to his father, maybe his father was too strict and too proper for Jesse." Paul compared the character's relationship with Walt to The Odd Couple.[10]Dean Norris as Hank Schrader – Marie's husband, Walter and Skyler's brother-in-law and a DEA agent. At the beginning of the series, Hank was intended to be the "comic relief". Norris, who has played several policemen before in film and television, stated:Having played so many cops, I've talked with a lot of technical advisers, so I've been able to pick up a lot. Coincidentally, one of my best friends growing up is a cop in Chicago, and one of my other best friends out in LA is a sheriff. So I get to see all the components of that culture.[11]Betsy Brandt as Marie Schrader – Skyler's sister and Hank's kleptomaniac wife. Brandt described Marie as "an unpleasant bitch", but also stated there was more to her than that. "I think we're seeing more of it now that she would be there for her family. But it's all about her."[12]RJ Mitte as Walter White, Jr. – Walter and Skyler's son, who has cerebral palsy. He begins lashing out after Walter's cancer announcement. Like Walter Jr., Mitte has cerebral palsy, although his is a milder form.[13] Mitte stated he had to regress from his therapy to portray the character, staying up late into the night to slur his speech and learning to walk on crutches so his walking would not look fake.[14]Giancarlo Esposito as Gustavo "Gus" Fring (guest season 2, main cast season 3–4) – a Chilean high-level drug distributor who has a cover as an owner of the fast-food chain Los Pollos Hermanos. Esposito stated that for the third season, he incorporated his yoga training in his performance.Gus is the coolest cucumber that ever walked the Earth. I think about Eddie Olmos way back in Miami Vice. He was like dead – he was hardly breathing. I thought, how is this guy just standing in this fire and doing nothing? Gus has totally allowed me that level of flexibility and relaxation – not because he has ultimate power and he knows he can take someone's life. He's just confident.[15]Bob Odenkirk as Saul Goodman (recurring season 2, main cast season 3–5) – a crooked strip mall lawyer who represents Walt and Jesse. Odenkirk drew inspiration for Goodman from film producer Robert Evans.I thought about Robert Evans because I've listened to The Kid Stays in the Picture on CD. He's constantly switching up his cadence and his delivery. He emphasizes interesting words. He has loads of attitude in almost every line that he says. So when I rehearse the scenes alone I do my impersonation of Robert Evans to find those moments and turns. Then I go out and I do Saul.[16]Jonathan Banks as Mike Ehrmantraut (guest star season 2, main cast season 3–5A) – works for Gus as an all-purpose cleaner and hitman, and also works for Saul as a private investigator. The character of Mike has been compared to Harvey Keitel's Winston Wolf character in Pulp Fiction, which Banks says he is not trying to emulate: "I immediately tried to put it out of my mind, quite honestly. His cleaner ain't my cleaner. But throughout this world, you would suspect there had been a great many cleaners, whether government-run or individual contractors."[17]Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte-Quayle (recurring season 5A, main cast season 5B) – a high-ranking employee of Madrigal Electromotive and a former associate of Gus Fring. She reluctantly begins supplying Walt and Jesse with methylamine and helps Walt expand his operation overseas.Jesse Plemons as Todd Alquist (recurring season 5A, main cast season 5B) – an employee of Vamonos Pest Control who becomes an associate of Walt and Jesse.Recurring charactersSteven Michael Quezada as Steven "Gomey" Gomez – Hank's DEA partner and best friend who assists in tracking down and learning the identity of Heisenberg. In comical situations between him and Hank, Gomez serves as the "straight man".Matt Jones as Brandon "Badger" Mayhew – Jesse's drug-addicted, dimwitted friend who often serves as the series' comic relief.Charles Baker as Skinny Pete – A friend of Jesse and a fellow pusher.Rodney Rush as Christian "Combo" Ortega – Also a friend of Jesse and a fellow pusher.Jessica Hecht and Adam Godley as Gretchen and Elliott Schwartz – Co-owners of Gray Matter, a company that they co-founded alongside Walter, who left the business prior to its major success. Gretchen was a former flame of Walt's and partially the reason he left.Raymond Cruz as Tuco Salamanca – A sociopathic Mexican drug kingpin who becomes Walt and Jesse's meth distributor.Mark Margolis as Hector Salamanca – A former high-ranking member of the Juarez Cartel who is now unable to walk or speak because of a stroke, communicating with the help of a bell. He is the uncle of Tuco, Marco, and Leonel Salamanca.Christopher Cousins as Ted Beneke – Skyler's boss and president of Beneke Fabricators who begins developing financial problems, resulting in an intervention from Skyler.Krysten Ritter as Jane Margolis – Jesse's apartment manager and girlfriend, who is a recovering addict.John de Lancie as Donald Margolis – Jane Margolis' father, an air traffic controller.David Costabile as Gale Boetticher – A chemist hired by Gus Fring to work alongside Walter.Daniel Moncada and Luis Moncada as Leonel and Marco Salamanca – Two ruthless and taciturn hitmen for the Juarez Cartel who are the cousins of Tuco Salamanca and the nephews of Hector Salamanca.Javier Grajeda as Juan Bolsa – A high-ranking member of the Juarez Cartel who acts as the mediator between the Salamancas and Gus Fring.Emily Rios as Andrea Cantillo – Jesse's second girlfriend, who is also a recovering addict. She has a young son named Brock.Jeremiah Bitsui as Victor – A loyal henchman to Gus who serves as his enforcer along with Mike.Ray Campbell as Tyrus Kitt – Gus's enforcer along with Mike during season 4.Lavell Crawford as Huell Babineaux – Saul's bodyguard who also handles problems Walter needs fixing.Tina Parker as Francesca Liddy – Saul Goodman's receptionist.Bill Burr as Patrick Kuby – A hired con man of Saul's who handles various sensitive tasks involving verbal intimidation, coercion, and misdirection.Michael Bowen as Jack Welker – Todd's uncle and the leader of the Aryan Brotherhood, a white supremacist gang.Kevin Rankin as Kenny – Jack's second-in-command.Special guest appearancesDanny Trejo as Tortuga – A Mexican cartel member and DEA informant.DJ Qualls as Getz – An Albuquerque police officer who brings Badger into police custody, prompting Walt to turn to Saul Goodman.Jim Beaver as Lawson – An Albuquerque arms dealer who obtains several guns for Walt.Steven Bauer as Don Eladio Vuente – The leader of the Juarez Cartel who has a history with Gus.Robert Forster as Ed Galbraith – A vacuum cleaner repairman whose undercover business is a new identity specialist.Charlie Rose as himself.ProductionConceptionBreaking Bad was created by Vince Gilligan, who spent several years writing the Fox series The X-Files. Gilligan wanted to create a series in which the protagonist became the antagonist. "Television is historically good at keeping its characters in a self-imposed stasis so that shows can go on for years or even decades," he said. "When I realized this, the logical next step was to think, how can I do a show in which the fundamental drive is toward change?"[18] He added that his goal with Walter White was to turn him from Mr. Chips into Scarface.[19][20][21] Gilligan believed the concept of showing the full drastic transformation of a character across the run of a television show was a risky concept and would be difficult to pitch without other powerful factors to support it, such as strong cinematography and acting.[22]The show's title is a Southern colloquialism meaning, among other things, "raising hell", and was chosen by Gilligan to describe Walter's transformation.[23] According to Time entertainment editor Lily Rothman, the term has a broader meaning and is an old phrase which "connotes more violence than 'raising hell' does ... [T]he words possess a wide variety of nuances: to 'break bad' can mean to 'go wild', to 'defy authority', and break the law, to be verbally 'combative, belligerent, or threatening' or, followed by the preposition 'on', 'to dominate or humiliate'."[24]The concept emerged as Gilligan talked with his fellow X-Files writer Thomas Schnauz regarding their current unemployment and joked that the solution was for them to put a "meth lab in the back of an RV and [drive] around the country cooking meth and making money".[25]After writing the concept for the show and pilot, Gilligan pitched it to Sony Pictures Television, who became very interested in supporting it. Sony arranged for meetings with the various cable networks. Showtime passed on this, as they had already started broadcasting Weeds, a show with similarities to the premise of Breaking Bad.[26] While his producers convinced him that the show was different enough to still be successful, Gilligan later stated that he would not have gone forward with the idea had he known about Weeds earlier.[27] Other networks like HBO and TNT also passed on the idea, but eventually FX took interest and began initial discussions on producing the pilot.[26] At the same time, FX had also started development of Dirt, a female-centric crime-based drama series, and with three existing male-centric shows already on the network, FX passed up Breaking Bad for Dirt.[26]One of Gilligan's agents spoke to Jeremy Elice, the director of original programming for AMC who was looking for more original shows to add alongside their upcoming Mad Men. Elice was intrigued, and soon a meeting was set up between Gilligan, Elice, and two programming executives. Gilligan was not optimistic about this meeting, fearing they would just put him off, but instead all three showed great interest, and the meeting ended up establishing how AMC would acquire the rights from FX and set the pilot into production. It took about a year following this meeting before Sony had set up the rights with AMC and production could start.[26]Development historyBreaking Bad was filmed at various locations across Albuquerque. Clockwise from top left: the house used for the Whites' home, the fast food restaurant that was used for Los Pollos Hermanos, the Crossroads Motels used in-show for various drug deals, a rental home used for Jane's and Jesse's apartment, the car wash where Walter works part-time, and the Doghouse, a functioning drive-in restaurant.The network ordered nine episodes for the first season (including the pilot), but the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike limited the production to seven episodes, as well as delaying the start of production for the second season.[28] Within the original nine-episode arc, Gilligan had planned to kill off Jesse or Hank, as a "ballsy" moment to end the season on.[22] This death was eliminated with the limited episode count, which Gilligan found to be a net positive given the strength of acting that both Paul and Norris brought to these roles through the seasons.[22] The strike also helped to slow down production long enough for Gilligan and his writing team to readjust the pacing of the show, which in the original arc had been moving too quickly.[22] Gould stated that the writer's strike "saved the show", as if they had produced the two additional episodes in the first season, they would have gone down a different creative path that he believes would have led to the show's cancellation by its third season.[29]The initial versions of the script were set in Riverside, California, but at the suggestion of Sony, Albuquerque was chosen for the production's location due to the favorable financial conditions offered by the state of New Mexico. Once Gilligan recognized that this would mean "we'd always have to be avoiding the Sandia Mountains" in shots directed toward the east, the story setting was changed to the actual production location.[30][31] It was shot primarily on 35 mm film,[32] with digital cameras employed as needed for additional angles, point of view shots and time-lapse photography.[33] Breaking Bad cost $3 million per episode to produce, higher than the average cost for a basic cable program.[34]Around 2010, AMC had expressed to Sony Pictures Television and Gilligan that they felt that the third season would be the last for Breaking Bad. Sony started to shop the show around, having gained quick interest from the FX network for two more seasons, upon which AMC changed its mind and allowed the show to continue.[35] At the same time, Netflix was starting to aggressively shop for content to add to its service and arranged a deal with Sony for Breaking Bad to be available after the airing of the fourth season. Knowing that AMC had placed Breaking Bad on a potential cancellation route, Sony pushed to have the show added to the service in time for the fourth season. Breaking Bad's viewership grew greatly as viewers binged the series on Netflix, helping to assure that a fifth season could be made. The fifth-season premiere had more than double the viewership compared to the fourth season premiere, attributed to the Netflix availability.[35] Gilligan thanked Netflix at the Emmy Awards in September 2013 after the series' conclusion for the popularity of the series, saying that Netflix "kept us on the air".[36]As the series progressed, Gilligan and the writing staff of Breaking Bad made Walter increasingly unsympathetic.[19] Gilligan said during the run of the series, "He's going from being a protagonist to an antagonist. We want to make people question who they're pulling for, and why."[20] Cranston said by the fourth season, "I think Walt's figured out it's better to be a pursuer than the pursued. He's well on his way to badass."[21]In July 2011, Vince Gilligan indicated that he intended to conclude Breaking Bad at the end of its fifth season.[37] In early August 2011, negotiations began over a deal regarding the fifth and possible final season between the network AMC and Sony Pictures Television, the production company of the series. AMC proposed a shortened fifth season (six to eight episodes, instead of 13) to cut costs, but the producers declined. Sony then approached other cable networks about possibly picking up the show if a deal could not be made.[38] On August 14, 2011, AMC renewed the series for a fifth and final season consisting of 16 episodes.[39] In April 2012, Bryan Cranston revealed that the fifth season would be split into two halves, with the first eight episodes airing in 2012, and the final eight in 2013.[40]Before the series finale, Gilligan said that it was difficult to write for Walter White because the character was so dark and morally questionable: "I'm going to miss the show when it's over, but on some level, it'll be a relief to not have Walt in my head anymore."[41] Gilligan later said the idea for Walter's character intrigued him so much that he "didn't really give much thought on how well it would sell", stating that he would have given up on the premise since it was "such an odd, dark story" that could have difficulties being pitched to studios.[25] Ultimately, Gilligan chose to end Breaking Bad with Walter's death, occurring in-story two years after he had first been diagnosed with cancer and given two years to live. Gilligan said by the end of the series, "it feels as if we should adhere to our promise that we explicitly made to our audience" from the first episode.[42]Casting"You're going to see that underlying humanity, even when he's making the most devious, terrible decisions, and you need someone who has that humanity – deep down, bedrock humanity – so you say, watching this show, 'All right, I'll go for this ride. I don't like what he's doing, but I understand, and I'll go with it for as far as it goes.' If you don't have a guy who gives you that, despite the greatest acting chops in the world, the show is not going to succeed."—Vince Gilligan, about Bryan Cranston[43]Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in the "Drive" episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, on which Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that "Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it."[41][43] AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.[44] When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his X-Files episode.[45]Cranston contributed significantly to the formation and development of the Walter White persona. When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.[41] At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline, and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed brown. He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as "impotent" and like a "dead caterpillar".[46] Cranston repeatedly identified elements in certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled,[47] and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters. Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as "a little hunched over, never erect, [as if] the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders." In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as "a kid trapped in a man's body".[41]Aaron Paul's casting was also initially questioned by production, as Paul looked too old and too much like a "pretty boy" to be associated with meth cooking. Gilligan reconsidered Paul's skills after seeing his audition and recalling he had also had guest starred on The X-Files episode "Lord of the Flies".[26] Gilligan originally intended for Pinkman to be killed at the end of Breaking Bad's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt. However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that "it became pretty clear early on that that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse".[48] Similarly, Dean Norris had shown his ability to be a law enforcement official in The X-Files episode "F. Emasculata", and was brought on to be Hank Schrader, Walter's brother-in-law and DEA agent.[49]Scientific accuracyDonna Nelson, a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, checked scripts and provided dialogue. She also drew chemical structures and wrote chemical equations which were used as props. According to creator Vince Gilligan,Dr. Donna Nelson from the University of Oklahoma approached us several seasons back and said, "I really like this show, and if you ever need help with the chemistry, I'd love to lend a hand." She's been a wonderful advisor. We get help wherever we need it, whether it's chemistry, electrical engineering, or physics. We try to get everything correct. There's no full-time [advisor] on set, but we run certain scenes by these experts first.[50]"Because Walter White was talking to his students, I was able to dumb down certain moments of description and dialogue in the early episodes which held me until we had some help from some honest-to-God chemists," says Gilligan. According to Gilligan, Nelson "vets our scripts to make sure our chemistry dialogue is accurate and up to date. We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Administration based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us."[51] Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right, saying that Gilligan "said it made a difference to him."[52]The gas mask worn when characters would cook meth in Breaking Bad is on display at the Mob Museum in Las Vegas.Several episodes of Mythbusters featured attempts to validate or disprove scenes from Breaking Bad, often with Gilligan guest-starring in the episode to participate. In 2013, two scenes from the first season of Breaking Bad were put under scrutiny in a Mythbusters Breaking Bad special. Despite several modifications to what was seen in the show, both the scenes depicted in the show were shown to be physically impossible.[53] It was shown impossible to use hydrofluoric acid to fully dissolve metal, flesh, or ceramic as shown in the episode "Cat's in the Bag...", and that while it was possible to throw fulminated mercury against the floor to cause an explosion, as in the episode "Crazy Handful of Nothin'", Walter would have needed a much larger quantity of the compound and thrown at a much faster speed, and likely would have killed all in the room.[54][55] A later Mythbusters episode, "Blow It Out of the Water", tested the possibility of mounting an automated machine gun in a car as in the series finale "Felina", and found it plausible.[56] An episode of MythBusters Jr. proved that it was impossible for an electromagnet to draw metallic objects from across a room as in the episode "Live Free or Die".[57]Jason Wallach of Vice magazine commended the accuracy of the cooking methods presented in the series. In early episodes, a once-common clandestine method, the Nagai red phosphorus/iodine method, is depicted, which uses pseudoephedrine as a precursor to d-(+)-methamphetamine.[58] By the season 1 finale, Walt chooses to use a different synthetic route based on the difficulty of acquiring enough pseudoephedrine to produce on the larger scale required. The new method Walt chooses is a reductive amination reaction, relying on phenyl-2-propanone and methylamine. On the show, the phenyl-2-propanone (otherwise known as phenylacetone or P2P) is produced from phenylacetic acid and acetic acid using a tube furnace and thorium dioxide (ThO2) as a catalyst, as mentioned in episodes "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" and "Más". P2P and methylamine form an imine intermediate; reduction of this P2P-methylamine imine intermediate is performed using mercury aluminum amalgam, as shown in several episodes, including "Hazard Pay".[59]The meth in each episode was blue candy created by the employees at "The Candy Lady".One of the important plot points in the series is that the crystal meth Walter "cooks" has very long crystals, is very pure, and (despite its purity) has a strong cyan blue color. Pure crystal meth would be clear or white.[60]In their article "Die Chemie bei Breaking Bad" on Chemie in unserer Zeit (translated into English on ChemistryViews as "The Chemistry of Breaking Bad"), Tunga Salthammer and Falk Harnish discuss the plausibility of the chemistry portrayed in certain scenes. According to the two, chemistry is clearly depicted as a manufacturing science without much explanation of analytical methods being provided. They also note, serious scientific subjects are mixed into the dialogue in order to show a world where chemistry plays a key role.[60]Technical aspectsMichael Slovis was the cinematographer of Breaking Bad, beginning with the second season, and he received critical acclaim for his work throughout the series. Critics appreciated the bold visual style adopted by the TV series. Although series creator Vince Gilligan and Slovis wanted to shoot Breaking Bad in CinemaScope, Sony and AMC did not grant them permission. Gilligan cited Sergio Leone's Westerns as a reference for how he wanted the series to look.[61] Slovis received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series and Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series.[62]Breaking Bad was shot on 35 mm movie film because of the robustness of the equipment and to keep a focus on shooting scenes economically. It also allowed for a later digital transfer to 4K Ultra HD resolution.[63] By the end of the fifth season, episodes had cost upwards of US$6 million to produce.[35]Kelley Dixon was one of the few editors of Breaking Bad and edited many of the series' "meth montages". For the montages, she would use techniques such as jump cuts and alternating the speed of the film, either faster or slower.[64] For her work, she received six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series and won the award in 2013.[62]EpisodesMain article: List of Breaking Bad episodesSeason	Episodes	Originally airedFirst aired	Last aired17	January 20, 2008	March 9, 2008213	March 8, 2009	May 31, 2009313	March 21, 2010	June 13, 2010413	July 17, 2011	October 9, 2011516	8	July 15, 2012	September 2, 20128	August 11, 2013	September 29, 2013The complete series was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 26, 2013, in a collectable box shaped like one of the barrels used by Walt to bury his money.[65] The set contains various features, including a two-hour documentary[66] and a humorous alternative ending that features Cranston and his Malcolm in the Middle co-star Jane Kaczmarek playing their characters Hal and Lois, in a nod to the final scene from Newhart.[67][68]Season 1 (2008)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 1)The first season was originally intended to be nine episodes, but due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike only seven episodes were filmed.[28] It ran from January 20 to March 9, 2008.Walter, diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer, conspires with Jesse to cook crystal meth to pay for his treatment and provide financial security for his family. Jesse secures an R.V. to cook in, while Walter devises a revolutionary formula using unregulated chemicals, creating a highly pure product tinted blue. After a run-in with the Mexican cartel, Walter adopts the nickname "Heisenberg" and trades his "blue sky" meth with psychotic drug lord Tuco Salamanca. The DEA and Hank, Walt's brother-in-law, become aware of Heisenberg's presence in the drug trade and begin investigating.Season 2 (2009)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 2)Tuco and Walter become hostile and Tuco is killed by Hank. After a failed attempt by Walter and Jesse to start their own distribution network leaves one of their dealers arrested and one murdered, Walter hires corrupt lawyer Saul Goodman, who later connects them to high-profile drug distributor Gus Fring and hitman Mike Ehrmantraut. Jesse dates his apartment manager Jane, who introduces him to heroin, making him unreliable. After selling a shipment to Gus, Walt refuses to pay Jesse his half of the money, but Jane blackmails him. Walt returns to Jesse to apologize but instead allows an unconscious Jane to choke on her own vomit. Jesse, traumatized, enters rehab. Walt seems content until he witnesses a mid-air collision of two planes; a result of Jane's father, an air-traffic controller, becoming distraught over her death while working.Season 3 (2010)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 3)On April 2, 2009, AMC announced that Breaking Bad was renewed for a third, 13-episode season.[69] It premiered on March 21, 2010, and concluded on June 13, 2010. The complete third season was released on Region 1 DVD and Region A Blu-ray on June 7, 2011.[70]Skyler learns of Walt's crimes and seeks a divorce from him. Walt briefly retires from the drug trade, but Gus offers him a job cooking meth at a hidden lab with an assistant, Gale. Hank's investigation leads him to Jesse. He finds no evidence, but assaults Jesse and is suspended from the DEA. Walt, in order to keep Jesse from suing Hank, coerces Gus into replacing Gale with Jesse as his lab assistant. Hank is attacked by Tuco's vengeful cousins and kills them, becoming paralyzed in the aftermath. Jesse's behavior becomes erratic, and Walt is forced to kill two of Gus' drug dealers to protect Jesse. After an enraged Gus orders them killed, Walt convinces Jesse to kill Gale so Gus cannot replace them.Season 4 (2011)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 4)On June 14, 2010, AMC announced Breaking Bad was renewed for a fourth, 13-episode season.[71] Production began in January 2011,[72] the season premiered on July 17, 2011, and concluded on October 9, 2011.[73] Originally, mini episodes of four minutes in length were to be produced before the premiere of the fourth season,[74] but these did not come to fruition.[75]Gus tightens security at the lab after Gale's death. Gus and Mike drive a wedge between Walt and Jesse, coercing Jesse to be their solitary cook while at the same time eliminating the Mexican cartel. Skyler accepts Walt's meth cooking and conspires with Saul to launder the earnings. Hank, in recovery, tracks Gale's death to Gus and the drug trade, so he plans to kill Hank. Walt tricks Jesse into turning against Gus, and convinces Hector Salamanca, the last living member of the cartel, to detonate a bomb while meeting with Gus, killing them both.Season 5 (2012–13)Main article: Breaking Bad (season 5)On August 14, 2011, AMC announced that Breaking Bad was renewed for a fifth and final season consisting of 16 episodes.[39] Season five is split into two parts, each consisting of 8 episodes. The first half premiered on July 15, 2012, while the second half premiered on August 11, 2013.[76] In August 2013, AMC released a trailer promoting the premiere of final season with Bryan Cranston reading the poem "Ozymandias" by Percy Bysshe Shelley, over timelapse shots of Breaking Bad locations.[77]After Gus' death, Walt, Jesse, and Mike start a new meth business. When their accomplice Todd kills a child witness during a methylamine theft, Jesse and Mike sell their share of the methylamine to Declan, another distributor. Walter produces meth for Declan, and Gus' former associate Lydia starts distribution in Europe, which is so successful that Walter earns US$80 million, which he buries on the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation. After Walter kills Mike during an argument, he is given names of Mike's imprisoned men from Lydia. Walt hires Todd's uncle, Jack, and his gang to kill Mike's associates; they also kill Declan.Hank discovers Walt is Heisenberg and begins gathering evidence. He turns to Jesse, who helps track Walt's money to the reservation. When Walt is arrested, Jack's gang arrives. They kill Hank, capture Jesse, and take most of Walt's money. Assuming Walt killed Hank, Skyler betrays Walt, forcing him to flee with the remaining money. After months in hiding, Walt plans to surrender but changes course after Elliott and Gretchen publicly minimize his involvement in starting Gray Matter. Walt manipulates Elliott and Gretchen to give his earnings to Walter Jr. once he turns 18. After poisoning Lydia, Walt admits to Skyler that he manufactured meth for his own satisfaction rather than for his family. At Jack's compound, Walter kills Jack and the rest of his gang with a remote turret and frees Jesse, who kills Todd. Wounded by his own weapon, Walt asks Jesse to kill him, but Jesse refuses. The two share a farewell glance before Jesse escapes. Walt dies from his wounds in Jack's meth lab.ThemesMoral consequencesIn an interview with The New York Times, creator Vince Gilligan said the larger lesson of the series is that "actions have consequences".