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The suffragette struggle was a movement for the right of women to vote in open elections in Britain.
The violent police response on Black Friday changed the tactics used by the Women's Social and Political Union and other supporters of the women's vote because there were many suffragettes who were inspired by their experiences.   After Black Friday, many suffragettes prepared to respond to state violence with extreme belligerence.
But half a century of peace, negotiation and petition has not changed the status quo of women being oppressed and not protected by the law. So they are forced to take aggressive protest in order to gain more attention and support.
To sum up, the function of this organization has its advantages and disadvantages. It provides social cohesion, but on the contrary, it may bring about a small scale of social instability.

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Gun violence was increasing period of COVID-19 pandemic. Still June 2022, about nineteen people have been shot and killed in the United States. Although most of them were suicides, mass shootings, with at least four victims, occur at least once a day. (Jonathan, 2022)
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons?gclid=CjwKCAiAl9efBhAkEiwA4TorivTLcI42TKcpW-sEy0NyAI7PNXNjflBLG417pkzXUnX6SnC3lTZxDhoCewcQAvD_BwE

We need to strengthen the control of guns from all perspectives, because in recent years, the strict control of the epidemic has caused people to be very impetuous. For example, children cannot go to school and just can study online at home. Some parents have no financial resources due to the epidemic. The sick population is large, and the distribution of social medical facilities is uneven.

I think the positive point is to be able to connect with society, so that various institutions of society can perform their functions better, and help those who are imprisoned because of the shooting incident, but correct their mistakes.
But there is also a negative side, because there are too many uncertain factors, not sure whether they will change or continue the previous crime, so the social supervision system needs to be strengthened.

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A functionalist approach to child labour cannot work as functionalism focuses on positive events and there positive outcomes and contribution to society. According to Durkheim, each action performed by society directly results to a event, which can be criticised as it can be argued that perhaps there are more than one factor that influences the occurrence of a particular event and it is only that a specific factor’s positive effect that overpowers those of other factors that leads to a positive outcome (Turner, J. H. (1990). Applying this functionalist concept on child labour, we cannot say there is one primary factor that caused child labour to existence. Although many may think it being a cheap option of labour is the direct cause, we cannot assume that it is. This is Durkheim’s biggest fall down as the theory could be argued to be simply based on assumptions. Other potential causes can include, health as younger workers would be less prone to age related illnesses and are often in better shape and so would be better fit to perform labour and at a much faster pace. This however is ignored by Durkheim as the theory believes in direct causes.

In relation to value consensus, Functionalism argues that social integration is necessary for society to establish social order, however people can act according to their own needs which results to the existence of child labour as the majority of society prioritise their own needs of production instead of the health and working conditions of children. This achieves the opposite of social order and instead causes segregation between those of higher incomes and those of younger incomes.

However, the functionalist approach does work as the analogy used by Durkheim and Spencer of the human body to argue that just like how organs must function properly for the body to function, so does different parts of society does work with child labour as it is a result of the ignorance of society on this serious issue. Child labour is also an interdependent and can effect different parts of society and society as a whole.

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How can we explain the shooting of a 6 years old kid to his teacher in the america? We all knew that since 1970, the United States started allowing citizens to use guns, people could use a lower price to get the weapon, the limit age being only above 18. In fact, nowadays, shootings happen almost everyday in the USA, it is hard to believe but it’s true. But why doesn't the government do anything? Why do they like to turn a blind eye? According to the Constitution of the United States of America “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” So that is why they can not ban guns.

Looking back at the example, it’s shocking to hear that a 6 year old child is shooting someone, and it has already happened about 18 school shootings perpetrated by children under 9 since 1970. The reason why American citizens need guns is that they need to protect themself, but the truth is because other people have guns so prevent it in case we all need to have guns.

(haven't done yet)

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-64218521

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Child labour is a form of social institution whose main purpose is using children as a cheap labor- making them work overtime, in dangerous for life and health conditions, not getting them payed enough or at all, or even leaving children on the streets, often at a very young age. Child labour is a common thing in poor countries, societies or families, which is caused by the poverty, which makes children work in unsuitable conditions to help their families financially.

