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According to the sociolinguistic approach to translation, the social context defines what is and is not translatable and what is or is not acceptable through selection, filtering and even censorship.

According to this perspective, a translator is inevitably the product of his or her society: our own sociocultural background is present in everything we translate. This approach is associated with the School of Tel Aviv and figures such as Annie Brisset, Even Zohar and Guideon Toury.

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This perspective is referred to as interpretive. Researchers like D. Seleskovitch and M. Lederer developed what they called the “theory of sense,” mainly based on the experience of conference interpreting.

According to this perspective, meaning must be translated, not language. Language is nothing more than a vehicle for the message and can even be an obstacle to understanding. This explains why it is always better to deverbalize (instead of transcoding) when we translate.

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The hermeneutic approach is mainly based on the work of George Steiner, who believes that any human communication is a translation. In his book After Babel he explains that translation is not a science but an “exact art”: a true translator should be capable of becoming a writer in order to capture what the author of the original text “means to say.”

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Linguists like Vinay, Darbelnet, Austin, Vegliante, and Mounin, interested in language text, structuralism, and pragmatics, also examined the process of translating.

According to this perspective, any translation (whether it’s a marketing translation, a medical translation, a legal translation or another type of text) should be considered from the point of view of its fundamental units; that is, the word, the syntagm and the sentence.

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The literary approach does not consider that a translation is a linguistic endeavor but instead a literary one. Language has an “energy” revealed through words that the result of experiencing a culture.

This charge is what gives it strength and ultimately, meaning: this is what the translation-writer should translate.

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Semiotics is the science that studies signs and signification. Accordingly, in order for there to be meaning there must be a collaboration between a sign, an object and an interpreter. Thus, from the perspective of semiotics, translation is thought of as a way of interpreting texts in which encyclopedic content varies and each sociocultural context is unique.

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Jiri Levy is a scientist who influenced the translation researchers with his approach. Levy’s approach to translation process differs from other translation theories because Levy takes the translator, translation process and the form of the translated text into consideration and to the same extent he considers translation of a written text as a branch of art. According to Levy, it is of high importance to assign the communicative aspects of significant formal properties of the foreign writer.

Levy considers that the goal of translation is to stay with the original text message, to comprehend and to transfer the original message. Levy also emphasizes that translation is a recreating process while sticking by the original text and that a text which is non-conforming with the original should not be produced.

Levy states the goal of a translator as: it is a must for a translator that he is supposed to have gains and experiences in his field. As a result he is supposed to save the artistic and aesthetic values of the original text during translation process. The translator should also remember that he is expected to translate the original text in such a way that the target reader can clearly understand the message.

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Koller, who produced plentiful works of translation and analyzed different dimensions of translation, brings forward the equivalence issue in translation. In his work “Grundprobleme der Übersetzungstheorie, he pronounces that translation process is a kind of interpretation art.

According to Koller, phonological, morphological and syntactic units need to be transferred to the target language with a linguistic interpretation during translation. In other words, Koller expects that translator will first internalize the original text in both structural and semantic terms and then will find the equivalent patterns to be able to transfer the original text to the target language and when necessary will complete the translation process with his own interpretation.

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Scientists like Kloepfer started to think that the method to be followed in translation is neither simply being faithful to the source text nor to meet the expectations of the target text reader.

Kloepfer, who puts emphasis on the necessity that the mentioned factors during the translation process should be considered altogether, also states that while the translator is reproducing a linguistic work in the target language, he should do his best to make the original text be comprehendible in the target language.

In other words, translator’s task is to reflect the language and culture of the source text in the target text, yet symbolic meanings in the source text should not be rewritten casually, which can be inferred from Kloepfer’s definition of translation. “Translation is a creative writing but not rewriting in a random fashion; it is the writership of the writer”

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Reiss and Vermeer’s approach covers the effect of the produced literary texts on the reader, which they call “skopostheorie”.
“Skopos” as a word was first used by Hans J. Vermeer in 1978 and then in 1983 in more detailed fashion in his book “Articles on Translation Theories”. The word Skopos, derived from Greek means “target” “goal”.

Vermeer’s Skopos Theory is mainly based on literary theories which reflects a general shift to communication theory, text linguistics, and text theory and in addition, reception theories.

According to this approach, during translation the target text is formed by the function aimed to be realized by the target text in the target cultural setting. In another saying, translation should be focused on the function aimed at the target text in its own cultural setting.

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https://culturesconnection.com/2015/07/07/6-contemporary-theories-to-translation/

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The six main principal translation theories: sociological, communicational, hermeneutic, linguistic, literary and semiotic.

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https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/317280