[41] He elaborated on the show's philosophy:If religion is a reaction of man, and nothing more, it seems to me that it represents a human desire for wrongdoers to be punished. I hate the idea of Idi Amin living in Saudi Arabia for the last 25 years of his life. That galls me to no end. I feel some sort of need for Biblical atonement, or justice, or something. I like to believe there is some comeuppance, that karma kicks in at some point, even if it takes years or decades to happen. My girlfriend says this great thing that's become my philosophy as well. 'I want to believe there's a heaven. But I can't not believe there's a hell.'In a piece comparing the show to The Sopranos, Mad Men and The Wire, Chuck Klosterman said that Breaking Bad is "built on the uncomfortable premise that there's an irrefutable difference between what's right and what's wrong, and it's the only one where the characters have real control over how they choose to live". Klosterman added that the central question of Breaking Bad is: "What makes a man 'bad' – his actions, his motives, or his conscious decision to be a bad person?" Klosterman concluded that in the world of Breaking Bad, "goodness and badness are simply complicated choices, no different than anything else".[18]Ross Douthat of The New York Times, in a response to Klosterman's piece, compared Breaking Bad and The Sopranos, stating that both series are "morality plays" that are "both interested in moral agency". Douthat went on to say that Walter White and Tony Soprano "represent mirror-image takes on the problem of evil, damnation, and free will". Walter is a man who "deliberately abandons the light for the darkness" while Tony is "someone born and raised in darkness" who turns down "opportunity after opportunity to claw his way upward to the light".[78]Devotion to familyThe show explores most of the main characters' connections to their families in great detail. Walt justifies his decision to cook crystal meth and become a criminal because of his desire to provide for his family.[79] In the third season he tries to exit the business because it has driven Skyler to leave him. Gus convinces him to stay, telling him it is a man's job to provide for his family, even if he is unloved.[80] In the final episode of the series, Walt finally admits to Skyler that the main motivation for his endeavors in the meth business was his own interest, in spite of secretly securing the $9.72 million he had managed to salvage for her and the children. Jesse's loneliness in the early seasons of the show can be partly explained by his parents' decision to kick him out of their home due to his drug-related activities. This parental disconnect brings him closer to Jane, whose father berates her for her drug use. When Walt crosses paths with Jane's father, Walt refers to Jesse as his nephew and laments the fact that he cannot get through to him. Jane's father responds by telling him to keep trying, saying, "Family. You can't give up on them, ever. What else is there?"[81] Jane's subsequent death, which Walt purposefully did not prevent, is a major factor in her father causing the airliner crash at the end of the second season.Even the show's more hardened characters maintain ties to family. In the second season, Tuco Salamanca spends time caring for his physically disabled uncle, Hector. When Tuco is killed by Hank, his cousins vow revenge. Their actions are further explained in a flashback, where Hector explains to the brothers that "La familia es todo" ("Family is everything"). Gustavo Fring's franchise Los Pollos Hermanos translates to "The Chicken Brothers". This refers to the fact that the company was co-founded by Gus and a man named Max, with whom he shared a romantic relationship. When Max is killed by Hector Salamanca, Gus vows to destroy the Salamanca family and in particular to humiliate Hector and prolong and draw out his suffering.[79] In the first part of the fifth season, it is explained that Mike Ehrmantraut's intentions for being in this business were to provide for his granddaughter's future, and by his final episode he is conflicted when having to leave her in a park by herself once he has been warned that the police are onto him. During the second part of the fifth season, white supremacist Jack Welker says "don't skimp on family", and he lets Walt live after capturing him in the desert because of love for his nephew Todd Alquist, who has great respect for Walt. Lydia Rodarte-Quayle repeatedly demands that if Mike insists on killing her, that he leave her in her apartment so her daughter can find her, fearful she will think Lydia abandoned her. Much like Walt and Mike, Lydia seems to engage in the meth business in order to provide for her daughter, with actress Laura Fraser stating in an interview that Lydia's daughter is important to how "Lydia justified what she did to herself".[82]PridePride/hubris is a major theme in Walter White's tragic character arc. In an interview with The Village Voice, showrunner Vince Gilligan identified the tipping point at which Walt "breaks bad" as his prideful decision not to accept Gretchen and Elliott Schwartz's offer to pay for his chemotherapy (season 1, episode 5):"They offer [Walter White] everything he needs. At the end of that hour he says, 'Thank you, no,' and he goes back to Jesse Pinkman and says, 'Let's cook.' And that was where the character truly got interesting for me. This guy's got some serious pride issues."[83]The critically acclaimed episode "Ozymandias" references the Percy Bysshe Shelley poem of the same name, which describes the crumbling legacy of an overly prideful king.[84][85] The episode draws parallels to the poem, as both antiheroes are left with little to show for their empire-building efforts. Austin Gill of Xavier University stated the episode "evokes the tyrannical aspirations of invincibility and arrogance of Ozymandias himself as represented in Shelley's poem."[86] Douglas Eric Rasmussen of the University of Saskatchewan argued that the "concept of hubris and being punished for grandiose projects that serve an individual's egotism are central aspects of each work."[87] Hank's death marks the beginning of a shift where it becomes increasingly difficult for Walt to continue to insist that he cooks meth for the sake of his family's well-being. By the series finale, Walt finally admits to Skyler that he became Heisenberg for his own ego. "I did it for me. I liked it. I was good at it."[88]SymbolsPink teddy bearThe pink teddy bear as seen during the second seasonA motif within the second season is the image of a damaged teddy bear and its missing eye. The teddy bear first appears at the end of the music video "Fallacies" for Jesse's band "TwaüghtHammër", which was released as a webisode in February 2009 leading to the second season.[89] The teddy bear can also be spotted on the mural on Jane's bedroom wall during the final episode of the second season, further connecting the crash to Jane. It is seen in flashforwards during four episodes, the titles of which, when put together in order, form the sentence "Seven Thirty-Seven down over ABQ".[90][91][92] The flashforwards are shot in black and white, with the sole exception of the pink teddy bear, which is an homage to the film Schindler's List, where the color red is used to distinguish the coat of a very young girl.[93] At the end of the season, Walter indirectly helps cause the midair collision of two airplanes;[94][95] the pink teddy bear is then revealed to have fallen out of one of the planes and into the Whites' swimming pool. Vince Gilligan called the plane accident an attempt to visualize "all the terrible grief that Walt has wrought upon his loved ones" and "the judgment of God".[96]In the first episode of the third season, Walt finds the teddy bear's missing eye in the pool skimmer. Television critic Myles McNutt has called it "a symbol of the damage [Walter] feels responsible for",[97] and The A.V. Club commented that "the pink teddy bear continues to accuse."[98] Fans and critics have compared the appearance of the teddy bear's face to an image of Gus Fring's face in the fourth-season finale.[99]The teddy bear prop was auctioned off, among other memorabilia, on September 29, 2013, the air date of the show finale.[100][101]ColorsA recurring symbol within Breaking Bad is the use of color, particularly the characters' color for wardrobe, being used to represent a character's state of mind or a relationship between characters or to foreshadow an event.[102] In an interview with Vulture, Vince Gilligan says "Color is important on Breaking Bad; we always try to think in terms of it. We always try to think of the color that a character is dressed in, in the sense that it represents on some level their state of mind."[103]Walt WhitmanWalter White's name is reminiscent of the poet Walt Whitman.[91] During the series, Gale Boetticher gives Walt a copy of Whitman's Leaves of Grass.[104] Prior to giving this gift, Boetticher recites "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer".[105] In the episode "Bullet Points", Hank finds the initials W.W. written in Boetticher's notes, and jokes with Walt that they are his initials, although Walt indicates that they must refer to Whitman.In the episode "Hazard Pay", Walt finds the copy of Leaves of Grass as he is packing up his bedroom, briefly smiles, and leaves it out to read. This occurs at an especially high point in his life, when he feels that things are coming together and he is succeeding in all his ventures. A poem in the book, "Song of Myself", is based on many of these same feelings, furthering the connection between Walt's life and Whitman's poetry.[106] The mid-season finale of season five, "Gliding Over All", is titled after poem 271 of Leaves of Grass.[107] In the episode, Hank finds Leaves of Grass in Walt's bathroom and opens it to the cover page, where he reads the hand-written inscription: "To my other favorite W.W. It's an honour working with you. Fondly G.B." Upon reading this, Hank becomes visibly shocked, realizing the truth about Walter for the first time, which provides the opening premise for the second half of the final season.Reception and legacyCritical receptionCritical response of Breaking BadSeason	Rotten Tomatoes	Metacritic1	86% (8.3/10 average rating) (43 reviews)[108]	73 (27 reviews)[109]2	97% (9.1/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[110]	84 (19 reviews)[111]3	100% (9.2/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[112]	89 (15 reviews)[113]4	100% (9.6/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[114]	96 (15 reviews)[115]5	97% (9.5/10 average rating) (99 reviews)[116]	99 (22 reviews)[117]Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes scores per seasonBreaking Bad received widespread critical acclaim and has been praised by many critics as one of the greatest television shows of all time.[118] On the review aggregator website Metacritic (using a scale of 0–100), the first season scored 73,[109] the second 84,[111] the third 89,[113] the fourth 96,[115] and the fifth 99.[117] The American Film Institute listed Breaking Bad as one of the top ten television series of 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.[119][120][121][122][123] In 2013, TV Guide ranked it as the ninth greatest TV series of all time.[124] By its end, the series was among the most-watched cable shows on American television, with audience numbers doubling from the fourth season to the fifth.[125] A 2015 survey by The Hollywood Reporter of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named Breaking Bad as their #2 favorite show.[126] In 2016 and 2022, Rolling Stone ranked it third on its list of 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.[127][128] In September 2019, The Guardian ranked the show fifth on its list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century, describing it as "The show that arguably killed off the antihero drama; nothing since has been able to top the depraved descent made by Walter White (a never-better Bryan Cranston), from milquetoast chemistry teacher to meth overlord, and few have dared to try."[129] In 2021, Empire ranked Breaking Bad at number one on their list of The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.[130] Allen St. John of Forbes called it "The best TV show ever".[131] In 2021, it was voted the third-best TV series of the 21st century by the BBC, as picked by 206 TV experts from around the world.[132]For the first season, the series saw a generally positive reception. New York Post critic Linda Stasi praised the series, particularly the acting of Cranston and Paul, stating "Cranston and Paul are so good, it's astounding. I'd say the two have created great chemistry, but I'm ashamed to say such a cheap thing."[133] Robert Bianco of USA Today also praised Cranston and Paul, exclaiming "There is humor in the show, mostly in Walt's efforts to impose scholarly logic on the business and on his idiot apprentice, a role Paul plays very well. But even their scenes lean toward the suspenseful, as the duo learns that killing someone, even in self-defense, is ugly, messy work."[134]The second season saw critical acclaim. Entertainment Weekly critic Ken Tucker stated "Bad is a superlatively fresh metaphor for a middle-age crisis: It took cancer and lawbreaking to jolt Walt out of his suburban stupor, to experience life again—to take chances, risk danger, do things he didn't think himself capable of doing. None of this would work, of course, without Emmy winner Cranston's ferocious, funny selflessness as an actor. For all its bleakness and darkness, there's a glowing exhilaration about this series: It's a feel-good show about feeling really bad."[135] San Francisco Chronicle's Tim Goodman claimed "The first three episodes of Season 2 that AMC sent out continue that level of achievement with no evident missteps. In fact, it looks as if Gilligan's bold vision for Breaking Bad, now duly rewarded against all odds, has invigorated everyone involved in the project. You can sense its maturity and rising ambition in each episode."[136] Horror novelist Stephen King lauded the series, comparing it to the likes of Twin Peaks and Blue Velvet.[137]From left to right: Josh Sapan (AMC president and CEO), Aaron Paul (Jesse Pinkman), Vince Gilligan (creator), Bryan Cranston (Walter White) and Charlie Collier (President, general manager)The third season also saw critical acclaim. Time proclaimed, "It's a drama that has chosen the slow burn over the flashy explosion, and it's all the hotter for that choice."[138] Newsday stated Breaking Bad was still TV's best series and it stayed true to itself.[139] Tim Goodman praised the writing, acting, and cinematography, pointing out the "visual adventurousness" of the series. Goodman went on to call the show's visuals "a combination of staggering beauty – the directors make use of numerous wide-angle landscape portraits – and transfixing weirdness."[140] After the finale aired, The A.V. Club said that season three was "one of television's finest dramatic accomplishments. And what makes it so exciting – what makes the recognition of the current golden age so pressing – is that the season has not been, as [another reviewer] put it in another context, 'television good.' The heart-in-the-throat quality of this season comes as much from the writers' exhilarating disregard for television conventions as from the events portrayed."[141]Season four won near-universal critical acclaim. The Boston Globe referred to the show as a "taut exercise in withheld disaster" and declared the show "riveting".[142] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette labeled the series "smart and thought provoking that elevates the artistic achievements of the medium".[143] Season four was listed by many critics as one of the best seasons of television in 2011.[144] Time listed Walter White's "I am the one who knocks" line as one of the best television lines of 2011.[145] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette listed it as the best series of 2011 while noting that "Breaking Bad is that rare TV series that has never made a seriously damaging storytelling misstep."[146] The A.V. Club's review of the finale summed it up as a "fantastically fitting end for a season that ran in slow motion, starting and continuing with so many crises begging for resolution week after week. Now the decks are cleared, but that doesn't mean anybody is home free. Nothing's ever easy on Breaking Bad." The reviewer continued to exalt the season, and proclaimed, "What a season of television – truly something none of us could ever have expected, or claimed we deserved."[147]Both halves of the fifth season received overwhelming critical acclaim. Following the end of the series, critic Nick Harley summarized his commendation of the show: "Expertly written, virtuosic with its direction, and flawlessly performed, Breaking Bad is everything you could want in a drama. Critics will spend the next decade dissecting and arguing about what made it great, but the reasons are endless and already well documented."[148] During the final season, the show also received praise from George R. R. Martin, author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, particularly the episode "Ozymandias"; Martin commented that "Walter White is a bigger monster than anyone in Westeros."[149] In his review of the second half of season 5, Seth Amitin of IGN stated, "This final batch of Breaking Bad is one of the best run of episodes TV has ever offered," and praised "Ozymandias" in particular, referring to it as "maybe the best episode of TV [he's] ever seen".[150] Jonah Goldberg of National Review called it "the best show currently on television, and perhaps even the best ever".[151] The veteran actor Sir Anthony Hopkins wrote a letter of praise to Bryan Cranston, telling him that his "performance as Walter White was the best acting I have seen – ever". He lauded the rest of the cast and crew as well.[152][153] The letter first appeared on Steven Michael Quezada's (who portrayed DEA Agent Steven Gomez) Facebook page, and in spite of it being taken down, the letter soon went viral.[154] In 2013, Guinness World Records named Breaking Bad the highest-rated TV series of all time, citing its season 5 Metacritic score of 99 out of 100.[155][156]CriticismBreaking Bad has been accused by some members of law enforcement and the legal community of normalizing or glorifying methamphetamine creation and usage.[157][158][159]ViewershipBreaking Bad premiered on the same night as both the NFC and AFC Championships in the 2008 NFL playoffs, an intentional decision by AMC hoping to capture the adult male viewership immediately following the planned end of the NFC game.[22] The game ran over its time slot, cutting into Breaking Bad's timeslot in most of America. As a result, the pilot had only about 1.4 million viewers. Coupled with the ongoing writers strike, the first season did not draw as large of a viewership as they expected.[26] However, with subsequent seasons, viewership increased, avoiding the usual trend of downward viewership that most serialized shows had.[22] Ratings further increased by the fourth season as, prior to airing, the previous seasons had been added to Netflix, boosting interest in the show.[22] Breaking Bad is considered the first such show to have a renewed burst of interest due to the show being made available on Netflix.[35] The second half of the final season saw record viewership, with the series finale reaching over 10.3 million viewers.[160]Viewership and ratings per season of Breaking BadSeason	Timeslot (ET)	Episodes	First aired	Last aired	Avg. viewers(millions)Date	Viewers(millions)	Date	Viewers(millions)1	Sunday 10:00 pm	7	January 20, 2008	1.41[160]	March 9, 2008	1.50[161]	1.23[162]2	13	March 8, 2009	1.66[163]	May 31, 2009	1.50[164]	1.30[165]3	13	March 21, 2010	1.95[166]	June 13, 2010	1.56[167]	1.52[168]4	13	July 17, 2011	2.58[169]	October 9, 2011	1.90[170]	1.87[171]5A	8	July 15, 2012	2.93[172]	September 2, 2012	2.78[173]	4.32[174]5B	Sunday 9:00 pm	8	August 11, 2013	5.92[175]	September 29, 2013	10.28[176]Breaking Bad : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research[162][165][177][171][174]Awards and nominationsMain article: List of awards and nominations received by Breaking BadThe cast and crew of Breaking Bad at the 68th Annual Peabody AwardsThe series received numerous awards and nominations, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards and 58 nominations, including winning for Outstanding Drama Series in 2013 and 2014.[62] It also won two Peabody Awards, one in 2008[178] and one in 2013.[179]For his portrayal of Walter White, Bryan Cranston won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times, in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2014.[180] Cranston also won the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama in 2009 and the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series: Drama in 2008, 2009, and 2010, as well as the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television in 2012.Aaron Paul won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2010, 2012, and 2014. Paul also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2010 and 2012. Anna Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2013 and 2014. For his work on season four, Giancarlo Esposito won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.In 2010 and 2012, Breaking Bad won the TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama, as well as the TCA Award for Program of the Year in 2013. In 2009 and 2010, the series won the Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Drama, along with the Saturn Award for Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The series won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Dramatic Series in both 2012 and 2013.[181] In 2013, it was named No. 13 in a list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series of All Time by the Writers Guild of America[182] and won, for the first time, the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. Overall, the show has won 110 industry awards and has been nominated for 262.Retrospective conversationsWriters reunion"There was a hive mind with these wonderful writers, where I don't remember who said what, and it doesn't even matter whose idea was whose. But I remember one afternoon, somebody said — and I was kind of into it for a while — "Wouldn't it be really ironic if Walt is the only one to survive this?" Because it does seem so obvious that Walt should expire at the end of the final episode — but maybe he's the only one left alive. Maybe he still does have a death sentence, but we go out on him alive, and maybe his whole family's been wiped out. That would have been really f—ing dark."—Vince Gilligan, on an alternate ending[183]Variety held a Q&A with most of the original writing staff to reflect on the show's run, the final season, the writing process, and alternative endings. Along with creator Vince Gilligan, fellow writers and producers Peter Gould, Thomas Schnauz, Gennifer Hutchison, Moira Walley-Beckett, Sam Catlin and George Mastras joined to discuss memories from the show's humble beginnings, character transformations that concluded in the final season as well as surprising developments along the way. For instance, the character of Jesse Pinkman was originally supposed to die halfway through season one in a tragic drug deal gone horribly wrong. The reasoning behind this decision was that Jesse served his purpose "in a meat-and-potatoes, logistical sense. The character would give Walt his entrée into the business" before meeting his demise. However, this was eventually done away with as the story progressed beyond Gilligan's early scripts.[183]The writers also opened up on their collaborative process and how their form of storytelling evolved with the show. According to writer George Mastras,"Screen time was precious, and infusing every moment with the emotion [was the point], not just forming the pieces of the puzzle to tell the story, which is hard enough. If you're going to take five seconds of screen time, you'd better damn well be sure that there's an emotion there. It may be very, very subtle, but trust the audiences to pick up on that, because audiences do."[183]The development of certain characters posed challenges. Skyler White became unsympathetic to most viewers in earlier seasons as she was often presented as an obstacle to Walt's ultimate agenda. The writers struggled to change the dynamic and realized that "the only way people were going to like Skyler was if she started going along with what Walt was doing." It was a tricky shift to alter on screen because they didn't want to betray her character so they justified the change by using her past job as a bookkeeper to segue into her helping Walt money launder his cash under the guise of a car wash. Breaking the individual episodes was another form of problem-solving for the writers. They stressed the importance of not letting the "master plan" stop them from staying true to the world they created. There came a point where tracking the characters on a moment-by-moment basis proved to be more useful rather than the general direction of the story. Peter Gould said they would always start with the last thought in a character's head. "Where's Jesse's head at? That was always the prelude to the breakthrough moment, because when you said that, it's usually because we had gotten attached to some big plan or some big set-piece that we thought had to be there, but the characters didn't want to do what we wanted them to do."[183]Rian Johnson's experience on the showDirector Rian Johnson worked on three episodes ("Fly", "Fifty-One" and "Ozymandias") and in an interview with IGN shared his memories from behind the camera. He shed some light on the process including the fact that he sat through "tone meetings" with Vince Gilligan. The two of them talked about every dramatic beat in a script, the distinct visual look of the show, and how the tonal shift of each scene had to feel natural while serving the main storyline of the particular episode. Johnson also revealed that he learned so much about working with actors because of his directing of Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul, describing the experience as a "free masterclass."[184]When asked about the show's lasting legacy, Johnson offered up his thoughts,"I think the seriousness and depth with which it took its characters is the thing that really makes it stand apart for me. And that's where the power of it comes from. Obviously, starting with Walter White, there's just very few stories that are told on that scale, that have a character who is that deeply considered at the center of it. And I've heard people describe it as Shakespearean, and I know that word gets tossed around a lot, but I think in this case it really does apply. And that speaks, not so much to the fact that he goes to a dark place, but the fact that his entire journey is so deeply resonant, because it's so deeply considered."[184]FranchiseMain article: Breaking Bad (franchise)Breaking Bad's success caused numerous spin-offs and a media franchise. This includes a spin-off prequel series, a Spanish-language adaptation, a sequel film, a talk show, and a video game.[185][186][187][188][189]Real-life influenceSeveral attempts to create a real restaurant concept after Los Pollos Hermanos have occurred, most notably in 2019, Family Style, Inc., a chain of restaurants in California, Nevada, and Illinois, which secured rights from Sony and with Gilligan's blessing to sell chicken dinners through Uber Eats under the name and branding "Los Pollos Hermanos" in a three-year deal.[190]Law enforcement authorities have reported occasional instances of seizing blue crystal methamphetamine in drug-related arrests and raids. The appearance of "blue meth" in real-world drug use has been attributed to Breaking Bad's popularity.[191]Cult followingIn 2015, series creator Vince Gilligan publicly requested fans of the series to stop reenacting a scene from "Caballo sin Nombre" in which Walter angrily throws a pizza onto his own roof after Skyler refuses to let him inside; this came after complaints from the home's real-life owner.[192] Cranston reprised his role of the character in a commercial for Esurance which aired during Super Bowl XLIX, one week before the premiere of Breaking Bad spin-off Better Call Saul.[193]Tributes from AlbuquerqueA Breaking Bad fan group placed a paid obituary for Walter White in the Albuquerque Journal, October 4, 2013.[194] On October 19, 2013, a mock funeral procession (including a hearse and a replica of Walter's meth lab RV) and service for the character was held at Albuquerque's Sunset Memorial Park cemetery. A headstone was placed with a photo of Cranston as Walter. While some residents were unhappy with the makeshift gravesite for closure with the show, tickets for the event raised nearly $17,000 for a local charity called Healthcare for the Homeless.[195][196]Gilligan and Sony Television Pictures commissioned and donated a bronze statue of Walter and Jesse to the city of Albuquerque in July 2022, which is on display at the Albuquerque Convention Center.[197]New Mexico Law ReviewIn May 2015, the New Mexico Law Review published a collection of eight articles by legal scholars, each dedicated to dissecting legal issues presented by Breaking Bad.[198][199] The articles discussed issues such as whether the attorney–client privilege would protect communications with Saul Goodman,[200] and whether Walter White could have filed a lawsuit to force his way back into Gray Matter Technologies.[201]References Poniewozik, James (June 21, 2010). "Breaking Bad: TV's Best Thriller". Time. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. 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Breaking Bad