Child labour is not contributing to our society in any ways possible. Firstly it is because when working children can’t attend school. School is one of the most important institutions and that eventually provides the feeling of belonging and solidarity for the people (Durkheim, 1912). It gives us not only the knowledge and ability to study, but also the opportunity to communicate with our peers, people older and younger, etc. and, most importantly, school gives us the understanding of some social norms and values, which are crucial to know but are never actually tought. By not having that opportunity, children who are in the child labour are lacking communication and, because of that, they don’t have the elementary understanding of social norms and obligations that make our society work and they might most probably feel left out not only of the social part of the life, but of the educational one as well.

Secondly, child labour is a violation of the basic human rights.

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The purpose of suffragette struggle is to strive for women's due status and rights in society and ensure that they have the right to vote as citizens. This institution also challenges gender norms and promotes women's equality in all aspects of life or work.

This organization strives for women's deserved social status by challenging the gender inequality in today's society. To a large extent, it has promoted social cohesion and fairness, which means that women can integrate into society in a more suitable environment, thus protecting their own interests. On the contrary, due to the disunity of social values. This organization offends the interests of many other people, so it is against human analysis and may lead to social instability.

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The American economy has grown on the foundation of slavery.The early structure of the nation was constructed by enslaved people, who also produced valuable goods like cotton and tobacco. African American labour was essential in manufacturing, agriculture, and services after freedom.    Slavery in American history also promote the development of world economy. At that time blacks and children of blacks and whites would be slaves except whites would not be considered part of slavery. Functionalists ignore the ineffectiveness of conflict, abuse, the control of the powerful and oppression of the powerless in favour of promoting the American and global economies as beneficial and necessary.For instance, whites accepted the fact that blacks were their slaves and were able to enjoy the results of their work.This is an unfair situation.

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For functionalists, any explanation of how order and stability are created and maintained involves looking at how societies are organised at the level of the social system. This involves the idea that the various parts of a society (family, education, work, etc.) function in harmony. Functionalists have a positive view of the division of labour, believing it benefits society. Parsons (1937) argues that every social system consists of four 'functional sub-systems'. These are; political, economic, cultural and the family. Each of these sub-systems performs a different but related function that addresses certain 'problems' faced by every society.

Conflict theorists such as Marxists and Feminists point out that Functionalists have a rose tinted view of society as they focus too much on the positive functions that institutions perform, ignoring the negative ways in which institutions and socialisation can have on certain people. This is especially the case when we look at child labour in relation to functionalism.

Although child labour has been the norm throughout history, the fact of children working and the difficult conditions under which children work on a regular basis has become more evident through recent years as society has attempted to understand the extent of the detrimental causes and negative consequences of child labour.

For example, the functionalist view is greatly based on the idea that in society, the stabilisation of adult personalities is a major family function. However, there has been new research and statistics that have proven that the family is changing and that there are less and less nuclear families which was the family structure that the functionalist views were based on. This is because less men go out and work, instead they stay at home while the other members of the family do the ‘bread-winning’.

In conclusion, it can be said that the view that order and stability are created and maintained by how societies are organised through families and other social constructs could be refuted and said to be outdated as we face new issues such as child labour.

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The suffragette movement, which battled for women's rights and more comprehensive gender equality, offers a chance to assess and criticise functionalist philosophy.
The functionalist theory is frequently criticised for its tendency to neglect power dynamics and the significance of conflict in society. The functionalist argument would contend that social institutions like the government and the judicial system serve the purpose of preserving societal stability and order in the context of the suffragette movement. This viewpoint allows for the restriction of women's voting rights and their exclusion from political involvement to be justified as necessary for preserving social order (Parsons, 1951)
The functionalist approach, however, is unable to take into account the part that power plays in preserving social stability and order. The suffragette movement was a prime example of social conflict since it involved women questioning gender norms and the power structure. Power relations are essential to understanding social life and cannot be neglected in any theory of social order, according to feminist academic Patricia Hill Collins (1990). According to this viewpoint, the suffragette movement posed a threat to established power structures and the gender norms that supported them.
Furthermore, the functionalist theory does not account for social change or the role of social movements in bringing about change. The suffragette struggle was a social movement that challenged the existing social order and brought about significant change in the legal and political rights of women. From a functionalist perspective, social change occurs slowly and gradually as society adapts to changing circumstances (Parsons, 1951). However, the suffragette struggle shows that social change can also be brought about through direct action and social movements.
The suffragette movement serves as a crucial counterargument to functionalist theory and emphasises the significance of taking power relations and social change into account in any theory of social order.

