# data[].attributes.body
The Berlin Conference, also known as the West Africa Conference or the Congo Conference lasted from 1884 to 1885. During the period of New Imperialism, European countries desired to expand their empires by colonizing the African continent. The early 1880s saw tensions between Belgium, France, Portugal, and Britain over the area of the Congo Basin and Central Africa. With these European countries beginning to have hostilities occur across Africa, the European leaders decided to hold an international conference where they could promote ideas of cooperation and mutual trade for the benefit of all colonial powers. The conference occurred from November 15th, 1884 to February 26th, 1885 with the signing of the General Act of the Berlin Conference from all the fourteen nations that attended. No indigenous representatives of Africa were invited nor did they have a say in the negotiations. The conference and established act ultimately divided Africa along colonial lines and provided Europeans with the responsibility to protect the Indigenous peoples. However, the European nations quickly colonized Africa after this conference, with many failing to abide by the rules of the conference by mistreating and exploiting the Indigenous people.
https://www.amdigital.co.uk/insights/blog/the-berlin-conference-and-the-new-imperialism-in-africa#:~:text=The%20Berlin%20Conference%20(1884%2D1885,of%20European%20powers%20into%20Africa.

# data[].attributes.body
At the end of the 19th century, growing economic hardship and decades of political concessions granted to foreign powers by the ruling Qing dynasty inspired a violent uprising in northern China. A secret Chinese society called the Yihetuan initiated this uprising, with many of the members carrying spears and swords. These “Boxers” were reinforced by well-equipped Imperial Chinese soldiers. By June of 1900, the violence caused foreign diplomats, missionaries, soldiers, and Chinese Christians to take refuge in the Legation Quarter of Beijing and call for international assistance. Lieutenant-General Sir Alfred Gaselee, a British officer of the Indian Army commanded an eight-nation alliance to send a 20,000-strong international force to Beijing. The siege lasted fifty-five days, with the British, Indian, and international troops having the ability to clear the outer walls of troops and blast their way through the gates of the Imperial City. The rebellion officially ended in September of 1901 with the signing of the Boxer Protocol. The Qing dynasty was greatly weakened due to the Boxer Rebellion, and was overthrown in 1911. The Republic of China was then established, bringing an end to more than 2,000 years of imperial rule.

Source: https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/boxer-rebellion#:~:text=In%201900%2C%20British%20and%20Indian,and%20their%20Imperial%20Chinese%20allies.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1877, the British wanted to expand their imperial influence in South Africa by creating a federation of British colonies and Boer Republics. The goal was to gain control over Zululand, a warrior kingdom that bordered Natal and the Transvaal. King Cetshwayo refused the British demands for federation, and refused to lose his power by disbanding the Zulu army. In January 1879, Lieutenant-General Lord Chelmsford invaded Zululand to enforce British demands. Most Zulus entered battle armed with only shields and spears, and were courageous under fire. For months, the British fought against Cetshwayo’s army. On July 4th, Chelmsford drew up his 5,000-strong army near Cetshwayo’s capital at Ulundi. The brave army faced many deaths while being faced with guns and artillery. King Cetshwayo was hunted down and captured and the Zulu monarchy was suppressed. Although Cetshwayo was exiled, civil war continued until Zululand was declared British territory in 1887. In 1897, Zululand was annexed to Natal.

Source: https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/zulu-war

# data[].attributes.body
The Suez Canal was an important waterway in Egypt and a significant site during the Age of Imperialism. The Suez Canal Company constructed the Suez Canal from 1859 to 1869. The company was originally funded by French investors, providing France with an early imperialistic advantage in Egypt. The Suez Canal allowed for much shorter trips to Asia from Europe. Although France controlled the Suez Canal via the Suez Canal Company for the first number of years after its construction, Britain had begun to take on a large financial interest in the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal gave Britain a quicker and more direct route to its colonies. British control began over Egypt in 1882, and the Suez Canal became referred to as the “lifeline of the British Empire.” Egyptian nationalists were defeated by the British in the Anglo-Egyptian War from July to September of 1882. Egypt became a protectorate over the British Empire, which allowed the British to have control over the Suez Canal. The British maintained this control until they formally left Egypt in June of 1956.