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For other uses, see Breaking Bad (disambiguation).

Breaking Bad

Genre | Crime drama Serial drama Thriller[1]Neo-Western[2][3]Black comedy[4]Tragedy[5][6]
Created by | Vince Gilligan
Starring | Bryan Cranston Anna Gunn Aaron Paul Dean Norris Betsy Brandt RJ Mitte Giancarlo Esposito Bob Odenkirk Jonathan Banks Laura Fraser Jesse Plemons
Composer | Dave Porter
Country of origin | United States
Original languages | EnglishSpanish
No. of seasons | 5
No. of episodes | 62 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producers | Vince Gilligan Mark Johnson Michelle MacLaren
Producers | Stewart A. LyonsSam Catlin John Shiban Peter Gould George Mastras Thomas SchnauzMelissa BernsteinDiane MercerBryan CranstonMoira Walley-BeckettKaren MoorePatty Lin
Production location | Albuquerque, New Mexico
Cinematography | Michael Slovis Reynaldo Villalobos Arthur Albert John Toll Nelson CraggMarshall Adams
Editors | Kelley DixonSkip Macdonald Chris McCalebSharidan Williams-SoteloLynne Willingham
Running time | 43–58 minutes
Production companies | High Bridge EntertainmentGran Via ProductionsSony Pictures Television
Distributor | Sony Pictures Television
Budget | $3 million per episode
Release
Original network | AMC
Picture format | HDTV 1080i
Audio format | 5.1 surround sound
Original release | January 20, 2008 –
September 29, 2013
Chronology
Followed by | Better Call Saul
El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie
Related | Talking Bad Metástasis

Breaking Bad is an American crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan. Set and filmed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the series follows Walter White (Bryan Cranston), an underpaid, overqualified, and dispirited high-school chemistry teacher who is struggling with a recent diagnosis of stage-three lung cancer. White turns to a life of crime and partners with a former student, Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul), to produce and distribute methamphetamine to secure his family's financial future before he dies, while navigating the dangers of the criminal underworld. The show aired on AMC from January 20, 2008, to September 29, 2013, consisting of five seasons for a total of 62 episodes.

Among the show's co-stars are Anna Gunn and RJ Mitte as Walter's wife Skyler and son Walter Jr., and Betsy Brandt and Dean Norris as Skyler's sister Marie Schrader and her husband Hank, a DEA agent. Others include Bob Odenkirk as Walter's and Jesse's lawyer Saul Goodman, Jonathan Banks as private investigator and fixer Mike Ehrmantraut, and Giancarlo Esposito as drug kingpin Gus Fring. The final season introduces Jesse Plemons as the criminally ambitious Todd Alquist, and Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte-Quayle, a cunning business executive secretly managing Walter's global meth sales for her company.

Breaking Bad's first season received generally positive reviews, while the rest of its run received unanimous critical acclaim, with praise for the performances, direction, cinematography, screenplay, story, and character development. Since its conclusion, the show has been lauded by critics as one of the greatest television series of all time. It had fair viewership in its first three seasons, but the fourth and fifth seasons saw a moderate rise in viewership when it was made available on Netflix just before the fourth season premiere. Viewership increased more drastically upon the premiere of the second half of the fifth season in 2013. By the time that the series finale aired, it was among the most-watched cable shows on American television. The show received numerous awards, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, eight Satellite Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two Peabody Awards, two Critics' Choice Awards, and four Television Critics Association Awards. Cranston won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times, while Aaron Paul won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series three times; Anna Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series twice. In 2013, Breaking Bad entered the Guinness World Records as the most critically acclaimed TV show of all time.

The series gave rise to the larger Breaking Bad franchise. A sequel film, El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie, starring Paul was released on Netflix and in theaters on October 11, 2019. Better Call Saul, a prequel series featuring Odenkirk, Banks, and Esposito reprising their Breaking Bad roles, as well as many others in guest and recurring appearances, debuted on AMC on February 8, 2015, and concluded on August 15, 2022.

Contents

1Premise

2Cast and characters

2.1Main characters

2.2Recurring characters

2.3Special guest appearances

3Production

3.1Conception

3.2Development history

3.3Casting

3.4Scientific accuracy

3.5Technical aspects

4Episodes

4.1Season 1 (2008)

4.2Season 2 (2009)

4.3Season 3 (2010)

4.4Season 4 (2011)

4.5Season 5 (2012–13)

5Themes

5.1Moral consequences

5.2Devotion to family

5.3Pride

6Symbols

6.1Pink teddy bear

6.2Colors

6.3Walt Whitman

7Reception and legacy

7.1Critical reception

7.2Criticism

7.3Viewership

7.4Awards and nominations

8Retrospective conversations

8.1Writers reunion

8.2Rian Johnson's experience on the show

9Franchise

10Real-life influence

10.1Cult following

10.2Tributes from Albuquerque

10.3New Mexico Law Review

11References

12External links

Premise

Set in Albuquerque, New Mexico, between 2008 and 2010,[7] Breaking Bad follows Walter White, a modest high school chemistry teacher who transforms into a ruthless kingpin in the local methamphetamine drug trade, driven to financially provide for his family after being diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. Initially making only small batches of meth with his former student Jesse Pinkman in a rolling meth lab, Walter and Jesse eventually expand to make larger batches of special blue meth that is incredibly pure and creates high demand. Walter takes on the name "Heisenberg" to mask his identity. Because of his drug-related activities, Walter eventually finds himself at odds with his family, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) through his brother-in-law Hank Schrader, the local gangs, and the Mexican drug cartels (including their regional distributors), putting him and his family's lives at risk.

Cast and characters

Main article: List of characters in the Breaking Bad franchise

Breaking Bad cast and crew (left to right): creator Vince Gilligan, RJ Mitte (Walter Jr.), Aaron Paul (Jesse Pinkman), Anna Gunn (Skyler White), Bryan Cranston (Walter White), Dean Norris (Hank Schrader), and producer Mark Johnson

Main characters

Bryan Cranston as Walter White – a high-school chemistry teacher who, shortly after his 50th birthday, is diagnosed with Stage III lung cancer and turns to making meth to secure his family's finances. As his shady business progresses, Walter gains a notorious reputation under the alias of "Heisenberg". Cranston stated that, though he enjoyed doing comedy, he decided he

... should really focus on doing something else. But I think any good drama worth its weight always has a sprinkling of comedy in it, because you can ease the tension to an audience when it's necessary, and then build it back up again. Walt White has no clue he's occasionally funny, but as an actor, I recognize when there are comedic moments and opportunities.[8]

Anna Gunn as Skyler White – Walter's wife who was pregnant with their second child before his diagnosis and who becomes increasingly suspicious of her husband after he begins behaving in unfamiliar ways. Gunn sees Skyler as "grounded, tough, smart and driven". Gunn sees Skyler's stalled writing career as her biggest dream, saying, "I think she really deep down yearns to be an artist and to be creative and productive."[9]

Aaron Paul as Jesse Pinkman – Walter's cooking partner and former student. Paul sees Jesse as a funny kid. "He's just this lost soul – I don't think he's a bad kid, he just got mixed in the wrong crowd." Paul elaborated on the character's background, saying, "He doesn't come from an abusive, alcoholic background. But maybe he just didn't relate to his father, maybe his father was too strict and too proper for Jesse." Paul compared the character's relationship with Walt to The Odd Couple.[10]

Dean Norris as Hank Schrader – Marie's husband, Walter and Skyler's brother-in-law and a DEA agent. At the beginning of the series, Hank was intended to be the "comic relief". Norris, who has played several policemen before in film and television, stated:

Having played so many cops, I've talked with a lot of technical advisers, so I've been able to pick up a lot. Coincidentally, one of my best friends growing up is a cop in Chicago, and one of my other best friends out in LA is a sheriff. So I get to see all the components of that culture.[11]

Betsy Brandt as Marie Schrader – Skyler's sister and Hank's kleptomaniac wife. Brandt described Marie as "an unpleasant bitch", but also stated there was more to her than that. "I think we're seeing more of it now that she would be there for her family. But it's all about her."[12]

RJ Mitte as Walter White, Jr. – Walter and Skyler's son, who has cerebral palsy. He begins lashing out after Walter's cancer announcement. Like Walter Jr., Mitte has cerebral palsy, although his is a milder form.[13] Mitte stated he had to regress from his therapy to portray the character, staying up late into the night to slur his speech and learning to walk on crutches so his walking would not look fake.[14]

Giancarlo Esposito as Gustavo "Gus" Fring (guest season 2, main cast season 3–4) – a Chilean high-level drug distributor who has a cover as an owner of the fast-food chain Los Pollos Hermanos. Esposito stated that for the third season, he incorporated his yoga training in his performance.

Gus is the coolest cucumber that ever walked the Earth. I think about Eddie Olmos way back in Miami Vice. He was like dead – he was hardly breathing. I thought, how is this guy just standing in this fire and doing nothing? Gus has totally allowed me that level of flexibility and relaxation – not because he has ultimate power and he knows he can take someone's life. He's just confident.[15]

Bob Odenkirk as Saul Goodman (recurring season 2, main cast season 3–5) – a crooked strip mall lawyer who represents Walt and Jesse. Odenkirk drew inspiration for Goodman from film producer Robert Evans.

I thought about Robert Evans because I've listened to The Kid Stays in the Picture on CD. He's constantly switching up his cadence and his delivery. He emphasizes interesting words. He has loads of attitude in almost every line that he says. So when I rehearse the scenes alone I do my impersonation of Robert Evans to find those moments and turns. Then I go out and I do Saul.[16]

Jonathan Banks as Mike Ehrmantraut (guest star season 2, main cast season 3–5A) – works for Gus as an all-purpose cleaner and hitman, and also works for Saul as a private investigator. The character of Mike has been compared to Harvey Keitel's Winston Wolf character in Pulp Fiction, which Banks says he is not trying to emulate: "I immediately tried to put it out of my mind, quite honestly. His cleaner ain't my cleaner. But throughout this world, you would suspect there had been a great many cleaners, whether government-run or individual contractors."[17]

Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte-Quayle (recurring season 5A, main cast season 5B) – a high-ranking employee of Madrigal Electromotive and a former associate of Gus Fring. She reluctantly begins supplying Walt and Jesse with methylamine and helps Walt expand his operation overseas.

Jesse Plemons as Todd Alquist (recurring season 5A, main cast season 5B) – an employee of Vamonos Pest Control who becomes an associate of Walt and Jesse.

Recurring characters

Steven Michael Quezada as Steven "Gomey" Gomez – Hank's DEA partner and best friend who assists in tracking down and learning the identity of Heisenberg. In comical situations between him and Hank, Gomez serves as the "straight man".

Matt Jones as Brandon "Badger" Mayhew – Jesse's drug-addicted, dimwitted friend who often serves as the series' comic relief.

Charles Baker as Skinny Pete – A friend of Jesse and a fellow pusher.

Rodney Rush as Christian "Combo" Ortega – Also a friend of Jesse and a fellow pusher.

Jessica Hecht and Adam Godley as Gretchen and Elliott Schwartz – Co-owners of Gray Matter, a company that they co-founded alongside Walter, who left the business prior to its major success. Gretchen was a former flame of Walt's and partially the reason he left.

Raymond Cruz as Tuco Salamanca – A sociopathic Mexican drug kingpin who becomes Walt and Jesse's meth distributor.

Mark Margolis as Hector Salamanca – A former high-ranking member of the Juarez Cartel who is now unable to walk or speak because of a stroke, communicating with the help of a bell. He is the uncle of Tuco, Marco, and Leonel Salamanca.

Christopher Cousins as Ted Beneke – Skyler's boss and president of Beneke Fabricators who begins developing financial problems, resulting in an intervention from Skyler.

Krysten Ritter as Jane Margolis – Jesse's apartment manager and girlfriend, who is a recovering addict.

John de Lancie as Donald Margolis – Jane Margolis' father, an air traffic controller.

David Costabile as Gale Boetticher – A chemist hired by Gus Fring to work alongside Walter.

Daniel Moncada and Luis Moncada as Leonel and Marco Salamanca – Two ruthless and taciturn hitmen for the Juarez Cartel who are the cousins of Tuco Salamanca and the nephews of Hector Salamanca.

Javier Grajeda as Juan Bolsa – A high-ranking member of the Juarez Cartel who acts as the mediator between the Salamancas and Gus Fring.

Emily Rios as Andrea Cantillo – Jesse's second girlfriend, who is also a recovering addict. She has a young son named Brock.

Jeremiah Bitsui as Victor – A loyal henchman to Gus who serves as his enforcer along with Mike.

Ray Campbell as Tyrus Kitt – Gus's enforcer along with Mike during season 4.

Lavell Crawford as Huell Babineaux – Saul's bodyguard who also handles problems Walter needs fixing.

Tina Parker as Francesca Liddy – Saul Goodman's receptionist.

Bill Burr as Patrick Kuby – A hired con man of Saul's who handles various sensitive tasks involving verbal intimidation, coercion, and misdirection.

Michael Bowen as Jack Welker – Todd's uncle and the leader of the Aryan Brotherhood, a white supremacist gang.

Kevin Rankin as Kenny – Jack's second-in-command.

Special guest appearances

Danny Trejo as Tortuga – A Mexican cartel member and DEA informant.

DJ Qualls as Getz – An Albuquerque police officer who brings Badger into police custody, prompting Walt to turn to Saul Goodman.

Jim Beaver as Lawson – An Albuquerque arms dealer who obtains several guns for Walt.

Steven Bauer as Don Eladio Vuente – The leader of the Juarez Cartel who has a history with Gus.

Robert Forster as Ed Galbraith – A vacuum cleaner repairman whose undercover business is a new identity specialist.

Charlie Rose as himself.

Production

Conception

Breaking Bad was created by Vince Gilligan, who spent several years writing the Fox series The X-Files. Gilligan wanted to create a series in which the protagonist became the antagonist. "Television is historically good at keeping its characters in a self-imposed stasis so that shows can go on for years or even decades," he said. "When I realized this, the logical next step was to think, how can I do a show in which the fundamental drive is toward change?"[18] He added that his goal with Walter White was to turn him from Mr. Chips into Scarface.[19][20][21] Gilligan believed the concept of showing the full drastic transformation of a character across the run of a television show was a risky concept and would be difficult to pitch without other powerful factors to support it, such as strong cinematography and acting.[22]

The show's title is a Southern colloquialism meaning, among other things, "raising hell", and was chosen by Gilligan to describe Walter's transformation.[23] According to Time entertainment editor Lily Rothman, the term has a broader meaning and is an old phrase which "connotes more violence than 'raising hell' does ... [T]he words possess a wide variety of nuances: to 'break bad' can mean to 'go wild', to 'defy authority', and break the law, to be verbally 'combative, belligerent, or threatening' or, followed by the preposition 'on', 'to dominate or humiliate'."[24]

The concept emerged as Gilligan talked with his fellow X-Files writer Thomas Schnauz regarding their current unemployment and joked that the solution was for them to put a "meth lab in the back of an RV and [drive] around the country cooking meth and making money".[25]

After writing the concept for the show and pilot, Gilligan pitched it to Sony Pictures Television, who became very interested in supporting it. Sony arranged for meetings with the various cable networks. Showtime passed on this, as they had already started broadcasting Weeds, a show with similarities to the premise of Breaking Bad.[26] While his producers convinced him that the show was different enough to still be successful, Gilligan later stated that he would not have gone forward with the idea had he known about Weeds earlier.[27] Other networks like HBO and TNT also passed on the idea, but eventually FX took interest and began initial discussions on producing the pilot.[26] At the same time, FX had also started development of Dirt, a female-centric crime-based drama series, and with three existing male-centric shows already on the network, FX passed up Breaking Bad for Dirt.[26]

One of Gilligan's agents spoke to Jeremy Elice, the director of original programming for AMC who was looking for more original shows to add alongside their upcoming Mad Men. Elice was intrigued, and soon a meeting was set up between Gilligan, Elice, and two programming executives. Gilligan was not optimistic about this meeting, fearing they would just put him off, but instead all three showed great interest, and the meeting ended up establishing how AMC would acquire the rights from FX and set the pilot into production. It took about a year following this meeting before Sony had set up the rights with AMC and production could start.[26]

Development history

Breaking Bad was filmed at various locations across Albuquerque. Clockwise from top left: the house used for the Whites' home, the fast food restaurant that was used for Los Pollos Hermanos, the Crossroads Motels used in-show for various drug deals, a rental home used for Jane's and Jesse's apartment, the car wash where Walter works part-time, and the Doghouse, a functioning drive-in restaurant.