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Functionalism is a sociological theory that views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain social stability and order. According to this theory, every part of society has a function, and when each part fulfills its function, the whole society operates smoothly.
In the scenario of injustice, a student is bullied at school and is not receiving proper support from the school administration. According to functionalism, the school is a social institution that has the function of providing education and socialization to its students. However, in this scenario, the school is not fulfilling its function of providing a safe and supportive environment for its students.
Functionalism assumes that social institutions exist to serve a purpose and contribute to the overall stability of society. However, this assumption overlooks the fact that social institutions can perpetuate inequalities and injustices. In the scenario discussed, the school's failure to address the issue of bullying perpetuates an unjust situation for the student who is being bullied.
Furthermore, functionalism assumes that society is naturally harmonious, with each part contributing to the overall stability of the whole. This assumption ignores the reality that conflicts and power imbalances exist in society, which can lead to the oppression of certain groups. In the scenario discussed, the student who is being bullied is at a disadvantage due to their social status and lack of power in the school environment.
In conclusion, while functionalism provides a useful framework for understanding how society functions, it fails to account for the injustices and power imbalances that exist in society. The scenario discussed illustrates how functionalism overlooks the ways in which social institutions can perpetuate inequalities and injustices, and highlights the importance of acknowledging these issues in sociological analysis.

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The advantages and flaw of the functionalist theory in light of the scenario: Functionalism in society binds the various types of people together striving for a better humanity atmosphere. Under such a circumsatnce, people get to know how bad the violence has endured and edify to create a difference by educating others to make changes or  how to make efforts of reducing the gun crime. Functionalist theory  provide loads of Theoretical support that enable the people think of different types of  questions, even puzzles in a critical way. Specifically, let people realize anthing has it both sides, the issues on people's daily routine are two-sided, such as,  advantages and disadvantages, positive and negative.
In terms of social stability, there are a number of harms of gun crimme to society. Guns and ammunition can be out of control, and even become the tools of criminals to commit crimes, such as murder, robbery, kidnapping and other illegal and criminal activities, which disturb social security and endanger public safety. Illegal gun holding has great potential danger and social potential, which directly affects social stability and people's life and property safety. On the one hand, these guns illegally flowing into the market and society have provided some premeditated criminals with extremely harmful criminal tools and increased social instability; On the other hand, it also intensifies and enlarges social contradictions. Once the illegal gun owner and others conflict or dispute, the development of the situation is very likely to get out of control. However the functionalist theory might be too inclusive that its critical power has weakened.

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The functionalist theory may be helpful to give a general view of society and social institutions, but it still has a serious problem that the society is not a working machine or a body simply.

Thinking about society as a working machine may lead to oppression, and oppression would cause violent resistance or crimes. Because society is driven by people, not components, and people have their own mind and emotion, which can’t be predicted or controlled easily.

As for the lack of gun control in America, every American citizen has the ability to bring guns for self defence. But oppression may change people’s mind and ability into aggressive damage to others. There are 120 Americans killed by guns every day (Everytown, 2023).

In conclusion, we have to realise the importance of people in society, and think about humanistic care as an essential part of social cohesion. It’s not reasonable to use functionalist theory to think about all the social problems.