Source: https://www.historycrunch.com/egypt-and-the-suez-canal-in-the-age-of-imperialism.html#/

# data[].attributes.body
Great Britain had imperialized India in 1763 and controlled the territory through the British East India Company. In 1882, Britain passed the Salt Act, which prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, which was principal in their diets. Indian citizens were forced to buy salt from British rulers who charged a heavy salt tax. Although all Indians struggled under this tax, India’s poor extremely suffered from the tax. From March to April 1930, Mohandas Gandhi led the Salt March, which was a nonviolent act of civil disobedience. All over the nation, acts of civil disobedience broke out. These acts led to the arrests of nearly 60,000 people, including Gandhi. Gandhi was released from prison in January of 1931, where he met with Lord Irwin, the viceroy over India, and called off the satyagraha in return for an equal negotiating role at a London conference on India’s future. India later won its independence from Great Britain in August of 1947.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/salt-march

# data[].attributes.body
The Spanish Empire colonized many areas, specifically including areas in North America, South America, Central America, and several islands in the Caribbean.

# data[].attributes.body
Italy occupied the modern day Ethiopia and colonized Eritrea, Libya, and Somalia. Italy's colonization lasted from 1891 to the beginning of the 1940s.

# data[].attributes.body
Ethiopia was never colonized by a European power but instead was occupied by the Italians in 1936. Several colonial powers had an interest involved in colonizing Ethiopia during imperialism, but Ethiopia managed to avoid colonial rule.

# data[].attributes.body
South Africa was occupied by the Netherlands twice: from 1652-1795 and from 1803-1806. Similarly, South America was occupied by Great Britain twice, from 1795-1803 and 1807-1961.

# data[].attributes.headline
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Colonized

# data[].attributes.subject
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Colonized

# data[].attributes.body
Belgium colonization of the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo began in 1885.

# data[].attributes.body
Great Britain colonized Egypt to gain control of the nation and profit off of its economy while also securing access to Asia. Prior to imperialism, the Ottoman Empire and France under Napoleon had controlled Egypt.

# data[].attributes.body
The Netherlands had extensive colonies in present-day Indonesia, South Africa, New Guinea, etc. for more than 250 years.

# data[].attributes.body
France colonized multiple territories during imperialism, including the Americas, the French West Indies, and Indochina.

# data[].attributes.body
France colonized Vietnam. In the 1940s, French powers struggled to control their colonies in Indochina, including Vietnam, as nationalist uprisings against the French began to increase.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany colonized parts of Southwest Africa, Togoland and Cameroon, German East Africa, New Guinea, and certain Pacific Islands.

# data[].attributes.body
Belgium colonized the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo, among many other territories.

# data[].attributes.body
Great Britain was extremely successful during the Industrial Revolution. Their success inspired them to colonize territories all around the world in order to gain new resources to put towards their economy and to boast their political power.

# data[].attributes.body
Guam was originally colonized by Spain in 1521. In order to colonize Guam, the Spanish nearly murdered all of the indigenous Chamorro population.

# data[].attributes.body
Hawaii, now a state in the United States of America, became colonized in 1893 when Americans controlled Hawaii's sugar-based kingdom. America easily overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom and established the Republic of Hawaii before making it into a modern-day state in America.

# data[].attributes.body
Great Britain colonized New Zealand in the 1800s.

# data[].attributes.body
Great Britain colonized Australia by violently seizing the territory from the native people.

# data[].attributes.body
Portugal colonized parts of South America and made unsuccessful attempts to colonize some parts of North America.

# data[].attributes.body
Japan colonized Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, and the islands in the Pacific.

# data[].attributes.body
It is well-known that Japan, Spain, and the United States colonized the Philippines. However, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Great Britain also invaded the Philippines for short amounts of time.

# data[].attributes.body
The Dutch-Republic, England, France, and Denmark-Norway all had established trading posts in India in the early 17th century. However, Great Britain had both direct and indirect control over all parts of present-day India before the middle of the 19th century.

# data[].attributes.body
Colonial Mexico was part of the Spanish Empire in order for Spain to gain new land, gain resources, and spread christianity. By the 19th century, Mexicans wanted independence from Spain and were successful at driving the Spanish out of Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
Panama was colonized by the Spanish Empire for over 300 years, from 1513-1821. The area that is now Panama was part of Colombia until 1903 until the Panamanians revolted and gained support from the United States. Although the territory was controlled by the US in 1903, Panama is now considered its own nation.

# data[].attributes.body
Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain during the early years of conquest and colonization of the New World.

# data[].attributes.body
Cuba has a long history of colonialism that began with Christopher Columbus' encounter with the island in 1492. Spain established settlements in Cuba in the early 1500s. Cuba became Spain's prime base for sugar and tobacco. The United States helped Cuba defeat Spain in the War of 1898 where the United States remained in Cuba, occupying power until the Republic of Cuba was formally installed in 1902.