The network ordered nine episodes for the first season (including the pilot), but the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike limited the production to seven episodes, as well as delaying the start of production for the second season.[28] Within the original nine-episode arc, Gilligan had planned to kill off Jesse or Hank, as a "ballsy" moment to end the season on.[22] This death was eliminated with the limited episode count, which Gilligan found to be a net positive given the strength of acting that both Paul and Norris brought to these roles through the seasons.[22] The strike also helped to slow down production long enough for Gilligan and his writing team to readjust the pacing of the show, which in the original arc had been moving too quickly.[22] Gould stated that the writer's strike "saved the show", as if they had produced the two additional episodes in the first season, they would have gone down a different creative path that he believes would have led to the show's cancellation by its third season.[29]

The initial versions of the script were set in Riverside, California, but at the suggestion of Sony, Albuquerque was chosen for the production's location due to the favorable financial conditions offered by the state of New Mexico. Once Gilligan recognized that this would mean "we'd always have to be avoiding the Sandia Mountains" in shots directed toward the east, the story setting was changed to the actual production location.[30][31] It was shot primarily on 35 mm film,[32] with digital cameras employed as needed for additional angles, point of view shots and time-lapse photography.[33] Breaking Bad cost $3 million per episode to produce, higher than the average cost for a basic cable program.[34]

Around 2010, AMC had expressed to Sony Pictures Television and Gilligan that they felt that the third season would be the last for Breaking Bad. Sony started to shop the show around, having gained quick interest from the FX network for two more seasons, upon which AMC changed its mind and allowed the show to continue.[35] At the same time, Netflix was starting to aggressively shop for content to add to its service and arranged a deal with Sony for Breaking Bad to be available after the airing of the fourth season. Knowing that AMC had placed Breaking Bad on a potential cancellation route, Sony pushed to have the show added to the service in time for the fourth season. Breaking Bad's viewership grew greatly as viewers binged the series on Netflix, helping to assure that a fifth season could be made. The fifth-season premiere had more than double the viewership compared to the fourth season premiere, attributed to the Netflix availability.[35] Gilligan thanked Netflix at the Emmy Awards in September 2013 after the series' conclusion for the popularity of the series, saying that Netflix "kept us on the air".[36]

As the series progressed, Gilligan and the writing staff of Breaking Bad made Walter increasingly unsympathetic.[19] Gilligan said during the run of the series, "He's going from being a protagonist to an antagonist. We want to make people question who they're pulling for, and why."[20] Cranston said by the fourth season, "I think Walt's figured out it's better to be a pursuer than the pursued. He's well on his way to badass."[21]

In July 2011, Vince Gilligan indicated that he intended to conclude Breaking Bad at the end of its fifth season.[37] In early August 2011, negotiations began over a deal regarding the fifth and possible final season between the network AMC and Sony Pictures Television, the production company of the series. AMC proposed a shortened fifth season (six to eight episodes, instead of 13) to cut costs, but the producers declined. Sony then approached other cable networks about possibly picking up the show if a deal could not be made.[38] On August 14, 2011, AMC renewed the series for a fifth and final season consisting of 16 episodes.[39] In April 2012, Bryan Cranston revealed that the fifth season would be split into two halves, with the first eight episodes airing in 2012, and the final eight in 2013.[40]

Before the series finale, Gilligan said that it was difficult to write for Walter White because the character was so dark and morally questionable: "I'm going to miss the show when it's over, but on some level, it'll be a relief to not have Walt in my head anymore."[41] Gilligan later said the idea for Walter's character intrigued him so much that he "didn't really give much thought on how well it would sell", stating that he would have given up on the premise since it was "such an odd, dark story" that could have difficulties being pitched to studios.[25] Ultimately, Gilligan chose to end Breaking Bad with Walter's death, occurring in-story two years after he had first been diagnosed with cancer and given two years to live. Gilligan said by the end of the series, "it feels as if we should adhere to our promise that we explicitly made to our audience" from the first episode.[42]

Casting

"You're going to see that underlying humanity, even when he's making the most devious, terrible decisions, and you need someone who has that humanity – deep down, bedrock humanity – so you say, watching this show, 'All right, I'll go for this ride. I don't like what he's doing, but I understand, and I'll go with it for as far as it goes.' If you don't have a guy who gives you that, despite the greatest acting chops in the world, the show is not going to succeed."

—Vince Gilligan, about Bryan Cranston[43]

Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in the "Drive" episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, on which Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that "Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it."[41][43] AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.[44] When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his X-Files episode.[45]

Cranston contributed significantly to the formation and development of the Walter White persona. When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.[41] At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline, and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed brown. He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as "impotent" and like a "dead caterpillar".[46] Cranston repeatedly identified elements in certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled,[47] and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters. Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as "a little hunched over, never erect, [as if] the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders." In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as "a kid trapped in a man's body".[41]

Aaron Paul's casting was also initially questioned by production, as Paul looked too old and too much like a "pretty boy" to be associated with meth cooking. Gilligan reconsidered Paul's skills after seeing his audition and recalling he had also had guest starred on The X-Files episode "Lord of the Flies".[26] Gilligan originally intended for Pinkman to be killed at the end of Breaking Bad's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt. However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that "it became pretty clear early on that that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse".[48] Similarly, Dean Norris had shown his ability to be a law enforcement official in The X-Files episode "F. Emasculata", and was brought on to be Hank Schrader, Walter's brother-in-law and DEA agent.[49]

Scientific accuracy

Donna Nelson, a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, checked scripts and provided dialogue. She also drew chemical structures and wrote chemical equations which were used as props. According to creator Vince Gilligan,

Dr. Donna Nelson from the University of Oklahoma approached us several seasons back and said, "I really like this show, and if you ever need help with the chemistry, I'd love to lend a hand." She's been a wonderful advisor. We get help wherever we need it, whether it's chemistry, electrical engineering, or physics. We try to get everything correct. There's no full-time [advisor] on set, but we run certain scenes by these experts first.[50]

"Because Walter White was talking to his students, I was able to dumb down certain moments of description and dialogue in the early episodes which held me until we had some help from some honest-to-God chemists," says Gilligan. According to Gilligan, Nelson "vets our scripts to make sure our chemistry dialogue is accurate and up to date. We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Administration based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us."[51] Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right, saying that Gilligan "said it made a difference to him."[52]

The gas mask worn when characters would cook meth in Breaking Bad is on display at the Mob Museum in Las Vegas.

Several episodes of Mythbusters featured attempts to validate or disprove scenes from Breaking Bad, often with Gilligan guest-starring in the episode to participate. In 2013, two scenes from the first season of Breaking Bad were put under scrutiny in a Mythbusters Breaking Bad special. Despite several modifications to what was seen in the show, both the scenes depicted in the show were shown to be physically impossible.[53] It was shown impossible to use hydrofluoric acid to fully dissolve metal, flesh, or ceramic as shown in the episode "Cat's in the Bag...", and that while it was possible to throw fulminated mercury against the floor to cause an explosion, as in the episode "Crazy Handful of Nothin'", Walter would have needed a much larger quantity of the compound and thrown at a much faster speed, and likely would have killed all in the room.[54][55] A later Mythbusters episode, "Blow It Out of the Water", tested the possibility of mounting an automated machine gun in a car as in the series finale "Felina", and found it plausible.[56] An episode of MythBusters Jr. proved that it was impossible for an electromagnet to draw metallic objects from across a room as in the episode "Live Free or Die".[57]

Jason Wallach of Vice magazine commended the accuracy of the cooking methods presented in the series. In early episodes, a once-common clandestine method, the Nagai red phosphorus/iodine method, is depicted, which uses pseudoephedrine as a precursor to d-(+)-methamphetamine.[58] By the season 1 finale, Walt chooses to use a different synthetic route based on the difficulty of acquiring enough pseudoephedrine to produce on the larger scale required. The new method Walt chooses is a reductive amination reaction, relying on phenyl-2-propanone and methylamine. On the show, the phenyl-2-propanone (otherwise known as phenylacetone or P2P) is produced from phenylacetic acid and acetic acid using a tube furnace and thorium dioxide (ThO₂) as a catalyst, as mentioned in episodes "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" and "Más". P2P and methylamine form an imine intermediate; reduction of this P2P-methylamine imine intermediate is performed using mercury aluminum amalgam, as shown in several episodes, including "Hazard Pay".[59]

The meth in each episode was blue candy created by the employees at "The Candy Lady".

One of the important plot points in the series is that the crystal meth Walter "cooks" has very long crystals, is very pure, and (despite its purity) has a strong cyan blue color. Pure crystal meth would be clear or white.[60]

In their article "Die Chemie bei Breaking Bad" on Chemie in unserer Zeit (translated into English on ChemistryViews as "The Chemistry of Breaking Bad"), Tunga Salthammer and Falk Harnish discuss the plausibility of the chemistry portrayed in certain scenes. According to the two, chemistry is clearly depicted as a manufacturing science without much explanation of analytical methods being provided. They also note, serious scientific subjects are mixed into the dialogue in order to show a world where chemistry plays a key role.[60]

Technical aspects

Michael Slovis was the cinematographer of Breaking Bad, beginning with the second season, and he received critical acclaim for his work throughout the series. Critics appreciated the bold visual style adopted by the TV series. Although series creator Vince Gilligan and Slovis wanted to shoot Breaking Bad in CinemaScope, Sony and AMC did not grant them permission. Gilligan cited Sergio Leone's Westerns as a reference for how he wanted the series to look.[61] Slovis received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series and Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series.[62]

Breaking Bad was shot on 35 mm movie film because of the robustness of the equipment and to keep a focus on shooting scenes economically. It also allowed for a later digital transfer to 4K Ultra HD resolution.[63] By the end of the fifth season, episodes had cost upwards of US$6 million to produce.[35]

Kelley Dixon was one of the few editors of Breaking Bad and edited many of the series' "meth montages". For the montages, she would use techniques such as jump cuts and alternating the speed of the film, either faster or slower.[64] For her work, she received six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series and won the award in 2013.[62]

Episodes

Main article: List of Breaking Bad episodes

SeasonEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast aired

1

| 7 | January 20, 2008 | March 9, 2008

2

| 13 | March 8, 2009 | May 31, 2009

3

| 13 | March 21, 2010 | June 13, 2010

4

| 13 | July 17, 2011 | October 9, 2011

5

| 16 | 8 | July 15, 2012 | September 2, 2012
8 | August 11, 2013 | September 29, 2013

The complete series was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 26, 2013, in a collectable box shaped like one of the barrels used by Walt to bury his money.[65] The set contains various features, including a two-hour documentary[66] and a humorous alternative ending that features Cranston and his Malcolm in the Middle co-star Jane Kaczmarek playing their characters Hal and Lois, in a nod to the final scene from Newhart.[67][68]

Season 1 (2008)

Main article: Breaking Bad (season 1)

The first season was originally intended to be nine episodes, but due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike only seven episodes were filmed.[28] It ran from January 20 to March 9, 2008.

Walter, diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer, conspires with Jesse to cook crystal meth to pay for his treatment and provide financial security for his family. Jesse secures an R.V. to cook in, while Walter devises a revolutionary formula using unregulated chemicals, creating a highly pure product tinted blue. After a run-in with the Mexican cartel, Walter adopts the nickname "Heisenberg" and trades his "blue sky" meth with psychotic drug lord Tuco Salamanca. The DEA and Hank, Walt's brother-in-law, become aware of Heisenberg's presence in the drug trade and begin investigating.

Season 2 (2009)

Main article: Breaking Bad (season 2)

Tuco and Walter become hostile and Tuco is killed by Hank. After a failed attempt by Walter and Jesse to start their own distribution network leaves one of their dealers arrested and one murdered, Walter hires corrupt lawyer Saul Goodman, who later connects them to high-profile drug distributor Gus Fring and hitman Mike Ehrmantraut. Jesse dates his apartment manager Jane, who introduces him to heroin, making him unreliable. After selling a shipment to Gus, Walt refuses to pay Jesse his half of the money, but Jane blackmails him. Walt returns to Jesse to apologize but instead allows an unconscious Jane to choke on her own vomit. Jesse, traumatized, enters rehab. Walt seems content until he witnesses a mid-air collision of two planes; a result of Jane's father, an air-traffic controller, becoming distraught over her death while working.

Season 3 (2010)

Main article: Breaking Bad (season 3)

On April 2, 2009, AMC announced that Breaking Bad was renewed for a third, 13-episode season.[69] It premiered on March 21, 2010, and concluded on June 13, 2010. The complete third season was released on Region 1 DVD and Region A Blu-ray on June 7, 2011.[70]

Skyler learns of Walt's crimes and seeks a divorce from him. Walt briefly retires from the drug trade, but Gus offers him a job cooking meth at a hidden lab with an assistant, Gale. Hank's investigation leads him to Jesse. He finds no evidence, but assaults Jesse and is suspended from the DEA. Walt, in order to keep Jesse from suing Hank, coerces Gus into replacing Gale with Jesse as his lab assistant. Hank is attacked by Tuco's vengeful cousins and kills them, becoming paralyzed in the aftermath. Jesse's behavior becomes erratic, and Walt is forced to kill two of Gus' drug dealers to protect Jesse. After an enraged Gus orders them killed, Walt convinces Jesse to kill Gale so Gus cannot replace them.

Season 4 (2011)

Main article: Breaking Bad (season 4)

On June 14, 2010, AMC announced Breaking Bad was renewed for a fourth, 13-episode season.[71] Production began in January 2011,[72] the season premiered on July 17, 2011, and concluded on October 9, 2011.[73] Originally, mini episodes of four minutes in length were to be produced before the premiere of the fourth season,[74] but these did not come to fruition.[75]

Gus tightens security at the lab after Gale's death. Gus and Mike drive a wedge between Walt and Jesse, coercing Jesse to be their solitary cook while at the same time eliminating the Mexican cartel. Skyler accepts Walt's meth cooking and conspires with Saul to launder the earnings. Hank, in recovery, tracks Gale's death to Gus and the drug trade, so he plans to kill Hank. Walt tricks Jesse into turning against Gus, and convinces Hector Salamanca, the last living member of the cartel, to detonate a bomb while meeting with Gus, killing them both.

Season 5 (2012–13)

Main article: Breaking Bad (season 5)

On August 14, 2011, AMC announced that Breaking Bad was renewed for a fifth and final season consisting of 16 episodes.[39] Season five is split into two parts, each consisting of 8 episodes. The first half premiered on July 15, 2012, while the second half premiered on August 11, 2013.[76] In August 2013, AMC released a trailer promoting the premiere of final season with Bryan Cranston reading the poem "Ozymandias" by Percy Bysshe Shelley, over timelapse shots of Breaking Bad locations.[77]

After Gus' death, Walt, Jesse, and Mike start a new meth business. When their accomplice Todd kills a child witness during a methylamine theft, Jesse and Mike sell their share of the methylamine to Declan, another distributor. Walter produces meth for Declan, and Gus' former associate Lydia starts distribution in Europe, which is so successful that Walter earns US$80 million, which he buries on the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation. After Walter kills Mike during an argument, he is given names of Mike's imprisoned men from Lydia. Walt hires Todd's uncle, Jack, and his gang to kill Mike's associates; they also kill Declan.

Hank discovers Walt is Heisenberg and begins gathering evidence. He turns to Jesse, who helps track Walt's money to the reservation. When Walt is arrested, Jack's gang arrives. They kill Hank, capture Jesse, and take most of Walt's money. Assuming Walt killed Hank, Skyler betrays Walt, forcing him to flee with the remaining money. After months in hiding, Walt plans to surrender but changes course after Elliott and Gretchen publicly minimize his involvement in starting Gray Matter. Walt manipulates Elliott and Gretchen to give his earnings to Walter Jr. once he turns 18. After poisoning Lydia, Walt admits to Skyler that he manufactured meth for his own satisfaction rather than for his family. At Jack's compound, Walter kills Jack and the rest of his gang with a remote turret and frees Jesse, who kills Todd. Wounded by his own weapon, Walt asks Jesse to kill him, but Jesse refuses. The two share a farewell glance before Jesse escapes. Walt dies from his wounds in Jack's meth lab.

Themes

Moral consequences

In an interview with The New York Times, creator Vince Gilligan said the larger lesson of the series is that "actions have consequences".[41] He elaborated on the show's philosophy:

If religion is a reaction of man, and nothing more, it seems to me that it represents a human desire for wrongdoers to be punished. I hate the idea of Idi Amin living in Saudi Arabia for the last 25 years of his life. That galls me to no end. I feel some sort of need for Biblical atonement, or justice, or something. I like to believe there is some comeuppance, that karma kicks in at some point, even if it takes years or decades to happen. My girlfriend says this great thing that's become my philosophy as well. 'I want to believe there's a heaven. But I can't not believe there's a hell.'

In a piece comparing the show to The Sopranos, Mad Men and The Wire, Chuck Klosterman said that Breaking Bad is "built on the uncomfortable premise that there's an irrefutable difference between what's right and what's wrong, and it's the only one where the characters have real control over how they choose to live". Klosterman added that the central question of Breaking Bad is: "What makes a man 'bad' – his actions, his motives, or his conscious decision to be a bad person?" Klosterman concluded that in the world of Breaking Bad, "goodness and badness are simply complicated choices, no different than anything else".[18]

Ross Douthat of The New York Times, in a response to Klosterman's piece, compared Breaking Bad and The Sopranos, stating that both series are "morality plays" that are "both interested in moral agency". Douthat went on to say that Walter White and Tony Soprano "represent mirror-image takes on the problem of evil, damnation, and free will". Walter is a man who "deliberately abandons the light for the darkness" while Tony is "someone born and raised in darkness" who turns down "opportunity after opportunity to claw his way upward to the light".[78]

Devotion to family

The show explores most of the main characters' connections to their families in great detail. Walt justifies his decision to cook crystal meth and become a criminal because of his desire to provide for his family.[79] In the third season he tries to exit the business because it has driven Skyler to leave him. Gus convinces him to stay, telling him it is a man's job to provide for his family, even if he is unloved.[80] In the final episode of the series, Walt finally admits to Skyler that the main motivation for his endeavors in the meth business was his own interest, in spite of secretly securing the $9.72 million he had managed to salvage for her and the children. Jesse's loneliness in the early seasons of the show can be partly explained by his parents' decision to kick him out of their home due to his drug-related activities. This parental disconnect brings him closer to Jane, whose father berates her for her drug use. When Walt crosses paths with Jane's father, Walt refers to Jesse as his nephew and laments the fact that he cannot get through to him. Jane's father responds by telling him to keep trying, saying, "Family. You can't give up on them, ever. What else is there?"[81] Jane's subsequent death, which Walt purposefully did not prevent, is a major factor in her father causing the airliner crash at the end of the second season.

Even the show's more hardened characters maintain ties to family. In the second season, Tuco Salamanca spends time caring for his physically disabled uncle, Hector. When Tuco is killed by Hank, his cousins vow revenge. Their actions are further explained in a flashback, where Hector explains to the brothers that "La familia es todo" ("Family is everything"). Gustavo Fring's franchise Los Pollos Hermanos translates to "The Chicken Brothers". This refers to the fact that the company was co-founded by Gus and a man named Max, with whom he shared a romantic relationship. When Max is killed by Hector Salamanca, Gus vows to destroy the Salamanca family and in particular to humiliate Hector and prolong and draw out his suffering.[79] In the first part of the fifth season, it is explained that Mike Ehrmantraut's intentions for being in this business were to provide for his granddaughter's future, and by his final episode he is conflicted when having to leave her in a park by herself once he has been warned that the police are onto him. During the second part of the fifth season, white supremacist Jack Welker says "don't skimp on family", and he lets Walt live after capturing him in the desert because of love for his nephew Todd Alquist, who has great respect for Walt. Lydia Rodarte-Quayle repeatedly demands that if Mike insists on killing her, that he leave her in her apartment so her daughter can find her, fearful she will think Lydia abandoned her. Much like Walt and Mike, Lydia seems to engage in the meth business in order to provide for her daughter, with actress Laura Fraser stating in an interview that Lydia's daughter is important to how "Lydia justified what she did to herself".[82]

Pride

Pride/hubris is a major theme in Walter White's tragic character arc. In an interview with The Village Voice, showrunner Vince Gilligan identified the tipping point at which Walt "breaks bad" as his prideful decision not to accept Gretchen and Elliott Schwartz's offer to pay for his chemotherapy (season 1, episode 5):

"They offer [Walter White] everything he needs. At the end of that hour he says, 'Thank you, no,' and he goes back to Jesse Pinkman and says, 'Let's cook.' And that was where the character truly got interesting for me. This guy's got some serious pride issues."[83]

The critically acclaimed episode "Ozymandias" references the Percy Bysshe Shelley poem of the same name, which describes the crumbling legacy of an overly prideful king.[84][85] The episode draws parallels to the poem, as both antiheroes are left with little to show for their empire-building efforts. Austin Gill of Xavier University stated the episode "evokes the tyrannical aspirations of invincibility and arrogance of Ozymandias himself as represented in Shelley's poem."[86] Douglas Eric Rasmussen of the University of Saskatchewan argued that the "concept of hubris and being punished for grandiose projects that serve an individual's egotism are central aspects of each work."[87] Hank's death marks the beginning of a shift where it becomes increasingly difficult for Walt to continue to insist that he cooks meth for the sake of his family's well-being. By the series finale, Walt finally admits to Skyler that he became Heisenberg for his own ego. "I did it for me. I liked it. I was good at it."[88]

Symbols

Pink teddy bear

The pink teddy bear as seen during the second season

A motif within the second season is the image of a damaged teddy bear and its missing eye. The teddy bear first appears at the end of the music video "Fallacies" for Jesse's band "TwaüghtHammër", which was released as a webisode in February 2009 leading to the second season.[89] The teddy bear can also be spotted on the mural on Jane's bedroom wall during the final episode of the second season, further connecting the crash to Jane. It is seen in flashforwards during four episodes, the titles of which, when put together in order, form the sentence "Seven Thirty-Seven down over ABQ".[90][91][92] The flashforwards are shot in black and white, with the sole exception of the pink teddy bear, which is an homage to the film Schindler's List, where the color red is used to distinguish the coat of a very young girl.[93] At the end of the season, Walter indirectly helps cause the midair collision of two airplanes;[94][95] the pink teddy bear is then revealed to have fallen out of one of the planes and into the Whites' swimming pool. Vince Gilligan called the plane accident an attempt to visualize "all the terrible grief that Walt has wrought upon his loved ones" and "the judgment of God".[96]

In the first episode of the third season, Walt finds the teddy bear's missing eye in the pool skimmer. Television critic Myles McNutt has called it "a symbol of the damage [Walter] feels responsible for",[97] and The A.V. Club commented that "the pink teddy bear continues to accuse."[98] Fans and critics have compared the appearance of the teddy bear's face to an image of Gus Fring's face in the fourth-season finale.[99]

The teddy bear prop was auctioned off, among other memorabilia, on September 29, 2013, the air date of the show finale.[100][101]

Colors

A recurring symbol within Breaking Bad is the use of color, particularly the characters' color for wardrobe, being used to represent a character's state of mind or a relationship between characters or to foreshadow an event.[102] In an interview with Vulture, Vince Gilligan says "Color is important on Breaking Bad; we always try to think in terms of it. We always try to think of the color that a character is dressed in, in the sense that it represents on some level their state of mind."[103]

Walt Whitman

Walter White's name is reminiscent of the poet Walt Whitman.[91] During the series, Gale Boetticher gives Walt a copy of Whitman's Leaves of Grass.[104] Prior to giving this gift, Boetticher recites "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer".[105] In the episode "Bullet Points", Hank finds the initials W.W. written in Boetticher's notes, and jokes with Walt that they are his initials, although Walt indicates that they must refer to Whitman.

In the episode "Hazard Pay", Walt finds the copy of Leaves of Grass as he is packing up his bedroom, briefly smiles, and leaves it out to read. This occurs at an especially high point in his life, when he feels that things are coming together and he is succeeding in all his ventures. A poem in the book, "Song of Myself", is based on many of these same feelings, furthering the connection between Walt's life and Whitman's poetry.[106] The mid-season finale of season five, "Gliding Over All", is titled after poem 271 of Leaves of Grass.[107] In the episode, Hank finds Leaves of Grass in Walt's bathroom and opens it to the cover page, where he reads the hand-written inscription: "To my other favorite W.W. It's an honour working with you. Fondly G.B." Upon reading this, Hank becomes visibly shocked, realizing the truth about Walter for the first time, which provides the opening premise for the second half of the final season.