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According to functionalist theory, the various components of society are primarily made up of social institutions, each of which is designed to satisfy distinct requirements. Understanding this theory and the fundamental institutions that define sociology requires an understanding of the family, the economy, the media, education, and religion. Child labor is a social fact that is hard to get out of society (the social system) because it still works for social structures like families, businesses, and child labor. The government has issued a number of policies and regulations, but their implementation has not been successful in addressing child labor issues. In the case of child labor, a functionalist approach may focus on the economic benefits that child labor can provide, such as increased productivity and lower labor costs. This approach may overlook the harmful effects of child labor on children, including physical, emotional, and educational harm.  A functionalist approach may prioritize the needs of employers and the economy over the needs and rights of children. In conclusion, functionalism is limited in its ability to fully address complex social issues like child labor, despite its strengths in comprehending the significance of social structures and institutions in society.

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First of all, the meaning of functionalism is about what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions, or the role it plays, in the system of which is a part.

However, in the case of the suffragette struggle, functionalist theory fails to account for the ways in which power and privilege are unequally distributed in society. For example, Women were systematically excluded from the political process and denied the right to vote, which led to their oppression and subordination.

In conclusion, functionalism offers a valuable framework for comprehending how society's interdependent components interact, but it is unable to take into account the ways in which privilege and power are allocated and challenged. The unfairness and oppression that women experience cannot be adequately explained by functionalism.

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According to the functionalist theory, society is a complex system whose separate elements work together to benefit society as a whole. Functionalists support the division of labour because they believe it helps society. Child labour is a social fact that is difficult to abolish in society (social system) since it is still functioning for social institutions such as family, business, and the child labourer himself.

Based on the idea of structural functionalism, the social facts surrounding child labour may be interpreted as an established social reality (institutionalised) connected to the presence of social structures and institutions around it. The change of a family institution's function as a child care institution into an economic institution has an influence on the rise of child labour. In this situation, the child is a social structure element who serves as the family's provider in order to meet the family's economic demands. As a result, functional child labour is for the family. With the employment of underage children, the existence of child labour is also functional for enterprises. Entrepreneurs gain since the income paid is low. Working is not only functional for the child in terms of meeting basic necessities (pocket money, clothes, and amusement expenditures), but it is also dysfunctional in that the child will lose time to learn, play, and socialise with family members. If a child is exploited at employment, it can have a negative influence on his physical and emotional health. (Soepeno & Suyadi, 2017)

It can be concluded that the existence of child labour has a manifest function for the social system. The latency function refers to the ineffectiveness of regulation as a tool for overseeing the problem of child labour, as well as the rejection of regulation by the social system.

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Functionalism is a theoretical perspective that perceives a society as a system of interrelated parts and functions which contribute to the society’s stability and integrity. However, stability and cohesion and exaggerate as those who attempt to voice their concerns and opinions regarding certain matters are considered to be a threat. Therefore, it disregards the freedom and autonomy of the people, stripping them from their rights. This can be exemplified by the suffragette movement, where women in the UK advocated their right to vote; and a latent function included the gender equally in various aspect in life by challenging gender norms. Taking into consideration the functionalism theory, it is evident that by disregarding human rights and perceiving humans as more of machines that contribute to the stability of a society, and not considering their concerns would results to conflict and chaos. To be able to oppose and question a system and structure is vital as it would lead to further development, as according to Plato, thoughtful questioning enables people to examine ideas more thoroughly and determine the validity of their ideas. By fighting for their rights, it shined light on the grey areas in the system which needed to be repaired. In this case, citizens who were mentally capable of voting should have to right to do so, as all citizens would be influenced by the final decision; it is essential for them to contribute to that decision to reach a general consensus in order to maximize harmony amongst citizens, ultimately resulting in stability and cohesion.

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1.What is the manifest (=declared) purpose of the institution? What are its latent (=hidden) functions?

The reason why america still allows the use of guns have some reasons:

The reason is about the Constitution of the United States, it indicated that “being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” So it is quite hard to change the law. Due to America immigrating from Europe in the 17th century and the American Revolution War all rely on guns. (https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-2/)

2.How does it contribute to social cohesion or integration?

It makes American citizens have the ability to self defence at home which means that everyone from different races could have the same power to avoid persecution, so it contributes to social cohesion and integration by increasing citizens’ sense of security.

3.Who is and is not included in this institution or society?

Most American citizens above 21 years old are included in the gun rights to bring guns at most places. And former criminals, minors, drug addicts and persons with mental illness are excluded from gun rights.