Reception and legacy

Critical reception

Critical response of Breaking Bad

SeasonRotten Tomatoes Metacritic
1 | 86% (8.3/10 average rating) (43 reviews)[108] | 73 (27 reviews)[109]
2 | 97% (9.1/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[110] | 84 (19 reviews)[111]
3 | 100% (9.2/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[112] | 89 (15 reviews)[113]
4 | 100% (9.6/10 average rating) (36 reviews)[114] | 96 (15 reviews)[115]
5 | 97% (9.5/10 average rating) (99 reviews)[116] | 99 (22 reviews)[117]Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes scores per season

Breaking Bad received widespread critical acclaim and has been praised by many critics as one of the greatest television shows of all time.[118] On the review aggregator website Metacritic (using a scale of 0–100), the first season scored 73,[109] the second 84,[111] the third 89,[113] the fourth 96,[115] and the fifth 99.[117] The American Film Institute listed Breaking Bad as one of the top ten television series of 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.[119][120][121][122][123] In 2013, TV Guide ranked it as the ninth greatest TV series of all time.[124] By its end, the series was among the most-watched cable shows on American television, with audience numbers doubling from the fourth season to the fifth.[125] A 2015 survey by The Hollywood Reporter of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named Breaking Bad as their #2 favorite show.[126] In 2016 and 2022, Rolling Stone ranked it third on its list of 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.[127][128] In September 2019, The Guardian ranked the show fifth on its list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century, describing it as "The show that arguably killed off the antihero drama; nothing since has been able to top the depraved descent made by Walter White (a never-better Bryan Cranston), from milquetoast chemistry teacher to meth overlord, and few have dared to try."[129] In 2021, Empire ranked Breaking Bad at number one on their list of The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.[130] Allen St. John of Forbes called it "The best TV show ever".[131] In 2021, it was voted the third-best TV series of the 21st century by the BBC, as picked by 206 TV experts from around the world.[132]

For the first season, the series saw a generally positive reception. New York Post critic Linda Stasi praised the series, particularly the acting of Cranston and Paul, stating "Cranston and Paul are so good, it's astounding. I'd say the two have created great chemistry, but I'm ashamed to say such a cheap thing."[133] Robert Bianco of USA Today also praised Cranston and Paul, exclaiming "There is humor in the show, mostly in Walt's efforts to impose scholarly logic on the business and on his idiot apprentice, a role Paul plays very well. But even their scenes lean toward the suspenseful, as the duo learns that killing someone, even in self-defense, is ugly, messy work."[134]

The second season saw critical acclaim. Entertainment Weekly critic Ken Tucker stated "Bad is a superlatively fresh metaphor for a middle-age crisis: It took cancer and lawbreaking to jolt Walt out of his suburban stupor, to experience life again—to take chances, risk danger, do things he didn't think himself capable of doing. None of this would work, of course, without Emmy winner Cranston's ferocious, funny selflessness as an actor. For all its bleakness and darkness, there's a glowing exhilaration about this series: It's a feel-good show about feeling really bad."[135] San Francisco Chronicle's Tim Goodman claimed "The first three episodes of Season 2 that AMC sent out continue that level of achievement with no evident missteps. In fact, it looks as if Gilligan's bold vision for Breaking Bad, now duly rewarded against all odds, has invigorated everyone involved in the project. You can sense its maturity and rising ambition in each episode."[136] Horror novelist Stephen King lauded the series, comparing it to the likes of Twin Peaks and Blue Velvet.[137]

From left to right: Josh Sapan (AMC president and CEO), Aaron Paul (Jesse Pinkman), Vince Gilligan (creator), Bryan Cranston (Walter White) and Charlie Collier (President, general manager)

The third season also saw critical acclaim. Time proclaimed, "It's a drama that has chosen the slow burn over the flashy explosion, and it's all the hotter for that choice."[138] Newsday stated Breaking Bad was still TV's best series and it stayed true to itself.[139] Tim Goodman praised the writing, acting, and cinematography, pointing out the "visual adventurousness" of the series. Goodman went on to call the show's visuals "a combination of staggering beauty – the directors make use of numerous wide-angle landscape portraits – and transfixing weirdness."[140] After the finale aired, The A.V. Club said that season three was "one of television's finest dramatic accomplishments. And what makes it so exciting – what makes the recognition of the current golden age so pressing – is that the season has not been, as [another reviewer] put it in another context, 'television good.' The heart-in-the-throat quality of this season comes as much from the writers' exhilarating disregard for television conventions as from the events portrayed."[141]

Season four won near-universal critical acclaim. The Boston Globe referred to the show as a "taut exercise in withheld disaster" and declared the show "riveting".[142] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette labeled the series "smart and thought provoking that elevates the artistic achievements of the medium".[143] Season four was listed by many critics as one of the best seasons of television in 2011.[144] Time listed Walter White's "I am the one who knocks" line as one of the best television lines of 2011.[145] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette listed it as the best series of 2011 while noting that "Breaking Bad is that rare TV series that has never made a seriously damaging storytelling misstep."[146] The A.V. Club's review of the finale summed it up as a "fantastically fitting end for a season that ran in slow motion, starting and continuing with so many crises begging for resolution week after week. Now the decks are cleared, but that doesn't mean anybody is home free. Nothing's ever easy on Breaking Bad." The reviewer continued to exalt the season, and proclaimed, "What a season of television – truly something none of us could ever have expected, or claimed we deserved."[147]

Both halves of the fifth season received overwhelming critical acclaim. Following the end of the series, critic Nick Harley summarized his commendation of the show: "Expertly written, virtuosic with its direction, and flawlessly performed, Breaking Bad is everything you could want in a drama. Critics will spend the next decade dissecting and arguing about what made it great, but the reasons are endless and already well documented."[148] During the final season, the show also received praise from George R. R. Martin, author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, particularly the episode "Ozymandias"; Martin commented that "Walter White is a bigger monster than anyone in Westeros."[149] In his review of the second half of season 5, Seth Amitin of IGN stated, "This final batch of Breaking Bad is one of the best run of episodes TV has ever offered," and praised "Ozymandias" in particular, referring to it as "maybe the best episode of TV [he's] ever seen".[150] Jonah Goldberg of National Review called it "the best show currently on television, and perhaps even the best ever".[151] The veteran actor Sir Anthony Hopkins wrote a letter of praise to Bryan Cranston, telling him that his "performance as Walter White was the best acting I have seen – ever". He lauded the rest of the cast and crew as well.[152][153] The letter first appeared on Steven Michael Quezada's (who portrayed DEA Agent Steven Gomez) Facebook page, and in spite of it being taken down, the letter soon went viral.[154] In 2013, Guinness World Records named Breaking Bad the highest-rated TV series of all time, citing its season 5 Metacritic score of 99 out of 100.[155][156]

Criticism

Breaking Bad has been accused by some members of law enforcement and the legal community of normalizing or glorifying methamphetamine creation and usage.[157][158][159]

Viewership

Breaking Bad premiered on the same night as both the NFC and AFC Championships in the 2008 NFL playoffs, an intentional decision by AMC hoping to capture the adult male viewership immediately following the planned end of the NFC game.[22] The game ran over its time slot, cutting into Breaking Bad's timeslot in most of America. As a result, the pilot had only about 1.4 million viewers. Coupled with the ongoing writers strike, the first season did not draw as large of a viewership as they expected.[26] However, with subsequent seasons, viewership increased, avoiding the usual trend of downward viewership that most serialized shows had.[22] Ratings further increased by the fourth season as, prior to airing, the previous seasons had been added to Netflix, boosting interest in the show.[22] Breaking Bad is considered the first such show to have a renewed burst of interest due to the show being made available on Netflix.[35] The second half of the final season saw record viewership, with the series finale reaching over 10.3 million viewers.[160]

Viewership and ratings per season of Breaking Bad

SeasonTimeslot (ET)EpisodesFirst airedLast airedAvg. viewers
(millions)
DateViewers
(millions)DateViewers
(millions)
1 | Sunday 10:00 pm | 7 | January 20, 2008 | 1.41[160] | March 9, 2008 | 1.50[161] | 1.23[162]
2 | 13 | March 8, 2009 | 1.66[163] | May 31, 2009 | 1.50[164] | 1.30[165]
3 | 13 | March 21, 2010 | 1.95[166] | June 13, 2010 | 1.56[167] | 1.52[168]
4 | 13 | July 17, 2011 | 2.58[169] | October 9, 2011 | 1.90[170] | 1.87[171]
5A | 8 | July 15, 2012 | 2.93[172] | September 2, 2012 | 2.78[173] | 4.32[174]
5B | Sunday 9:00 pm | 8 | August 11, 2013 | 5.92[175] | September 29, 2013 | 10.28[176]

Breaking Bad : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research[162][165][177][171][174]

Awards and nominations

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Breaking Bad

The cast and crew of Breaking Bad at the 68th Annual Peabody Awards

The series received numerous awards and nominations, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards and 58 nominations, including winning for Outstanding Drama Series in 2013 and 2014.[62] It also won two Peabody Awards, one in 2008[178] and one in 2013.[179]

For his portrayal of Walter White, Bryan Cranston won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times, in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2014.[180] Cranston also won the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama in 2009 and the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series: Drama in 2008, 2009, and 2010, as well as the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television in 2012.

Aaron Paul won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2010, 2012, and 2014. Paul also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2010 and 2012. Anna Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2013 and 2014. For his work on season four, Giancarlo Esposito won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.

In 2010 and 2012, Breaking Bad won the TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama, as well as the TCA Award for Program of the Year in 2013. In 2009 and 2010, the series won the Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Drama, along with the Saturn Award for Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The series won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Dramatic Series in both 2012 and 2013.[181] In 2013, it was named No. 13 in a list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series of All Time by the Writers Guild of America[182] and won, for the first time, the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. Overall, the show has won 110 industry awards and has been nominated for 262.

Retrospective conversations

Writers reunion

"There was a hive mind with these wonderful writers, where I don't remember who said what, and it doesn't even matter whose idea was whose. But I remember one afternoon, somebody said — and I was kind of into it for a while — "Wouldn't it be really ironic if Walt is the only one to survive this?" Because it does seem so obvious that Walt should expire at the end of the final episode — but maybe he's the only one left alive. Maybe he still does have a death sentence, but we go out on him alive, and maybe his whole family's been wiped out. That would have been really f—ing dark."

—Vince Gilligan, on an alternate ending[183]

Variety held a Q&A with most of the original writing staff to reflect on the show's run, the final season, the writing process, and alternative endings. Along with creator Vince Gilligan, fellow writers and producers Peter Gould, Thomas Schnauz, Gennifer Hutchison, Moira Walley-Beckett, Sam Catlin and George Mastras joined to discuss memories from the show's humble beginnings, character transformations that concluded in the final season as well as surprising developments along the way. For instance, the character of Jesse Pinkman was originally supposed to die halfway through season one in a tragic drug deal gone horribly wrong. The reasoning behind this decision was that Jesse served his purpose "in a meat-and-potatoes, logistical sense. The character would give Walt his entrée into the business" before meeting his demise. However, this was eventually done away with as the story progressed beyond Gilligan's early scripts.[183]

The writers also opened up on their collaborative process and how their form of storytelling evolved with the show. According to writer George Mastras,

"Screen time was precious, and infusing every moment with the emotion [was the point], not just forming the pieces of the puzzle to tell the story, which is hard enough. If you're going to take five seconds of screen time, you'd better damn well be sure that there's an emotion there. It may be very, very subtle, but trust the audiences to pick up on that, because audiences do."[183]

The development of certain characters posed challenges. Skyler White became unsympathetic to most viewers in earlier seasons as she was often presented as an obstacle to Walt's ultimate agenda. The writers struggled to change the dynamic and realized that "the only way people were going to like Skyler was if she started going along with what Walt was doing." It was a tricky shift to alter on screen because they didn't want to betray her character so they justified the change by using her past job as a bookkeeper to segue into her helping Walt money launder his cash under the guise of a car wash. Breaking the individual episodes was another form of problem-solving for the writers. They stressed the importance of not letting the "master plan" stop them from staying true to the world they created. There came a point where tracking the characters on a moment-by-moment basis proved to be more useful rather than the general direction of the story. Peter Gould said they would always start with the last thought in a character's head. "Where's Jesse's head at? That was always the prelude to the breakthrough moment, because when you said that, it's usually because we had gotten attached to some big plan or some big set-piece that we thought had to be there, but the characters didn't want to do what we wanted them to do."[183]

Rian Johnson's experience on the show

Director Rian Johnson worked on three episodes ("Fly", "Fifty-One" and "Ozymandias") and in an interview with IGN shared his memories from behind the camera. He shed some light on the process including the fact that he sat through "tone meetings" with Vince Gilligan. The two of them talked about every dramatic beat in a script, the distinct visual look of the show, and how the tonal shift of each scene had to feel natural while serving the main storyline of the particular episode. Johnson also revealed that he learned so much about working with actors because of his directing of Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul, describing the experience as a "free masterclass."[184]

When asked about the show's lasting legacy, Johnson offered up his thoughts,

"I think the seriousness and depth with which it took its characters is the thing that really makes it stand apart for me. And that's where the power of it comes from. Obviously, starting with Walter White, there's just very few stories that are told on that scale, that have a character who is that deeply considered at the center of it. And I've heard people describe it as Shakespearean, and I know that word gets tossed around a lot, but I think in this case it really does apply. And that speaks, not so much to the fact that he goes to a dark place, but the fact that his entire journey is so deeply resonant, because it's so deeply considered."[184]

Franchise

Main article: Breaking Bad (franchise)

Breaking Bad's success caused numerous spin-offs and a media franchise. This includes a spin-off prequel series, a Spanish-language adaptation, a sequel film, a talk show, and a video game.[185][186][187][188][189]

Real-life influence

Several attempts to create a real restaurant concept after Los Pollos Hermanos have occurred, most notably in 2019, Family Style, Inc., a chain of restaurants in California, Nevada, and Illinois, which secured rights from Sony and with Gilligan's blessing to sell chicken dinners through Uber Eats under the name and branding "Los Pollos Hermanos" in a three-year deal.[190]

Law enforcement authorities have reported occasional instances of seizing blue crystal methamphetamine in drug-related arrests and raids. The appearance of "blue meth" in real-world drug use has been attributed to Breaking Bad's popularity.[191]

Cult following

In 2015, series creator Vince Gilligan publicly requested fans of the series to stop reenacting a scene from "Caballo sin Nombre" in which Walter angrily throws a pizza onto his own roof after Skyler refuses to let him inside; this came after complaints from the home's real-life owner.[192] Cranston reprised his role of the character in a commercial for Esurance which aired during Super Bowl XLIX, one week before the premiere of Breaking Bad spin-off Better Call Saul.[193]

Tributes from Albuquerque

A Breaking Bad fan group placed a paid obituary for Walter White in the Albuquerque Journal, October 4, 2013.[194] On October 19, 2013, a mock funeral procession (including a hearse and a replica of Walter's meth lab RV) and service for the character was held at Albuquerque's Sunset Memorial Park cemetery. A headstone was placed with a photo of Cranston as Walter. While some residents were unhappy with the makeshift gravesite for closure with the show, tickets for the event raised nearly $17,000 for a local charity called Healthcare for the Homeless.[195][196]

Gilligan and Sony Television Pictures commissioned and donated a bronze statue of Walter and Jesse to the city of Albuquerque in July 2022, which is on display at the Albuquerque Convention Center.[197]

New Mexico Law Review

In May 2015, the New Mexico Law Review published a collection of eight articles by legal scholars, each dedicated to dissecting legal issues presented by Breaking Bad.[198][199] The articles discussed issues such as whether the attorney–client privilege would protect communications with Saul Goodman,[200] and whether Walter White could have filed a lawsuit to force his way back into Gray Matter Technologies.[201]

References

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Snierson, Dan (July 13, 2012). "'Breaking Bad': Bryan Cranston, Aaron Paul, Vince Gilligan Reveal Season 5 Details". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2013.

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169. ^ Seidman, Robert (July 19, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Slips, 'Falling Skies' Steady + 'Breaking Bad,' 'Leverage,' 'In Plain Sight,' 'The Glades' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.

170. ^ Gorman, Bill (October 11, 2011). "Sunday Cable Ratings: Nothing Keeps Up With Kardashians; Plus 'Housewives NJ' Finale, 'Boardwalk Empire,' 'Breaking Bad,' 'Dexter' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.

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172. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 17, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Beats 'Breaking Bad' Premiere, + 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Very Funny News', 'Real Housewives of New Jersey', 'Falling Skies' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2012.

173. ^ Bibel, Sara (September 5, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: NASCAR Wins Night, 'Breaking Bad', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Leverage', 'Hell on Wheels', 'Married to Jonas', & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2012.

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176. ^ Bibel, Sara (October 1, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Breaking Bad' Wins Big, 'Talking Bad', 'Homeland', 'Boardwalk Empire','Masters of Sex' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

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185. ^ Todd vanDerWerff, Emily (February 3, 2015). "Better Call Saul's Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould on constructing the Breaking Bad spinoff". Vox. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.

186. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (August 24, 2019). "'Breaking Bad' Movie, Starring Aaron Paul, Coming to Netflix in October". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.

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192. ^ Kelley, Seth (March 11, 2015). "'Breaking Bad' Creator Urges Fans to Stop Throwing Pizzas on Walter White's Roof". Variety. Archived from the original on November 3, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2015.

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201. ^ Mims, Michael C. (May 2015). "Don't Bake — Litigate: A Practitioner's Guide on How Walter White Should Have Protected His Interests in Gray Matter, and His Litigation Options for Building an Empire Business through the Courts, not the Cartel". New Mexico Law Review. 45 (2): 673. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.

External links

# data[].attributes.headline
Fortnite is an online video game developed by Epic Games and released in 2017. It is available in three distinct game mode versions that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine: Fortnite Battle Royale, a free-to-play battle royale game in which up to 100 players fight to be the last person standing; Fortnite: Save the World, a cooperative hybrid tower defense-shooter and survival game in which up to four players fight off zombie-like creatures and defend objects with traps and fortifications they can build; and Fortnite Creative, in which players are given complete freedom to create worlds and battle arenas. Save the World and Battle Royale were released in 2017 as early access titles, while Creative was released on December 6, 2018. While the Save the World and Creative versions have been successful for Epic Games, Fortnite Battle Royale in particular became an overwhelming success and a cultural phenomenon, drawing more than 125 million players in less than a year, earning hundreds of millions of dollars per month. Fortnite as a whole generated $9 billion in gross revenue up until December 2019. Save the World is available only for Windows, macOS,[b] PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, while Battle Royale and Creative were released for all those platforms, and also for Nintendo Switch, iOS,[b] and Android devices.[b] The game also launched with the release of the ninth-generation PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S consoles. Fortnite is distributed as three different game modes, using the same engine; each has similar graphics, art assets, and game mechanics. Fortnite: Save the World is a player-versus-environment cooperative game, with four players collaborating towards a common objective on various missions. The game is set after a fluke storm appears across Earth, causing 98% of the population to disappear, and the survivors to be attacked by zombie-like "husks". The players take the role of commanders of home base shelters, collecting resources, saving survivors, and defending equipment that helps to either collect data on the storm or to push back the storm. From missions, players are awarded a number of in-game items, which include hero characters, weapon and trap schematics, and survivors, all of which can be leveled up through gained experience to improve their attributes. Fortnite Battle Royale is a player-versus-player game for up to 100 players, allowing one to play alone, in a duo, or in a squad (usually consisting of three or four players). Weaponless players airdrop from a "Battle Bus" that crosses the game's map. When they land, they must scavenge for weapons, items, resources, and even vehicles while trying to stay alive and to attack and eliminate other players. Over the course of a round, the safe area of the map shrinks down in size due to an incoming toxic storm; players outside that threshold take damage and can be eliminated if they fail to quickly evacuate. This forces remaining players into tighter spaces and encourages player encounters. The last player, duo, or squad remaining is the winner. Fortnite Creative is a sandbox game mode, in which players are given complete freedom to spawn any item from the Battle Royale gamemode on a personal island, and can create games such as battle arenas, race courses, platforming challenges, and more. Players can use their pickaxe to knock down existing structures on the map to collect basic resources that are wood, brick, and metal. Subsequently, in all modes, the player can use these materials to build fortifications, such as walls, floors, and stairs. Such fortification pieces can be edited to add things like windows or doors. The materials used have different durability properties and can be updated to stronger variants using more materials of the same type. Within Save the World this enables players to create defensive fortifications around an objective or trap-filled tunnels to lure husks through. In Battle Royale, this provides the means to quickly traverse the map, protect oneself from enemy fire, or to delay an advancing foe. Players are encouraged to be very inventive in designing their fortifications in Creative. While Battle Royale and Creative are free-to-play, Save the World is pay-to-play. The games are monetized through the use of V-Bucks, in-game currency that can be purchased with real-world funds, but also earned through completing missions and other achievements in Save the World. V-Bucks in Save the World can be used to buy loot boxes, in the form of piñatas shaped like llamas, to gain a random selection of items. In Battle Royale, V-Bucks can be used to buy cosmetic items like character models or the like, or can also be used to purchase the game's battle pass, a tiered progression of customization rewards for gaining experience and completing certain objectives during the course of a Battle Royale season. Fortnite: Save the World Main article: Fortnite: Save the World § Development Fortnite began from an internal game jam at Epic Games following the publishing of Gears of War 3 around 2011. Though it was not initially one of the developed titles during the jam, the concept of merging the construction game genre, representing games like Minecraft and Terraria, and shooter games arose, leading to the foundation of Fortnite.[6][7] Development of Fortnite slowed due to several issues, including switching from the Unreal Engine 3 to Unreal Engine 4, a deeper role-playing game approach to extend the life of the game, and a switch of art style from a dark theme to a more cartoonish style. Further, Epic was looking to get into the games as a service model, and brought in Chinese publisher Tencent to help; Tencent took a large stake in Epic as part of this, leading to the departure of several executives, including Cliff Bleszinski, who had been a key part of Fortnite's development. Fortnite's approach was changed to be Epic's testbed for games as a service, and further slowed the development.[8][7][9] Epic was able to prepare to release Fortnite as a paid early access title in July 2017, with plans to release it as free-to-play sometime in 2019 while gaining feedback from players to improve the game.[10][11][12][13] With the release of Fortnite Battle Royale, the player-versus-environment mode was distinguished as "Save the World". Ultimately, Epic opted to release Save the World as a premium title, bringing it out of early access on June 29, 2020.[14] Fortnite Battle Royale Main article: Fortnite Battle Royale § Development Near the same time that Epic released Fortnite into early access, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds had become a worldwide phenomenon, having sold over 5 million copies three months from its March 2017 release, and drawing strong interest in the battle royale genre. Epic recognized that with the Fortnite base game, they could also do a battle royale mode, and rapidly developed their own version atop Fortnite in about two months.[15] By September 2017, Epic was ready to release this as a second mode from "Save the World" in the paid-for earlier access, but then later decided to release it as a free game, Fortnite Battle Royale, supported with microtransactions. This version quickly gained players, with over 10 million players during its first two weeks of release, and leading Epic to create separate teams to continue the Fortnite Battle Royale development apart from the Save the World version, outside of common engine elements and art assets. This allowed Fortnite Battle Royale to expand to other platforms otherwise not supported by Save the World, including iOS and Android mobile devices and the Nintendo Switch. Fortnite Creative Main article: Fortnite Creative § Development A creative sandbox mode launched on December 6, 2018, synchronized with the start of season 7 of Fortnite Battle Royale. Each player has access to a private, persistent island on which they construct buildings and add and manipulate objects as desired. Players are able to invite friends to this island and participate in unofficial games such as race tracks or jumping courses.Only players who purchased the battle pass initially received their own island, but a week later, on December 13, players who did not purchase it received access to the game mode for free.  The Save the World mode achieved over one million players by August 2017, just prior to the release of Battle Royale.[22] Fortnite Battle Royale became a significant financial success for Epic Games, leading them to separate the teams between Save the World and Battle Royale to provide better support for both modes. Within two weeks of release, over 10 million players had played the mode,[23] and by June 2018, just after the Nintendo Switch release, had reached 125 million players.[24] Revenue from Fortnite Battle Royale during the first half of 2018 had been estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars per month,[25][26] with total 2018 revenue estimated at $2.4 billion by analysis firm SuperData Research.[27] Total revenue for Fortnite reached more than $9 billion by the end of 2019.[28] Fortnite Battle Royale has also become a cultural phenomenon,[29] with several celebrities reporting they play the game, and athletes using Fortnite emotes as victory celebrations.[30] A notable streaming event in March 2018, with streamer Ninja playing Fortnite Battle Royale alongside Drake, Travis Scott, Kim DotCom, and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster, broke viewership records for Twitch to date, and led to Epic arranging a Fortnite Battle Royale pro–am with 50 pairs of streamers and professional players matched with celebrities at E3 2018 in June 2018. Epic Games has developed organized esports competitions around Fortnite Battle Royale, such as the inaugural US$30 million Fortnite World Cup tournament that took place in July 2019. See also: Fortnite Battle Royale § Parental concerns There has also been growing concern over Fortnite Battle Royale's draw toward young children, emphasized with the release of the mobile client. Parents and teachers had expressed concern that students are being distracted and drawn away from school work due to playing Fortnite. Concerns have also been raised about the impact that playing a game involving repeated depictions of gun violence may have on young children. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Fortnite is an online video game developed by Epic Games and released in 2017. It is available in three distinct game mode versions that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine: Fortnite Battle Royale, a free-to-play battle royale game in which up to 100 players fight to be the last person standing; Fortnite: Save the World, a cooperative hybrid tower defense-shooter and survival game in which up to four players fight off zombie-like creatures and defend objects with traps and fortifications they can build; and Fortnite Creative, in which players are given complete freedom to create worlds and battle arenas. Save the World and Battle Royale were released in 2017 as early access titles, while Creative was released on December 6, 2018. While the Save the World and Creative versions have been successful for Epic Games, Fortnite Battle Royale in particular became an overwhelming success and a cultural phenomenon, drawing more than 125 million players in less than a year, earning hundreds of millions of dollars per month. Fortnite as a whole generated $9 billion in gross revenue up until December 2019. Save the World is available only for Windows, macOS,[b] PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, while Battle Royale and Creative were released for all those platforms, and also for Nintendo Switch, iOS,[b] and Android devices.[b] The game also launched with the release of the ninth-generation PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S consoles. Fortnite is distributed as three different game modes, using the same engine; each has similar graphics, art assets, and game mechanics. Fortnite: Save the World is a player-versus-environment cooperative game, with four players collaborating towards a common objective on various missions. The game is set after a fluke storm appears across Earth, causing 98% of the population to disappear, and the survivors to be attacked by zombie-like "husks". The players take the role of commanders of home base shelters, collecting resources, saving survivors, and defending equipment that helps to either collect data on the storm or to push back the storm. From missions, players are awarded a number of in-game items, which include hero characters, weapon and trap schematics, and survivors, all of which can be leveled up through gained experience to improve their attributes. Fortnite Battle Royale is a player-versus-player game for up to 100 players, allowing one to play alone, in a duo, or in a squad (usually consisting of three or four players). Weaponless players airdrop from a "Battle Bus" that crosses the game's map. When they land, they must scavenge for weapons, items, resources, and even vehicles while trying to stay alive and to attack and eliminate other players. Over the course of a round, the safe area of the map shrinks down in size due to an incoming toxic storm; players outside that threshold take damage and can be eliminated if they fail to quickly evacuate. This forces remaining players into tighter spaces and encourages player encounters. The last player, duo, or squad remaining is the winner. Fortnite Creative is a sandbox game mode, in which players are given complete freedom to spawn any item from the Battle Royale gamemode on a personal island, and can create games such as battle arenas, race courses, platforming challenges, and more. Players can use their pickaxe to knock down existing structures on the map to collect basic resources that are wood, brick, and metal. Subsequently, in all modes, the player can use these materials to build fortifications, such as walls, floors, and stairs. Such fortification pieces can be edited to add things like windows or doors. The materials used have different durability properties and can be updated to stronger variants using more materials of the same type. Within Save the World this enables players to create defensive fortifications around an objective or trap-filled tunnels to lure husks through. In Battle Royale, this provides the means to quickly traverse the map, protect oneself from enemy fire, or to delay an advancing foe. Players are encouraged to be very inventive in designing their fortifications in Creative. While Battle Royale and Creative are free-to-play, Save the World is pay-to-play. The games are monetized through the use of V-Bucks, in-game currency that can be purchased with real-world funds, but also earned through completing missions and other achievements in Save the World. V-Bucks in Save the World can be used to buy loot boxes, in the form of piñatas shaped like llamas, to gain a random selection of items. In Battle Royale, V-Bucks can be used to buy cosmetic items like character models or the like, or can also be used to purchase the game's battle pass, a tiered progression of customization rewards for gaining experience and completing certain objectives during the course of a Battle Royale season. Fortnite: Save the World Main article: Fortnite: Save the World § Development Fortnite began from an internal game jam at Epic Games following the publishing of Gears of War 3 around 2011. Though it was not initially one of the developed titles during the jam, the concept of merging the construction game genre, representing games like Minecraft and Terraria, and shooter games arose, leading to the foundation of Fortnite.[6][7] Development of Fortnite slowed due to several issues, including switching from the Unreal Engine 3 to Unreal Engine 4, a deeper role-playing game approach to extend the life of the game, and a switch of art style from a dark theme to a more cartoonish style. Further, Epic was looking to get into the games as a service model, and brought in Chinese publisher Tencent to help; Tencent took a large stake in Epic as part of this, leading to the departure of several executives, including Cliff Bleszinski, who had been a key part of Fortnite's development. Fortnite's approach was changed to be Epic's testbed for games as a service, and further slowed the development.[8][7][9] Epic was able to prepare to release Fortnite as a paid early access title in July 2017, with plans to release it as free-to-play sometime in 2019 while gaining feedback from players to improve the game.[10][11][12][13] With the release of Fortnite Battle Royale, the player-versus-environment mode was distinguished as "Save the World". Ultimately, Epic opted to release Save the World as a premium title, bringing it out of early access on June 29, 2020.[14] Fortnite Battle Royale Main article: Fortnite Battle Royale § Development Near the same time that Epic released Fortnite into early access, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds had become a worldwide phenomenon, having sold over 5 million copies three months from its March 2017 release, and drawing strong interest in the battle royale genre. Epic recognized that with the Fortnite base game, they could also do a battle royale mode, and rapidly developed their own version atop Fortnite in about two months.[15] By September 2017, Epic was ready to release this as a second mode from "Save the World" in the paid-for earlier access, but then later decided to release it as a free game, Fortnite Battle Royale, supported with microtransactions. This version quickly gained players, with over 10 million players during its first two weeks of release, and leading Epic to create separate teams to continue the Fortnite Battle Royale development apart from the Save the World version, outside of common engine elements and art assets. This allowed Fortnite Battle Royale to expand to other platforms otherwise not supported by Save the World, including iOS and Android mobile devices and the Nintendo Switch. Fortnite Creative Main article: Fortnite Creative § Development A creative sandbox mode launched on December 6, 2018, synchronized with the start of season 7 of Fortnite Battle Royale. Each player has access to a private, persistent island on which they construct buildings and add and manipulate objects as desired. Players are able to invite friends to this island and participate in unofficial games such as race tracks or jumping courses.Only players who purchased the battle pass initially received their own island, but a week later, on December 13, players who did not purchase it received access to the game mode for free.  The Save the World mode achieved over one million players by August 2017, just prior to the release of Battle Royale.[22] Fortnite Battle Royale became a significant financial success for Epic Games, leading them to separate the teams between Save the World and Battle Royale to provide better support for both modes. Within two weeks of release, over 10 million players had played the mode,[23] and by June 2018, just after the Nintendo Switch release, had reached 125 million players.[24] Revenue from Fortnite Battle Royale during the first half of 2018 had been estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars per month,[25][26] with total 2018 revenue estimated at $2.4 billion by analysis firm SuperData Research.[27] Total revenue for Fortnite reached more than $9 billion by the end of 2019.[28] Fortnite Battle Royale has also become a cultural phenomenon,[29] with several celebrities reporting they play the game, and athletes using Fortnite emotes as victory celebrations.[30] A notable streaming event in March 2018, with streamer Ninja playing Fortnite Battle Royale alongside Drake, Travis Scott, Kim DotCom, and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster, broke viewership records for Twitch to date, and led to Epic arranging a Fortnite Battle Royale pro–am with 50 pairs of streamers and professional players matched with celebrities at E3 2018 in June 2018. Epic Games has developed organized esports competitions around Fortnite Battle Royale, such as the inaugural US$30 million Fortnite World Cup tournament that took place in July 2019. See also: Fortnite Battle Royale § Parental concerns There has also been growing concern over Fortnite Battle Royale's draw toward young children, emphasized with the release of the mobile client. Parents and teachers had expressed concern that students are being distracted and drawn away from school work due to playing Fortnite. Concerns have also been raised about the impact that playing a game involving repeated depictions of gun violence may have on young children. 

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone who I can trust and feel comfortable with,
Someone who will always be by my side and support me.

# data[].attributes.body
A good friend to me is a person you can count of in hard times, he helps you and you help him as well.
You can tell him anything without feeling
ashamed or judged.
It can also be a person to just have fun with

# data[].attributes.body
A good friend is someone that makes me happy and accept me for who I am

# data[].attributes.body
A friend is someone you can trust and tell everything to and that will support me anytime I will need him

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me, is someone I can trust, and someone who I will support me al the way like I will support him.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone that cares about you, even when you are fighting with them. Someone who won't tell your secrets to others, someone who will support you whenever you need, whenever you sad and whenever you are upset

# data[].attributes.body
Friend for Me is someone that ner for me everywhere and every when for me

# data[].attributes.body
Friend of mine is a friend that is always  were on my side and we had adventures together, and also never behave like i invisible to him.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone I can trust and rely on when I need to. Someone who I enjoy being around and can have fun with him.  A friend is someone that supports me and knows me.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone who I can always count on to help me when I need him, someone who I can share my thoughts and feelings with.

# data[].attributes.body
A real friend for me is someone that I can trust, someone we have jokes toghether, someone that we are meeting a lot and someone that always stay for me when i need him.

# data[].attributes.body
A real friend for me is a friend that helps me when I’m need him the most and one who is there for me no matter what

# data[].attributes.body
Me. I speak to myself every day, share my secrets with myself, play games with myself (not in a weird way :)
I've got nobody to share my secrets but myself because I am the ultimate lifeform.
Be more like Noam Chazan.
Be more like me.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone i can trust, someone I can feel safe with. Someone I feel comfortable to be happy or sad with. Someone that will be on my side at my lowest point.

# data[].attributes.body
To me, a friend is a person who understands me, that supports everything I do but at the same time criticizes me and helps me be the best version of myself.
A friend is someone that makes you feel home, someone that knows you so well you understand each other’s feelings even without talking.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me, is someone who can help me when I need help, and support me when I’m sad, someone I can trust, that will be there for me. A friend for me is also someone who I help and hang out with, and someone who can trust me the same way I trust him.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is a person who will help me when I need him, who understands me, who is close to me. A person who frees his time to listen and talk to me, a person who is like a family for me.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone who i can trust and tell him everything. And shere with him my life.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone I can trust and share my feelings with. Someone I have fun with and always be by my side.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend to me is a person I can trust, he will help me when I’m down and try to cheer me up. A friend is loyal and cares about me. A good friend likes things that I like, for example we like similar tv shown and movie, and most importantly we like spending time together.

# data[].attributes.body
A real friend is someone who stands up for you. When others try to hurt you, they do everything they can to make sure you stay safe. They will defend you anytime, anywhere.

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone that cares about you, even when you are fighting with them. Someone who won't tell your secrets to others, someone who will support you whenever you need, whenever you sad and whenever you are upset.

# data[].attributes.body
A good friend walks the talk and shows that they care by their actions – big and small. A good friend: is there for you, no matter what. doesn't judge you. doesn't put you down or deliberately hurt your feelings

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone I can share my thought and feelings with. A friend is someone who I can be myself around and they wouldn’t judge me. Someone I can trust and they can trust me.

# data[].attributes.body
A good friend is a person that you can trust , he will be there for you when you need him,   a good friend will push you do the things that you dont neceserly want but are good for you . And even if you fight you will help each other

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is a person who helps me when I'm sad or upset about something and a friend is someone who does things with you.

# data[].attributes.body
For me, a good friend is one who loyal to me. He will stay with me for good and bad. You can tell him everything. Someone who wont judge you.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is a good friend for me? Carmel Amar 

# data[].attributes.subject
What is a good friend for me? Carmel Amar 

# data[].attributes.body
A good friend for me is a Friend that stand by your side in your hardest times that no matter what happens he will be there to help and support you and you do the same for him
He is a friend who you can trust with not a bit of doubt

# data[].attributes.body
A friend for me is someone I know but isn’t related to me in any way.
He is someone I can share and talk with in any situation.
And overall he is someone I can trust.

# data[].attributes.body
A real friend is someone that you can rely on. You know that they will keep their plans with you. You know that you can rely on them to show up for you when you need it. Real friends are people that have proven they will show up for you in the past and will continue to do so.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is a friend for me?              lotem

# data[].attributes.subject
What is a friend for me?              lotem

# data[].attributes.body
A good friend for me is someone that will be for me in any way and in the good things and for the hard times, that will understand me, and we will make fun with each other and we will have our jokes.

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A good friend is someone who doesn't judge you and he always there to help you even in the most difficult situations.  In some cases you will have things in common such as: hobbies, classes and more...

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Name: Elizabeth

In my opinion, a good friend is someone that I can be honest with. He's someone that shares with me secrets and tells me jokes. He is a good person who knows how to get along with other people.
A good friend, will help me in confusing, hard, and difficult situations.

He will encourage me to overcome challenges.

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A good friend is someone you didn't meet for a long time, still meets you when you just want to catch up with each other.
And when you die he goes to your funeral.
And also when you talk with him you fell equal.

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Instructions after reading the lyrics and listening to the song You’ve Got a Friend by Carole King:

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Instructions after reading the lyrics and listening to the song You’ve Got a Friend by Carole King:

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Describe in 5-6 lines who is a good friend in your eyes👫