4.Is the situation just/fair? Do you think this needs to change? Can you think of similar conditions in society?

a.It’s unfair. I think it needs to change. Because there have been more and more gun homocides in the United States. The United States also has the highest homicide-by-firearm rate of the world’s most-developed nations. (Jonathan, 2022) https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-gun-policy-global-comparisons?gclid=CjwKCAiAl9efB

b.From the perspective  of government, they should be set up law enforcement, and people under the age of 18 can not own guns, If someone be prisond for gun crimes, they can not buy guns again. From the perspective of society, they should give oppotunities to people who correct their mistakes instead of discriminating against them. From the perspective of family, they should strengthen family education, and communicate more with their child.

c.Kill with a knife.

5.What do you think would happen if we only think about society as a working machine, where every attempt to bring change is treated with oppression?

It would cause the society to strongly resist the oppression and then lead to falling apart of the working machine. As lack of gun control in America, oppression would lead to violence and crimes.

6.In this light, what problem do you see with the explanations that 'Functionalism' promotes about how society works?

Thorugh a structural functionalist perspective, there would be some negative effects by overcontrolling guns.  The maintenance might deteriorate in terms of social stability. In addition, holding guns could be a method of ensuring protection, or guns are able to hinder stability and order by causing violence in a sense.

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Sultan Ahli, Thomas, Chris, Avery, Aswad. Suffragette struggle  

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Sultan Ahli, Thomas, Chris, Avery, Aswad. Suffragette struggle  

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1. What is the manifest (=declared) purpose of the institution? What are its latent (=hidden) functions?

The manifest purpose of the suffragette movement was to secure voting rights for women. Its latent functions included challenging gender norms and promoting women's equality in various aspects of life.

2. How does it contribute to social cohesion or integration?

The suffragette movement played a crucial role in promoting social cohesion and integration by challenging the existing patriarchal norms and promoting women's rights. It brought together women from different backgrounds and provided a platform for them to voice their opinions and fight for their rights.

3. Who is and is not included in this institution or society?

The suffragette movement included women who were fighting for their voting rights. Women in the UK from all social classes, races, and backgrounds who were influenced by this issue joined this movement. Whereas, men and some women who did not concur with movement did not contribute to its change.

4. Is the situation just/fair? Do you think this needs to change? Can you think of similar conditions in society?

It is evident that the suffragette situation was unfair, as women were deprived of their right to vote, making their voices unheard in political situations. This needed to change as all citizens were influenced by the final decision in this political matter, making it reasonable for citizens who are mentally capable of voting to do so. Similar conditions still exist in society, where certain groups are denied their rights, and their voices are not heard. Such conditions need to be addressed and changed in order to maintain a stable and integrated society.

5. What do you think would happen if we only think about society as a working machine, where every attempt to bring change is treated this with oppression?

If society is thought to be a working machine, where every attempt to bring change is treated with oppression, we would end up with an oppressive society that does not value individual rights and freedoms. Consequentially, there will be more conflict and resistance as people will constantly fight for their rights, which would result in chaos and corruption.

6. In this light, what problem do you see with the explanations that 'Functionalism' promotes about how society works?

Functionalism is a theory that perceives a society as people who work together to maintain social order and integration. However, the imbalances and inequalities are not considered. It speculates that a society is fair and stable, and any attempt to go against or change the system is considered to be threat. Therefore, people are unable to voice their opinions or fight for their rights due to any inequalities, stripping them of their freedom.

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1- What is the manifest (=declared) purpose of the institution? What are its latent (=hidden) functions?

The main purpose of child labour is using children as a source of cheap labour, making them work without getting paid or treated the right way. The worst forms of child labour include children being separated from their families, working overtime, in dangerous for their health or even life conditions, or left out on the streets, often at a young age. Most frequently children who suffer from child labour are from poor countries or families

2 - How does it contribute to social cohesion or integration?

Child labour does not contribute to social cohesion or integration. Instead, it can have a number of negative effects. Children who are working are often unable to attend school and may not have the opportunity to interact with other children in a structured environment. This can limit their opportunities for socialisation and may impact their ability to form strong relationships with others.