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Among Us[c] is a 2018 online multiplayer social deduction game developed and published by American game studio Innersloth. The game was inspired by the party game Mafia and the science fiction horror film The Thing.[10] The game allows for cross-platform play, first released on iOS and Android devices in June 2018 and on Windows later that year in November. The game was then ported to the Nintendo Switch in December 2020 and on the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in December 2021. While the game was initially released in 2018 to little mainstream attention, it received a massive influx of popularity in 2020 due to many well-known Twitch streamers and YouTubers playing it, and due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A virtual reality adaptation, Among Us VR, was released on November 10th, 2022. Among Us takes place in space-themed settings where players are colorful armless cartoon astronauts. Each player takes on one of two roles: most are Crewmates, but a small number play Impostors.[d] Crewmates work to complete assigned tasks in the game while identifying and voting out suspected Impostors (which appear identical to Crewmates) by means of social deduction, while Impostors have the objective of killing the Crewmates. Among Us experienced a significant surge in playership in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic due to popularization by YouTube and Twitch content creators, and received favorable reviews from critics on account of its fun and entertaining gameplay. The game and its stylized characters have also been the subject of various internet memes. Among Us is a multiplayer game for four to fifteen players, although recommended for at least five.[12] Up to three players are randomly[13] and secretly chosen to be the Impostor(s) each round. As of 2021, four playable maps are available, a spaceship called "The Skeld", an office building called "MIRA HQ", a planet base called "Polus",[14] or an airship based on Innersloth's Henry Stickmin series called "The Airship".[15][16]The Crewmates can win the game one of two ways; either by completing all assigned tasks or by ejecting all Impostors. Impostors can likewise win in two ways; either by killing or ejecting all Crewmates,[e] or by sabotaging a critical system on the map (provided the Crewmates do not resolve it in time).[f][14][17][18][19] At the start of the game, Crewmates are assigned "tasks" to complete around the map in the form of minigames, minipuzzles, and simple toggles, mostly consisting of maintenance work on vital systems such as fixing wires and downloading data.[20] Impostors cannot complete tasks, but may pretend to perform tasks to feign appearance as legitimate Crewmates, and are given a list of sample "fake" tasks to do so. Impostors, however, can perform sabotages, ranging from minor (such as disabling lights, making Crewmates blind) to critical (such as disabling oxygen generators), requiring immediate counteraction by Crewmates to prevent their deaths. Impostors may also enter and traverse ventilation ducts (commonly known as "venting"), and kill nearby Crewmates. To help Crewmates identify Impostors, there are various surveillance systems on each map, such as security cameras on The Skeld,[21] a doorlog system with sensors in MIRA HQ,[22] and a vitals indicator in Polus that shows the living status of all players.[14] In addition, certain "visual tasks" provide animated cues, such as scanning oneself in the Skeld's medbay. As Impostors cannot perform tasks, Crewmates can use visual tasks to confirm their identity to nearby Crewmates.[23]Any living player may call a group meeting by reporting a dead body, or by pressing an Emergency Meeting button (except during critical sabotages, when Emergency Meetings cannot be called, but dead bodies can still be reported).[19][24][25] During meetings, players discuss — via the in-game chat or an external voice chat application such as Discord[26][27][28] — who they believe to be Impostors based on available witness testimonies, with Impostors lying to hide their identity or falsely accusing other players. Impostors can be identified beyond reasonable doubt if they are seen venting or killing a Crewmate, but ultimately players must weigh the veracity or value of each other's statements. Players then vote for who they believe is an Impostor, if a plurality vote is obtained, the player who received the most votes is "ejected" from the game.[20][19] Players who are killed or ejected become ghosts, which can still perform tasks (Crewmates) or sabotages (Impostors) but are otherwise unable to be seen by or interact with living players. Effectively spectators, ghosts may see and pass through walls, follow players or other ghosts and chat with other ghosts.A November 2021 update added additional specialized roles to the game: Crewmates can also be Engineers, Scientists, or Guardian Angels. Engineers can traverse vents like Impostors, albeit to a limited capacity. Scientists can check vitals at any time to see if any player has been killed recently. Ghosts of Crewmates can become Guardian Angels, which can temporarily protect living players from being killed. Impostors likewise can be Shapeshifters, allowing them to temporarily morph into other players and assume their color and appearance.An alternative Hide and Seek gamemode was added in a game update on December 9, 2022. Impostors win by killing all Crewmates, while Crewmates are given a countdown timer and win by surviving until the timer reaches zero. Crewmates can complete tasks to roll down the timer, and enter vents to hide from Impostors. Crewmates are given a display presenting their proximity to an Impostor as well as the number of remaining Crewmates.[29]Prior to each game, various options can be adjusted to customize aspects of gameplay, such as player movement speed, the allowed number of emergency meetings, number of tasks and visual tasks,[30] or whether or not an Impostor is revealed after being voted off.[31] Players may modify their own appearances with cosmetics, including spacesuit colors, skins, hats, visors and pets,[32][33] some of which are purchasable as microtransactions. Among Us was inspired by the live party game Mafia,[5][34] and the science fiction horror film The Thing.[35] The idea for the concept was originally given by Marcus Bromander, co-founder of Innersloth, who had played Mafia since he was a kid. In the original game, function cards were dealt and players wandered around a house, aimlessly, while another person secretly killed the players, drawing a finger around their neck. Most of its mechanics were still present in Among Us, but the team wanted to "alleviate the need to create an interesting home model and have someone wandering around in a boring environment". So, they decided that the game would be space-themed and also added tasks, which, according to Forest Willard, programmer at Innersloth, "changed several times during development".[35][36]Development began in November 2017.[36] The game was initially intended to be a mobile-only local multiplayer game with a single map.[37] Bromander paused development on Innersloth's other game, The Henry Stickmin Collection, in order to build Among Us' first map, The Skeld.[38] When they began developing the first map, they intended that the ship was always in crisis and that the Impostors could do tasks. However, they found this setup "stressful" and decided that it "[wouldn't leave] much time for detective work and informed meeting conversations".[35][36] Willard described playtesting as painful and frustrating, as the game would break down during sessions forcing him to send playtesters new builds off of Google Play. The team tested the game with 8 of their friends and never tested the game with 9 or the maximum of 10 players.[38] The game was developed using the Unity engine.[39]The game was released in June 2018 to Android and iOS under the AppID of "spacemafia".[5][40] Shortly after release, Among Us had an average player count of 30 to 50 concurrent players.[30] Bromander blamed the game's poor release on Innersloth being "really bad at marketing".[37] The team nearly abandoned the project multiple times but continued work on it due to a "small but vocal player base",[41] adding in online multiplayer, new tasks, and customization options.[41] The game was released on Steam on November 16, 2018.[37][42] Cross-platform play was supported upon release of the Steam version.[43][44] Originally, the game had no audio to avoid revealing hidden information in a local setting,[g] and Willard mixed sounds from numerous sound packs to compose the SFX during the game's Steam release.[38]On August 8, 2019, Innersloth released a second map, MIRA HQ,[45][46] a "tightly packed headquarters roughly the size of The Skeld." A third map, Polus, was added on November 12, 2019, and is set in a research station.[45][47] The fourth map, the Airship, was released on March 31, 2021, and is based on a location in the Henry Stickmin universe.[15][16] MIRA HQ and Polus originally cost players US$4 via in-app purchase. Their prices were reduced to US$2 on January 6, 2020, then made free on June 11, 2020.[48] While the map packs are still available for purchase on all platforms, they now only provide the player the skins that were bundled with the maps.[49] According to programmer Forest Willard, the team "stuck with [the game] a lot longer than we probably should have from a pure business standpoint", putting out regular updates to the game as often as once per week. This led to a steady increase in players, causing the game's player base to snowball. Bromander attributed this to the studio having enough savings to keep working on the game even while it was not selling particularly well.[37]Canceled sequel and ongoing updatesIn August 2020, the team shifted focus onto a sequel, Among Us 2.[6][7][8][9] During this time, Forest Willard and Amy Liu continued to update Among Us, increasing the maximum player base, adding four servers and three regions,[50] and implementing longer multiplayer codes to support more concurrent games.[51] On September 23, 2020, the team canceled the sequel, instead opting to add all content intended for the sequel to the original Among Us, due to "how many people [were] enjoying [the original game]".[52][53][54] However, Innersloth deemed the game's codebase "outdated and not built to support adding so much new content", so the team made plans to rework the game's core code to enable adding new features.[54] The team subsequently announced their plans to fix the game's server issues and widespread cheating problem,[55][56][57] as well as add a system for banning disruptive players.[58] In October 2020, colorblind support for the "wires" task was added to the Among Us beta on Steam, as well as some previously unannounced lobby customization options.[59][60] As-of-yet unimplemented features include a fifth map, the Sheriff role, and new game modes.[52][53][58][61][62]In mid-February 2021, the game added a feature called Quickchat, which replaces the standard chat interface with a series of preset phrases that players must pick from. Players under the age of 13 are required to use Quickchat, but those over 13 are also allowed to use Free Chat, which allows them to type original messages.[63][64] First announced at The Game Awards 2020, the Airship map was released on March 31, 2021.[15][16] The Airship features multiple floors, contraptions, tasks, and "more".[65][66] In addition, Game Awards presenter Geoff Keighley's face was added as a skin. The map itself is based upon the Henry Stickmin series's Toppat Clan Airship.[67] Innersloth also stated that the map would be free to all players.[68][16] It also features a skin bundle that includes Henry Stickmin-themed cosmetic that can be bought on Steam.[16]The accounts system was implemented along with the update, and it allows players to report players that are not following Innersloth's Code of Conduct in order to make the game a welcoming and respectful place. Punishment ranges from temporary to permanent bans. They also stated that reports would be viewed manually and not by bots, that account creations would be required if players want to use Free Chat or to customize their nicknames, and that people under the age of 13 would need their parents' permission to create an account. Implementing an account system also allowed Innersloth to add account linking and a friending system in future updates.[69][70] Innersloth later revealed on the game's official Twitter account a new color to the game, Rose, which was included in the game's next update along with five other colors: Coral, Tan, Gray, Maroon, and Banana, which were revealed during Summer Game Fest on June 10, 2021, alongside other upcoming content, including a fifth map, new Hide & Seek game mode, and new roles such as Sheriff and Scientist.[61][62] The new colors, along with 15 player lobby support, new meeting screen and revamp at the game's design, was released on June 15, 2021, during the game's 3rd anniversary.[12]On July 7, 2021, Innersloth released a minor update that adds a new task, "Clean Vent", which involves the Crewmate cleaning a specific vent, preventing Impostors (and as of the November 9 update, Engineers) from using it, as well as some icon changes.[71] On November 9, 2021, a major update was released that introduced four new roles (Shapeshifter, Engineer, Scientist, and Guardian Angel), achievements, a level system, controller support, custom keybinds, visor cosmetics, cosmetic bundles called "Cosmicubes", various in-game currencies, and a major revamp to the in-game store, which also reveals the names of the costumes.[72] On March 31, 2022, a friending system was added, which allows players to see who they recently played with, send and receive friend requests, send and receive lobby invites, as well as the ability to block people.[73] On June 21, 2022, the game was patched to include colorblind text.[74] At The Game Awards 2022 on December 8, 2022, it was announced that the Hide & Seek mode would be released the following day.[75]Console releasesAmid its popularity, Innersloth considered releasing the game to PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles, but encountered a problem in implementing player communication, since standard text-based or voice-based chat seemed unusable. They considered a system similar to the "quick comms" system from Rocket League, as well as the possibility of developing an entirely new communication system for the game.[26][27] Versions of the game for Xbox consoles were later announced.[76]Among Us was released for the Nintendo Switch on December 15, 2020, the same day it was announced during Nintendo Direct Indie World showcase. The Switch version supports cross-platform play with the mobile and Windows versions.[77] This port was published by Play EveryWare.[78] Upon release, the Switch version had an exploit to access The Airship prior to its official release in early 2021.[79] The exploit was fixed two days after release in the Switch version's first update.[80][81]Among Us was released digitally for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S consoles on December 14, 2021, along with its release on the Xbox Game Pass for console. These versions will support cross-platform play with existing Windows, Switch, and mobile versions. Unique to the PlayStation ports are special customization options based on Ratchet & Clank. Physical releases for consoles were available in Europe the same day, while North American physical releases were released in January 2022.[82]Among Us VRMain article: Among Us VRDuring The Game Awards 2021, a standalone VR version titled Among Us VR was announced.[83] Co-developed by Schell Games, Innersloth, and Robot Teddy,[84] the game was released on November 10, 2022 for the Meta Quest 2 and Windows via Steam, with a PlayStation 5 version via PlayStation VR2 planned for the future.[85]Among Us VR features similar gameplay to the original game, but is played from a first-person perspective. Several of the original game's tasks were recreated, alongside new ones. At the time of release, the only level in the game is The Skeld 2; further content updates are planned, though no details have been announced.[86] 2020 spike While Among Us was released in 2018, it was not until mid-2020 that it saw a surge of popularity, initially driven by content creators online in South Korea and Brazil. Bromander stated that the game is more popular in Mexico, Brazil, and South Korea than in the United States.[37][5] According to Willard, Twitch streamer Sodapoppin first popularized the game on Twitch in July 2020.[37] Many other Twitch streamers and YouTubers followed suit, including prominent content creators xQc, Pokimane, Shroud, Ninja, Disguised Toast and PewDiePie.[53][87][34][88]The COVID-19 pandemic was frequently cited as a reason for the popularity of Among Us, as it allowed for socializing despite social distancing.[37][89][90][91][92] Emma Kent of Eurogamer believed that the release of Innersloth's The Henry Stickmin Collection also contributed to awareness of Among Us,[53] and PC Gamer's Wes Fenlon credited Twitch streamer SR_Kaif for "prim[ing] Among Us for its big moment." Fenlon also praised Among Us for improvements over other popular tabletop games that had been inspired by Mafia, such as Secret Hitler. He said other video game adaptations of Mafia such as Town of Salem and Werewolves Within were "just add[ing] an online interface for the basic Werewolf rules," whereas Among Us is as an entirely new take on the concept.[34] Along with Fall Guys and the Jackbox Party Packs, Among Us provided a narrative-less experience that helped to avoid the "cultural trauma" of the pandemic, according to M.J. Lewis of Wired.[93]. The game's popularity continued into the following months. YouTube reported that videos about Among Us were viewed 4 billion times in September 2020,[94] and TikTok videos related to Among Us had over 13 billion views in October 2020.[95] YouTuber CG5 wrote a song based on the game in September 2020, titled "Show Yourself", and gained over 60 million views in four months.[96][h] In September 2020, the game exceeded 100 million downloads[34] and its player count rose to 1.5 million concurrent players[4][97] (nearly 400 thousand of which were on Steam),[45] then peaked at 3.8 million in late September.[98] The sudden increase in players overloaded the game's server, which according to Willard was "a totally free Amazon server, and it was terrible." This forced him to work quickly, under crunch time, to resolve these issues.[41]In August 2020, Innersloth opened an online store for Among Us themed merchandise.[7][30] The game's popularity inspired many original songs, fan art and internet memes,[21][24][41] Willard expressed that fan-created content "really is the best part" of making Among Us, and Bromander called it "my favorite thing to see".[41] The game popularized the slang word "sus" (meaning "suspicious" or "suspect"),[99][100][101] which had been used before the game's release.[102] Other slang terms as well as internet memes popularized and inspired by Among Us include 'Sussy' and 'Sussy Baka' (derived from "sus"),[103][104] 'When the Imposter is Sus' (an ironic meme based on Among Us, usually alongside an edited photo of Jerma985),[105][user-generated source] and 'Amogus' (satiric misspelling of "Among Us").[106][107] In addition, the meme "Among Us everywhere" is a phenomenon where unexpected objects resemble the crewmate character.[108] In September 2022, "Sus" was officially added to Merriam-Webster's dictionary.[109]During its time of widespread popularity, Among Us was controversially played by the U.S. Navy Esports team, in which players on the stream used in-game names referencing the N-word ("Gamer Word") and the bombing of Nagasaki ("Japan 1945" and "Nagasaki"). The stream was deemed "offensive" and "intolerable" by some viewers.[110] The sailor responsible for the stream was later kicked off the team.[111] In October 2020, U.S. Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Ilhan Omar streamed the game alongside several other prominent streamers such as Pokimane and Hasan Piker as a way to encourage people to vote in the 2020 United States presidential election, drawing almost 700,000 concurrent viewers on Twitch.[112][113][114]The game also received several mods made by the community, which added new roles, game modes, cosmetics, etc.[115] Among Us was also featured in Twitch Rivals 2020, an online gaming tournament which was held on December 4, 2020.[116] During the event, players were able to receive an exclusive pet called "Glitch Pet", which is the Twitch logo.[117]October 2020 and January 2021 hacksIn mid-October 2020, a hacker known as "Eris Loris" began targeting mainly North American servers. Several players on the Among Us subreddit and Twitter reported this player hacking their lobbies and spamming in-game chat with promotions for his YouTube channel, links to his Discord server, and controversial political messages.[118] Eris Loris also threatened to personally hack players that refused to subscribe to his YouTube channel. The Discord server has been found to contain large amounts of offensive content, such as racist language, gore, pornography, and images depicting animal abuse.[119]A Eurogamer report from October 23, 2020, features an interview with a person claiming to be Eris Loris, conducted via the Discord server from one of the links provided in the hacked games. In the interview, Loris claims he created the bot responsible for the hacks "in only six hours", and had enlisted up to 50 volunteers to form a botnet which boosted the strength of their attacks. Loris claimed that the hack impacted 4.9 million players in 1.5 million games. He also added that the hacks were part of a publicity stunt to influence players to vote for Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election.[119]Innersloth added an in-game message warning players about the hacks on October 22,[119] and released a statement on Twitter the next day. They said they were "super aware" of the hacking issue, and stated that an "emergency server update" would be pushed out to combat the hacks. They encouraged players to stick to private games and to avoid playing on public ones until the update was released.[120] The team plans to address the hacking vulnerabilities as part of a planned overhaul for the game.[55][56][57] At the end of January 2021, players reported on Twitter the return of Eris Loris' hack attack, which is now distributing Among Us cheats.[121] Among Us was well received by critics. On the aggregator website Metacritic, the PC port received a 85 of 100 score based on 9 critic reviews, while the Nintendo Switch version received a 79 of 100 score based on 9 critic reviews, both them indicating "generally favorable reviews".[122][123] It was also considered one of the "Best PC Games for 2018", being ranked 17th, and as the "#38 Best Discussed PC Game of 2018".[131][132] Since December 2020, IGN considered it one of 2020's best reviewed games so far.[133]Elliott Osange of Bonus Stage considered that the game is "silly fun", but felt that is more fun "to be an Impostor".[134] Craig Pearson of Rock, Paper, Shotgun had the same opinion, found playing as an Impostor "a lot more fun" than playing as a Crewmate, which he called "exhausting".[20] In reference to the game's popularity among streamers, Evelyn Lau of The National said: "Watching the reactions of people trying to guess who the imposter is (and sometimes getting it very wrong) or lying terribly about not being the imposter is all quite entertaining."[19] Alice O'Conner of Rock, Paper, Shotgun described the game as "Mafia or Werewolf but with minigames".[135] Andrew Penney of TheGamer said the game was "worth it for the price" and that "who you play with dictates how fun the game is."[136] L'avis de Tiraxa of Jeuxvideo.com praised the game's Freeplay mode, which offers newer players "to browse the map alone to accommodate the places", as they would need to play several games in order to "perfect their strategies".[126]Leana Hafer from IGN stated in her verdict on the game: "I don't have any sus that this will be the last game of its breed to make a splash, since we’re already seeing its influence on even mega-games like Fortnite". As a negative point, she pointed out some technical problems, such as the difficulty of finding rooms that aren't already full or are a long way from getting there. She also lamented the lack of "mechanic to punish players who rage-quit when they don't get to play as impostor, or are caught dead to rights in the middle of a murder".[127] Tiraxa of Jeuxvideo.com was more critical of the game, lamenting the lack of an inbuilt voice chat, server bugs which "[prevent] some from joining the party, in a totally unexplained way", public servers with strangers, which she considered "less entertaining" than private servers with friends, and the large development progress, stating that the game has a "bit of a way to go before it reaches its full potential".[126] The mobile version of the game, although being free-to-play, was criticized. Osange of Bonus Stage called the presence of ads and in-app purchases of cosmetic changes that are mostly available for free on the PC version "nonsense". He also called the PC version "stable" but also stated that the Android version is "a device-by-device situation".[134]The Nintendo Switch version received some criticism. William Antonelli of Insider said that the Switch controls give "many tasks a satisfying game response". However, he also stated that most of the tasks could be "done quickly with the Switch's touchscreen control", which can only be used when the console is in handheld mode. He noted that many of the game's tasks are difficult to complete using a gamepad, which is required when the console is connected to a larger screen, and considered this version "inferior" to the PC and mobile versions.[137] He also stated that the communication system is "frustrating", as using the joystick to select letters is "slow", and said the fact that the game has support for multiplayer across multiple platforms gives Switch players "immediate disadvantage".[137] PJ O'Reilly of Nintendo Life noted that the Switch lacked much of the additional content available on other platforms, such as skins, which he called a "shame".[128]Among Us has been frequently compared to Fall Guys, as both became popular as party games during the COVID-19 pandemic;[37][28][138] the developers of both games have positively acknowledged each other on Twitter.[139][140] Comparisons have also been drawn between the two games' avatars, which have been said to look like jelly beans.[141][142] Among Us has also been compared to The Thing,[24][143] Town of Salem,[34][143] Werewolves Within,[34] and Secret Hitler.[34]SalesAs of September 2020, Steam Spy estimated that the game had more than 10 million owners on Steam.[144] The Associated Press noted the game was the most downloaded app on the iOS App Store for both iPhones and iPads in October 2020.[145] According to SuperData Research, the game had roughly 500 million players worldwide as of November 2020, with the free-to-play mobile version accounting for 97% of players and the buy-to-play PC version accounting for 3% of players, though it was the buy-to-play PC version that generated 64% of the game's gross revenue.[146] Among Us became one of the best selling games of 2020 on Steam, being listed on the platinum category on "The Year's Top 100" list.[147][148] The Nintendo Switch version's launch sold 3.2 million digital units in December 2020, making it the highest-earning version of the game for the month and one of the best-selling games on the Nintendo Switch.[149][150]Among Us was offered as a free game on the Epic Games Store during one week in May 2021. Its average daily player count jumped from around 350,000 players in the weeks before to over 2 million players during the giveaway.[151] On June 29, 2021, Innersloth reported on Twitter that during the game's free promotion on Epic Games Store, at least 15 million copies were claimed. LegacyAmong Us has done collaborations and cross-overs with other games and studios. The first game they collaborated with was Fall Guys, who added Among Us-themed skins to their game.[166] Characters from Among Us have made cameos in the indie games Astroneer,[167] Sunshine Heavy Industries,[168] Cosmonious High,[169] Samurai Gunn 2[170] and Fraymakers[171] and Among Us is referenced in several stickers in the game A Hat in Time.[172] Several Among Us-themed cards are included in The Binding of Isaac: Four Souls Requiem.[173]Themed skins and cosmetics from other games and properties have been added to Among Us as well: Innersloth and Riot Games crossed-over to bring Arcane themed cosmetics to Among Us.[174] In addition to that, Innersloth has also done crossovers with Halo,[175] Ratchet & Clank,[176] and the movie franchise Scream.[177] Cosmetics themed after Benoit Blanc from Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery, were made available with the Hide 'N Seek update on December 9, 2022.[178]Outside of the game itself Innersloth has collaborated with BT21,[179] and Among Us-themed posters were used to advertise the movie Free Guy.[180] The "ejected" animation was referenced in the season 2 trailer for the animated series Snoopy in Space,[181] and the Emergency Meeting screen was used in In Space with Markiplier.[182] Among Us was also featured as a question on Jeopardy![183] Among Us is seen being played by characters in the 2022 film Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery.[184]Epic Games featured a community-created game mode in Fortnite Creative in December 2020 called "The Spy Within", which had very similar mechanics to Among Us, in which among ten players, the others have to complete tasks to earn enough coins within a limited time while trying to deduce which two players are trying to sabotage that effort.[185] Epic later added another (official and internally-developed) limited mode to Fortnite called "Impostors" in August 2021, which was recognized as even a closer take on Among Us, as the same basic mechanics as "The Spy Within" were used, but now taking place within an underground bunker with a layout similar to the Among Us map. Innersloth responded in frustration to this mode, which gave no credit to Innersloth. Innersloth's co-founder Marcus Bromander stated "Is it really that hard to put 10% more effort into putting your own spin on it though?", while studio representative Callum Underwood said that Innersloth was open to collaborations, "Just ask and if you follow some basic rules it's usually fine".[186] In an October 2021 blog posting, Epic Games did credit Innersloth and Among Us as inspirations for the "Impostors" mode.[187] On June 17, 2022, both Epic and Innersloth announced a collab between Fortnite and Among Us, with a "back bling" of a crewmate in interchangeable colors and the "Distraction Dance" from Innersloth's Henry Stickmin franchise available in the Fortnite item shop. [188]On December 28, 2021, H2 Interactive, who publishes Among Us in Japan, announced that a one-shot manga based on the game will be published in Bessatsu CoroCoro's April issue on February 28, 2022.[189][190] On January 13, Innersloth began promoting the manga on their official Twitter account.[191]Artificial intelligence researchA simplified variation of Among Us called Hidden Agenda is used in the field of multi-agent reinforcement learning to show that artificial intelligence agents are able to learn a variety of social behaviors, including partnering and voting without need for communication in natural language.