In addition, child labour can perpetuate cycles of poverty, as children who are forced to work may not have the opportunity to develop the skills and education necessary to break out of poverty in the future. This can contribute to social inequalities and may make it more difficult for marginalised groups to fully integrate into society. Child labour weakens social cohesion and integration, and it is harmful to society.

3 - Who is and is not included in this institution or society?

Child labour can affect both boys and girls, and children from all social and economic backgrounds can be at risk. However, certain groups may be more vulnerable to child labour, including children who are living in poverty, children who have been displaced from their homes, and children who belong to minority groups.

4 - Is the situation just/fair? Do you think this needs to change? Can you think of similar conditions in society?

Child labour is work that hurts a child's physical and mental development and takes away their childhood, potential, and dignity. Child labour needs to be stopped because it often involves hazardous work conditions that can lead to injuries and also robs the children of their childhood, forcing them to grow up too fast.

5 - What do you think would happen if we only think about society as a working machine, where every attempt to bring change is treated with oppression?

By viewing society as a working machine, we will never be able to overcome the morally incorrect ways society mistreats children by making them work and do manual labour because that's what they will always be seen as- a working machine. Furthermore, by viewing society (the children of society in this case) as a working machine we aid in helping the capitalist society to continue to oppress and abuse the lower working class. This is because capitalism is founded on the exploitation of the working class and since it is founded on massive inequality between classes, it thrives on oppression and keeping the protests of the working class and the poor silenced to stifle creativity and innovation. If every attempt for change is met with oppression, people may be less likely to try to come up with new ideas or solutions to problems which keeps society segregated- the poor from the middle class from the rich.

6 - In this light, what problem do you see with the explanations that 'Functionalism' promotes about how society works?

One of the main criticisms of Functionalism is that it over emphasises ‘stability’ and disregards the fact that society can act according to their own needs. Child labour is cost-effective which is the main reason why it exists but it oppresses a particular group in society (the poor) which does not contribute to social order. Therefore, the functionalist approach to society simply does not work. In relation to value consensus, functionalists argue that there needs to be some form of social integration however, with child labour there is no social integration and in fact causes a separation within society.

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Ivy,Kiki,Anna -Slavery in American History

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Ivy,Kiki,Anna -Slavery in American History

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1. What is the manifest (=declared) purpose of the institution? What are its latent (=hidden) functions?

The manifest purpose is to relieve oneself of work and make someone else perform the terrible job.

The latent functions are that slavery was a productive system that was economically effective and could be used to a variety of jobs, including industrial, mine, and agricultural work. Also, slavery had the potential to generate a tremendous quantity of wealth.

2. How does it contribute to social cohesion or integration?

The American economy has grown on the foundation of slavery. The early structure of the nation was constructed by enslaved people, who also produced valuable goods like cotton and tobacco. African American labour was essential in manufacturing, agriculture, and services after freedom. Slavery in American history also promote the development of world economy.

3. Who is and is not included in this institution or society?

At that time blacks and children of blacks and whites would be slaves except whites would not be considered part of slavery.And I think the powerful rich or educated will be free from slavery.

4. Is the situation just/fair? Do you think this needs to change? Can you think of similar conditions in society?

I think a lot of times slavery is going on now.  Things like forced labor, sex slavery, or human trafficking I think are slavery, so I don't think it's fair.  Even if it's unfair, it still happens now.

5. What do you think would happen if we only think about society as a working machine, where every attempt to bring change is treated this with oppression?

If we only think about society as a working machine, where every attempt to bring change is treated with oppression, we would perpetuate inequality and injustice. Change is necessary for progress, and society should be open to new ideas and perspectives that challenge the status quo.

6. In this light, what problem do you see with the explanations that 'Functionalism' promotes about how society works?

Functionalism is a sociological theory that views society as a system of interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability and order. However, functionalism tends to ignore the inequalities and power imbalances that exist within society, and it does not adequately account for social change and conflict. Therefore, the problem with functionalism is that it oversimplifies the complexities of society and fails to address the root causes of social issues such as slavery.