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Among Us[c] is a 2018 online multiplayer social deduction game developed and published by American game studio Innersloth. The game was inspired by the party game Mafia and the science fiction horror film The Thing.[10] The game allows for cross-platform play, first released on iOS and Android devices in June 2018 and on Windows later that year in November. The game was then ported to the Nintendo Switch in December 2020 and on the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in December 2021. While the game was initially released in 2018 to little mainstream attention, it received a massive influx of popularity in 2020 due to many well-known Twitch streamers and YouTubers playing it, and due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A virtual reality adaptation, Among Us VR, was released on November 10th, 2022. Among Us takes place in space-themed settings where players are colorful armless cartoon astronauts. Each player takes on one of two roles: most are Crewmates, but a small number play Impostors.[d] Crewmates work to complete assigned tasks in the game while identifying and voting out suspected Impostors (which appear identical to Crewmates) by means of social deduction, while Impostors have the objective of killing the Crewmates. Among Us experienced a significant surge in playership in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic due to popularization by YouTube and Twitch content creators, and received favorable reviews from critics on account of its fun and entertaining gameplay. The game and its stylized characters have also been the subject of various internet memes. Among Us is a multiplayer game for four to fifteen players, although recommended for at least five.[12] Up to three players are randomly[13] and secretly chosen to be the Impostor(s) each round. As of 2021, four playable maps are available, a spaceship called "The Skeld", an office building called "MIRA HQ", a planet base called "Polus",[14] or an airship based on Innersloth's Henry Stickmin series called "The Airship".[15][16]The Crewmates can win the game one of two ways; either by completing all assigned tasks or by ejecting all Impostors. Impostors can likewise win in two ways; either by killing or ejecting all Crewmates,[e] or by sabotaging a critical system on the map (provided the Crewmates do not resolve it in time).[f][14][17][18][19] At the start of the game, Crewmates are assigned "tasks" to complete around the map in the form of minigames, minipuzzles, and simple toggles, mostly consisting of maintenance work on vital systems such as fixing wires and downloading data.[20] Impostors cannot complete tasks, but may pretend to perform tasks to feign appearance as legitimate Crewmates, and are given a list of sample "fake" tasks to do so. Impostors, however, can perform sabotages, ranging from minor (such as disabling lights, making Crewmates blind) to critical (such as disabling oxygen generators), requiring immediate counteraction by Crewmates to prevent their deaths. Impostors may also enter and traverse ventilation ducts (commonly known as "venting"), and kill nearby Crewmates. To help Crewmates identify Impostors, there are various surveillance systems on each map, such as security cameras on The Skeld,[21] a doorlog system with sensors in MIRA HQ,[22] and a vitals indicator in Polus that shows the living status of all players.[14] In addition, certain "visual tasks" provide animated cues, such as scanning oneself in the Skeld's medbay. As Impostors cannot perform tasks, Crewmates can use visual tasks to confirm their identity to nearby Crewmates.[23]Any living player may call a group meeting by reporting a dead body, or by pressing an Emergency Meeting button (except during critical sabotages, when Emergency Meetings cannot be called, but dead bodies can still be reported).[19][24][25] During meetings, players discuss — via the in-game chat or an external voice chat application such as Discord[26][27][28] — who they believe to be Impostors based on available witness testimonies, with Impostors lying to hide their identity or falsely accusing other players. Impostors can be identified beyond reasonable doubt if they are seen venting or killing a Crewmate, but ultimately players must weigh the veracity or value of each other's statements. Players then vote for who they believe is an Impostor, if a plurality vote is obtained, the player who received the most votes is "ejected" from the game.[20][19] Players who are killed or ejected become ghosts, which can still perform tasks (Crewmates) or sabotages (Impostors) but are otherwise unable to be seen by or interact with living players. Effectively spectators, ghosts may see and pass through walls, follow players or other ghosts and chat with other ghosts.A November 2021 update added additional specialized roles to the game: Crewmates can also be Engineers, Scientists, or Guardian Angels. Engineers can traverse vents like Impostors, albeit to a limited capacity. Scientists can check vitals at any time to see if any player has been killed recently. Ghosts of Crewmates can become Guardian Angels, which can temporarily protect living players from being killed. Impostors likewise can be Shapeshifters, allowing them to temporarily morph into other players and assume their color and appearance.An alternative Hide and Seek gamemode was added in a game update on December 9, 2022. Impostors win by killing all Crewmates, while Crewmates are given a countdown timer and win by surviving until the timer reaches zero. Crewmates can complete tasks to roll down the timer, and enter vents to hide from Impostors. Crewmates are given a display presenting their proximity to an Impostor as well as the number of remaining Crewmates.[29]Prior to each game, various options can be adjusted to customize aspects of gameplay, such as player movement speed, the allowed number of emergency meetings, number of tasks and visual tasks,[30] or whether or not an Impostor is revealed after being voted off.[31] Players may modify their own appearances with cosmetics, including spacesuit colors, skins, hats, visors and pets,[32][33] some of which are purchasable as microtransactions. Among Us was inspired by the live party game Mafia,[5][34] and the science fiction horror film The Thing.[35] The idea for the concept was originally given by Marcus Bromander, co-founder of Innersloth, who had played Mafia since he was a kid. In the original game, function cards were dealt and players wandered around a house, aimlessly, while another person secretly killed the players, drawing a finger around their neck. Most of its mechanics were still present in Among Us, but the team wanted to "alleviate the need to create an interesting home model and have someone wandering around in a boring environment". So, they decided that the game would be space-themed and also added tasks, which, according to Forest Willard, programmer at Innersloth, "changed several times during development".[35][36]Development began in November 2017.[36] The game was initially intended to be a mobile-only local multiplayer game with a single map.[37] Bromander paused development on Innersloth's other game, The Henry Stickmin Collection, in order to build Among Us' first map, The Skeld.[38] When they began developing the first map, they intended that the ship was always in crisis and that the Impostors could do tasks. However, they found this setup "stressful" and decided that it "[wouldn't leave] much time for detective work and informed meeting conversations".[35][36] Willard described playtesting as painful and frustrating, as the game would break down during sessions forcing him to send playtesters new builds off of Google Play. The team tested the game with 8 of their friends and never tested the game with 9 or the maximum of 10 players.[38] The game was developed using the Unity engine.[39]The game was released in June 2018 to Android and iOS under the AppID of "spacemafia".[5][40] Shortly after release, Among Us had an average player count of 30 to 50 concurrent players.[30] Bromander blamed the game's poor release on Innersloth being "really bad at marketing".[37] The team nearly abandoned the project multiple times but continued work on it due to a "small but vocal player base",[41] adding in online multiplayer, new tasks, and customization options.[41] The game was released on Steam on November 16, 2018.[37][42] Cross-platform play was supported upon release of the Steam version.[43][44] Originally, the game had no audio to avoid revealing hidden information in a local setting,[g] and Willard mixed sounds from numerous sound packs to compose the SFX during the game's Steam release.[38]On August 8, 2019, Innersloth released a second map, MIRA HQ,[45][46] a "tightly packed headquarters roughly the size of The Skeld." A third map, Polus, was added on November 12, 2019, and is set in a research station.[45][47] The fourth map, the Airship, was released on March 31, 2021, and is based on a location in the Henry Stickmin universe.[15][16] MIRA HQ and Polus originally cost players US$4 via in-app purchase. Their prices were reduced to US$2 on January 6, 2020, then made free on June 11, 2020.[48] While the map packs are still available for purchase on all platforms, they now only provide the player the skins that were bundled with the maps.[49] According to programmer Forest Willard, the team "stuck with [the game] a lot longer than we probably should have from a pure business standpoint", putting out regular updates to the game as often as once per week. This led to a steady increase in players, causing the game's player base to snowball. Bromander attributed this to the studio having enough savings to keep working on the game even while it was not selling particularly well.[37]Canceled sequel and ongoing updatesIn August 2020, the team shifted focus onto a sequel, Among Us 2.[6][7][8][9] During this time, Forest Willard and Amy Liu continued to update Among Us, increasing the maximum player base, adding four servers and three regions,[50] and implementing longer multiplayer codes to support more concurrent games.[51] On September 23, 2020, the team canceled the sequel, instead opting to add all content intended for the sequel to the original Among Us, due to "how many people [were] enjoying [the original game]".[52][53][54] However, Innersloth deemed the game's codebase "outdated and not built to support adding so much new content", so the team made plans to rework the game's core code to enable adding new features.[54] The team subsequently announced their plans to fix the game's server issues and widespread cheating problem,[55][56][57] as well as add a system for banning disruptive players.[58] In October 2020, colorblind support for the "wires" task was added to the Among Us beta on Steam, as well as some previously unannounced lobby customization options.[59][60] As-of-yet unimplemented features include a fifth map, the Sheriff role, and new game modes.[52][53][58][61][62]In mid-February 2021, the game added a feature called Quickchat, which replaces the standard chat interface with a series of preset phrases that players must pick from. Players under the age of 13 are required to use Quickchat, but those over 13 are also allowed to use Free Chat, which allows them to type original messages.[63][64] First announced at The Game Awards 2020, the Airship map was released on March 31, 2021.[15][16] The Airship features multiple floors, contraptions, tasks, and "more".[65][66] In addition, Game Awards presenter Geoff Keighley's face was added as a skin. The map itself is based upon the Henry Stickmin series's Toppat Clan Airship.[67] Innersloth also stated that the map would be free to all players.[68][16] It also features a skin bundle that includes Henry Stickmin-themed cosmetic that can be bought on Steam.[16]The accounts system was implemented along with the update, and it allows players to report players that are not following Innersloth's Code of Conduct in order to make the game a welcoming and respectful place. Punishment ranges from temporary to permanent bans. They also stated that reports would be viewed manually and not by bots, that account creations would be required if players want to use Free Chat or to customize their nicknames, and that people under the age of 13 would need their parents' permission to create an account. Implementing an account system also allowed Innersloth to add account linking and a friending system in future updates.[69][70] Innersloth later revealed on the game's official Twitter account a new color to the game, Rose, which was included in the game's next update along with five other colors: Coral, Tan, Gray, Maroon, and Banana, which were revealed during Summer Game Fest on June 10, 2021, alongside other upcoming content, including a fifth map, new Hide & Seek game mode, and new roles such as Sheriff and Scientist.[61][62] The new colors, along with 15 player lobby support, new meeting screen and revamp at the game's design, was released on June 15, 2021, during the game's 3rd anniversary.[12]On July 7, 2021, Innersloth released a minor update that adds a new task, "Clean Vent", which involves the Crewmate cleaning a specific vent, preventing Impostors (and as of the November 9 update, Engineers) from using it, as well as some icon changes.[71] On November 9, 2021, a major update was released that introduced four new roles (Shapeshifter, Engineer, Scientist, and Guardian Angel), achievements, a level system, controller support, custom keybinds, visor cosmetics, cosmetic bundles called "Cosmicubes", various in-game currencies, and a major revamp to the in-game store, which also reveals the names of the costumes.[72] On March 31, 2022, a friending system was added, which allows players to see who they recently played with, send and receive friend requests, send and receive lobby invites, as well as the ability to block people.[73] On June 21, 2022, the game was patched to include colorblind text.[74] At The Game Awards 2022 on December 8, 2022, it was announced that the Hide & Seek mode would be released the following day.[75]Console releasesAmid its popularity, Innersloth considered releasing the game to PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles, but encountered a problem in implementing player communication, since standard text-based or voice-based chat seemed unusable. They considered a system similar to the "quick comms" system from Rocket League, as well as the possibility of developing an entirely new communication system for the game.[26][27] Versions of the game for Xbox consoles were later announced.[76]Among Us was released for the Nintendo Switch on December 15, 2020, the same day it was announced during Nintendo Direct Indie World showcase. The Switch version supports cross-platform play with the mobile and Windows versions.[77] This port was published by Play EveryWare.[78] Upon release, the Switch version had an exploit to access The Airship prior to its official release in early 2021.[79] The exploit was fixed two days after release in the Switch version's first update.[80][81]Among Us was released digitally for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S consoles on December 14, 2021, along with its release on the Xbox Game Pass for console. These versions will support cross-platform play with existing Windows, Switch, and mobile versions. Unique to the PlayStation ports are special customization options based on Ratchet & Clank. Physical releases for consoles were available in Europe the same day, while North American physical releases were released in January 2022.[82]Among Us VRMain article: Among Us VRDuring The Game Awards 2021, a standalone VR version titled Among Us VR was announced.[83] Co-developed by Schell Games, Innersloth, and Robot Teddy,[84] the game was released on November 10, 2022 for the Meta Quest 2 and Windows via Steam, with a PlayStation 5 version via PlayStation VR2 planned for the future.[85]Among Us VR features similar gameplay to the original game, but is played from a first-person perspective. Several of the original game's tasks were recreated, alongside new ones. At the time of release, the only level in the game is The Skeld 2; further content updates are planned, though no details have been announced.[86] 2020 spike While Among Us was released in 2018, it was not until mid-2020 that it saw a surge of popularity, initially driven by content creators online in South Korea and Brazil. Bromander stated that the game is more popular in Mexico, Brazil, and South Korea than in the United States.[37][5] According to Willard, Twitch streamer Sodapoppin first popularized the game on Twitch in July 2020.[37] Many other Twitch streamers and YouTubers followed suit, including prominent content creators xQc, Pokimane, Shroud, Ninja, Disguised Toast and PewDiePie.[53][87][34][88]The COVID-19 pandemic was frequently cited as a reason for the popularity of Among Us, as it allowed for socializing despite social distancing.[37][89][90][91][92] Emma Kent of Eurogamer believed that the release of Innersloth's The Henry Stickmin Collection also contributed to awareness of Among Us,[53] and PC Gamer's Wes Fenlon credited Twitch streamer SR_Kaif for "prim[ing] Among Us for its big moment." Fenlon also praised Among Us for improvements over other popular tabletop games that had been inspired by Mafia, such as Secret Hitler. He said other video game adaptations of Mafia such as Town of Salem and Werewolves Within were "just add[ing] an online interface for the basic Werewolf rules," whereas Among Us is as an entirely new take on the concept.[34] Along with Fall Guys and the Jackbox Party Packs, Among Us provided a narrative-less experience that helped to avoid the "cultural trauma" of the pandemic, according to M.J. Lewis of Wired.[93]. The game's popularity continued into the following months. YouTube reported that videos about Among Us were viewed 4 billion times in September 2020,[94] and TikTok videos related to Among Us had over 13 billion views in October 2020.[95] YouTuber CG5 wrote a song based on the game in September 2020, titled "Show Yourself", and gained over 60 million views in four months.[96][h] In September 2020, the game exceeded 100 million downloads[34] and its player count rose to 1.5 million concurrent players[4][97] (nearly 400 thousand of which were on Steam),[45] then peaked at 3.8 million in late September.[98] The sudden increase in players overloaded the game's server, which according to Willard was "a totally free Amazon server, and it was terrible." This forced him to work quickly, under crunch time, to resolve these issues.[41]In August 2020, Innersloth opened an online store for Among Us themed merchandise.[7][30] The game's popularity inspired many original songs, fan art and internet memes,[21][24][41] Willard expressed that fan-created content "really is the best part" of making Among Us, and Bromander called it "my favorite thing to see".[41] The game popularized the slang word "sus" (meaning "suspicious" or "suspect"),[99][100][101] which had been used before the game's release.[102] Other slang terms as well as internet memes popularized and inspired by Among Us include 'Sussy' and 'Sussy Baka' (derived from "sus"),[103][104] 'When the Imposter is Sus' (an ironic meme based on Among Us, usually alongside an edited photo of Jerma985),[105][user-generated source] and 'Amogus' (satiric misspelling of "Among Us").[106][107] In addition, the meme "Among Us everywhere" is a phenomenon where unexpected objects resemble the crewmate character.[108] In September 2022, "Sus" was officially added to Merriam-Webster's dictionary.[109]During its time of widespread popularity, Among Us was controversially played by the U.S. Navy Esports team, in which players on the stream used in-game names referencing the N-word ("Gamer Word") and the bombing of Nagasaki ("Japan 1945" and "Nagasaki"). The stream was deemed "offensive" and "intolerable" by some viewers.[110] The sailor responsible for the stream was later kicked off the team.[111] In October 2020, U.S. Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Ilhan Omar streamed the game alongside several other prominent streamers such as Pokimane and Hasan Piker as a way to encourage people to vote in the 2020 United States presidential election, drawing almost 700,000 concurrent viewers on Twitch.[112][113][114]The game also received several mods made by the community, which added new roles, game modes, cosmetics, etc.[115] Among Us was also featured in Twitch Rivals 2020, an online gaming tournament which was held on December 4, 2020.[116] During the event, players were able to receive an exclusive pet called "Glitch Pet", which is the Twitch logo.[117]October 2020 and January 2021 hacksIn mid-October 2020, a hacker known as "Eris Loris" began targeting mainly North American servers. Several players on the Among Us subreddit and Twitter reported this player hacking their lobbies and spamming in-game chat with promotions for his YouTube channel, links to his Discord server, and controversial political messages.[118] Eris Loris also threatened to personally hack players that refused to subscribe to his YouTube channel. The Discord server has been found to contain large amounts of offensive content, such as racist language, gore, pornography, and images depicting animal abuse.[119]A Eurogamer report from October 23, 2020, features an interview with a person claiming to be Eris Loris, conducted via the Discord server from one of the links provided in the hacked games. In the interview, Loris claims he created the bot responsible for the hacks "in only six hours", and had enlisted up to 50 volunteers to form a botnet which boosted the strength of their attacks. Loris claimed that the hack impacted 4.9 million players in 1.5 million games. He also added that the hacks were part of a publicity stunt to influence players to vote for Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election.[119]Innersloth added an in-game message warning players about the hacks on October 22,[119] and released a statement on Twitter the next day. They said they were "super aware" of the hacking issue, and stated that an "emergency server update" would be pushed out to combat the hacks. They encouraged players to stick to private games and to avoid playing on public ones until the update was released.[120] The team plans to address the hacking vulnerabilities as part of a planned overhaul for the game.[55][56][57] At the end of January 2021, players reported on Twitter the return of Eris Loris' hack attack, which is now distributing Among Us cheats.[121] Among Us was well received by critics. On the aggregator website Metacritic, the PC port received a 85 of 100 score based on 9 critic reviews, while the Nintendo Switch version received a 79 of 100 score based on 9 critic reviews, both them indicating "generally favorable reviews".[122][123] It was also considered one of the "Best PC Games for 2018", being ranked 17th, and as the "#38 Best Discussed PC Game of 2018".[131][132] Since December 2020, IGN considered it one of 2020's best reviewed games so far.[133]Elliott Osange of Bonus Stage considered that the game is "silly fun", but felt that is more fun "to be an Impostor".[134] Craig Pearson of Rock, Paper, Shotgun had the same opinion, found playing as an Impostor "a lot more fun" than playing as a Crewmate, which he called "exhausting".[20] In reference to the game's popularity among streamers, Evelyn Lau of The National said: "Watching the reactions of people trying to guess who the imposter is (and sometimes getting it very wrong) or lying terribly about not being the imposter is all quite entertaining."[19] Alice O'Conner of Rock, Paper, Shotgun described the game as "Mafia or Werewolf but with minigames".[135] Andrew Penney of TheGamer said the game was "worth it for the price" and that "who you play with dictates how fun the game is."[136] L'avis de Tiraxa of Jeuxvideo.com praised the game's Freeplay mode, which offers newer players "to browse the map alone to accommodate the places", as they would need to play several games in order to "perfect their strategies".[126]Leana Hafer from IGN stated in her verdict on the game: "I don't have any sus that this will be the last game of its breed to make a splash, since we’re already seeing its influence on even mega-games like Fortnite". As a negative point, she pointed out some technical problems, such as the difficulty of finding rooms that aren't already full or are a long way from getting there. She also lamented the lack of "mechanic to punish players who rage-quit when they don't get to play as impostor, or are caught dead to rights in the middle of a murder".[127] Tiraxa of Jeuxvideo.com was more critical of the game, lamenting the lack of an inbuilt voice chat, server bugs which "[prevent] some from joining the party, in a totally unexplained way", public servers with strangers, which she considered "less entertaining" than private servers with friends, and the large development progress, stating that the game has a "bit of a way to go before it reaches its full potential".[126] The mobile version of the game, although being free-to-play, was criticized. Osange of Bonus Stage called the presence of ads and in-app purchases of cosmetic changes that are mostly available for free on the PC version "nonsense". He also called the PC version "stable" but also stated that the Android version is "a device-by-device situation".[134]The Nintendo Switch version received some criticism. William Antonelli of Insider said that the Switch controls give "many tasks a satisfying game response". However, he also stated that most of the tasks could be "done quickly with the Switch's touchscreen control", which can only be used when the console is in handheld mode. He noted that many of the game's tasks are difficult to complete using a gamepad, which is required when the console is connected to a larger screen, and considered this version "inferior" to the PC and mobile versions.[137] He also stated that the communication system is "frustrating", as using the joystick to select letters is "slow", and said the fact that the game has support for multiplayer across multiple platforms gives Switch players "immediate disadvantage".[137] PJ O'Reilly of Nintendo Life noted that the Switch lacked much of the additional content available on other platforms, such as skins, which he called a "shame".[128]Among Us has been frequently compared to Fall Guys, as both became popular as party games during the COVID-19 pandemic;[37][28][138] the developers of both games have positively acknowledged each other on Twitter.[139][140] Comparisons have also been drawn between the two games' avatars, which have been said to look like jelly beans.[141][142] Among Us has also been compared to The Thing,[24][143] Town of Salem,[34][143] Werewolves Within,[34] and Secret Hitler.[34]SalesAs of September 2020, Steam Spy estimated that the game had more than 10 million owners on Steam.[144] The Associated Press noted the game was the most downloaded app on the iOS App Store for both iPhones and iPads in October 2020.[145] According to SuperData Research, the game had roughly 500 million players worldwide as of November 2020, with the free-to-play mobile version accounting for 97% of players and the buy-to-play PC version accounting for 3% of players, though it was the buy-to-play PC version that generated 64% of the game's gross revenue.[146] Among Us became one of the best selling games of 2020 on Steam, being listed on the platinum category on "The Year's Top 100" list.[147][148] The Nintendo Switch version's launch sold 3.2 million digital units in December 2020, making it the highest-earning version of the game for the month and one of the best-selling games on the Nintendo Switch.[149][150]Among Us was offered as a free game on the Epic Games Store during one week in May 2021. Its average daily player count jumped from around 350,000 players in the weeks before to over 2 million players during the giveaway.[151] On June 29, 2021, Innersloth reported on Twitter that during the game's free promotion on Epic Games Store, at least 15 million copies were claimed. LegacyAmong Us has done collaborations and cross-overs with other games and studios. The first game they collaborated with was Fall Guys, who added Among Us-themed skins to their game.[166] Characters from Among Us have made cameos in the indie games Astroneer,[167] Sunshine Heavy Industries,[168] Cosmonious High,[169] Samurai Gunn 2[170] and Fraymakers[171] and Among Us is referenced in several stickers in the game A Hat in Time.[172] Several Among Us-themed cards are included in The Binding of Isaac: Four Souls Requiem.[173]Themed skins and cosmetics from other games and properties have been added to Among Us as well: Innersloth and Riot Games crossed-over to bring Arcane themed cosmetics to Among Us.[174] In addition to that, Innersloth has also done crossovers with Halo,[175] Ratchet & Clank,[176] and the movie franchise Scream.[177] Cosmetics themed after Benoit Blanc from Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery, were made available with the Hide 'N Seek update on December 9, 2022.[178]Outside of the game itself Innersloth has collaborated with BT21,[179] and Among Us-themed posters were used to advertise the movie Free Guy.[180] The "ejected" animation was referenced in the season 2 trailer for the animated series Snoopy in Space,[181] and the Emergency Meeting screen was used in In Space with Markiplier.[182] Among Us was also featured as a question on Jeopardy![183] Among Us is seen being played by characters in the 2022 film Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery.[184]Epic Games featured a community-created game mode in Fortnite Creative in December 2020 called "The Spy Within", which had very similar mechanics to Among Us, in which among ten players, the others have to complete tasks to earn enough coins within a limited time while trying to deduce which two players are trying to sabotage that effort.[185] Epic later added another (official and internally-developed) limited mode to Fortnite called "Impostors" in August 2021, which was recognized as even a closer take on Among Us, as the same basic mechanics as "The Spy Within" were used, but now taking place within an underground bunker with a layout similar to the Among Us map. Innersloth responded in frustration to this mode, which gave no credit to Innersloth. Innersloth's co-founder Marcus Bromander stated "Is it really that hard to put 10% more effort into putting your own spin on it though?", while studio representative Callum Underwood said that Innersloth was open to collaborations, "Just ask and if you follow some basic rules it's usually fine".[186] In an October 2021 blog posting, Epic Games did credit Innersloth and Among Us as inspirations for the "Impostors" mode.[187] On June 17, 2022, both Epic and Innersloth announced a collab between Fortnite and Among Us, with a "back bling" of a crewmate in interchangeable colors and the "Distraction Dance" from Innersloth's Henry Stickmin franchise available in the Fortnite item shop. [188]On December 28, 2021, H2 Interactive, who publishes Among Us in Japan, announced that a one-shot manga based on the game will be published in Bessatsu CoroCoro's April issue on February 28, 2022.[189][190] On January 13, Innersloth began promoting the manga on their official Twitter account.[191]Artificial intelligence researchA simplified variation of Among Us called Hidden Agenda is used in the field of multi-agent reinforcement learning to show that artificial intelligence agents are able to learn a variety of social behaviors, including partnering and voting without need for communication in natural language.