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Before: Oliver Brown was forced to send his daughter to a school farther away than the school that was closest to their new home because of the supreme court ruling over Plessy v. Ferguson which ruled that segregation did not violate the U.S. Constitution and made it legal in the South.
During: Brown filed a class action lawsuit against the Topeka Board of education. The supreme court picked up this case and ruled in Brown's favor.
Importance: Officially desegregated schools and overruled Plessy v. Ferguson.

https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-civil-rights-movement

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Rosa parks and Montgomery bus boycott, 1955

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Rosa parks and Montgomery bus boycott, 1955

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Before: Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man. She was arrested and thrown in jail, which kicked off the Montgomery Bus boycott.
During: The Montgomery Bus boycott put the name Martin Luther King out there who led the boycott on December 5th peaceful protest and then boycotted the busing system.
Importance: The busing company was losing money because of the protest and decided to give in. Segregated seating was ruled unconstitutional and upheld by the supreme court.

https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-civil-rights-movement

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Before: After Schools were desegregated nine black students attended their first day of Central High School in Arkansas
During: The nine students were met with an angry mob of white people and the Arkansas National Guard who turned them away. President Eisenhower was sent in U.S soldiers to escort and protect the nine students to school and during classes.
Importance: Eight of the nine students completed their academic year. The situation gained international attention and shed light on the struggle between federal and state power.

https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-civil-rights-movement

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Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-ds-05267)

The civil rights movement came to national prominence in the United States during the mid-1950s and continued to challenge racial segregation and discrimination through the 1960s. Many organizations, notably the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), headed by Martin Luther King, Jr., the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), arranged nonviolent demonstrations to call attention to specific inequalities experienced by Black people, while individuals also challenged unjust laws independently. The civil rights movement eventually achieved equal rights legislation, but not without challenges. In the late 1960s complications arose as various groups confronted the enduring economic and social consequences of past oppression. These problems persisted in subsequent decades, and the idea of real equality remained elusive well into the 21st century. Nonetheless, the intrepid supporters of the civil rights movement took some of the hardest first steps toward equality.

On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The decision effectively overturned the "separate but equal" ruling of (1896), which had allowed Jim Crow laws that mandated separate public facilities for white and Black Americans to prevail throughout the South during the first half of the 20th century. While the Brown ruling applied only to schools, it implied that segregation in other public facilities was unconstitutional as well.

1957: The Little Rock Nine and the Little Rock Central High School Integration

On February 1, 1960, a group of four African American students from the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina (now North Carolina A&T State University), a historically Black college, began a sit-in movement in downtown Greensboro. After making purchases at the F.W. Woolworth department store, they sat at the "whites only" lunch counter. They were refused service and eventually asked to leave. The Greensboro Four, as they came to be called, however, remained seated until closing and returned the next day with about 20 other Black students. The sit-in grew in the following weeks with protestors taking every seat in the establishment and spilling out of the store. As protestors were arrested, others would take their places so that the establishment was unceasingly occupied. The protest spread to other cities, including Atlanta and Nashville. After months of protests, facilities began to desegregate throughout the country, and the Greensboro Woolworth's started to serve African American patrons in July.

1960: Ruby Bridges and the New Orleans School Integration

On November 14, 1960, six-year-old Ruby Bridges was escorted to her first day at the previously all-white William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans by four armed federal marshals. They were met with angry mobs shouting their disapproval, and, throughout the day, parents marched in to remove their children from the school as a protest to desegregation. Every subsequent day of that academic year Bridges was escorted to school, enduring insults and threats on her way, and then learning her lessons from her young teacher, Barbara Henry, in an otherwise empty classroom. Her bravery later inspired the Norman Rockwell painting The Problem We All Live With (1964).

The Freedom Rides began on May 4, 1961, with a group of seven African Americans and six white people who boarded two buses bound for New Orleans. Testing the Supreme Court's ruling on the case Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which extended an earlier ruling banning segregated interstate bus travel (1946) to include bus terminals and restrooms, the Freedom Riders used facilities for the opposite race as their buses made stops along the way. The group was confronted by violence in South Carolina, and, on May 14, when one bus stopped to change a slashed tire, the vehicle was firebombed and the Freedom Riders were beaten. Unable to travel farther, the original riders were replaced by a second group of 10, partly organized by the SNCC, originating in Nashville. As riders were either arrested or beaten, more groups of Freedom Riders would take their place. On May 29 U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce bans on segregation more strictly, an edict that took effect in September.

1963: Birmingham Demonstrations

In the spring of 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the SCLC launched a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, with local Pastor Fred Shuttlesworth and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) to undermine the city's system of racial segregation. The campaign began on April 3, 1963, with sit-ins, economic boycotts, mass protests, and marches on City Hall. The demonstrations faced challenges from many sides, including an indifferent African American community, adversarial white and Black leaders, and a hostile commissioner of public safety, Eugene ("Bull") Connor. On April 12 King was arrested for violating an anti-protest injunction and placed in solitary confinement. The demonstrations continued, but, after a month without any concessions, King was convinced to launch the Children's Crusade. Beginning on May 2, 1963, school-aged volunteers skipped school and began to march. Many submitted politely to arrests, and local jails quickly filled up. On May 3 Connor ordered the police and fire department to set high-pressure water hoses and attack dogs on protesters. The violent tactics against peaceful demonstrators continued in ensuing days, causing outrage in the community, and gaining national attention. The negative media spurred Pres. John F. Kennedy to propose a civil rights bill on June 11. Although the Birmingham campaign eventually negotiated an agreement with local reforms, tensions remained high in the city, and the meeting places of civil rights activists were continually threatened. A bomb on September 15 at 16th Street Baptist Church killed four African American girls and injured 14 others.

The demonstrations of 1963 culminated with the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 to protest civil rights abuses and employment discrimination. A crowd of about 250,000 individuals gathered peacefully on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., to listen to speeches by civil rights leaders, notably Martin Luther King, Jr. He addressed the crowd with an eloquent and uplifting message that famously became known as the " I Have a Dream " speech.

On July 2, 1964, Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, signed the Civil Rights Act into law, a stronger version of what his predecessor, President Kennedy, had proposed the previous summer before his assassination in November 1963. The act authorized the federal government to prevent racial discrimination in employment, voting, and the use of public facilities. Although controversial, the legislation was a victory for the civil rights movement.

On March 7, 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a march from Selma, Alabama, to the state's capital, Montgomery, to call for a federal voting rights law that would provide legal support for disenfranchised African Americans in the South. State troopers, however, sent marchers back with violence and tear gas, and television cameras recorded the incident. On March 9 King tried again, leading more than 2,000 marchers to the Pettus Bridge, where they encountered a barricade of state troopers. King led his followers to kneel in prayer and then he unexpectedly turned back. The media attention prompted President Johnson to introduce voting rights legislation on March 15, and on March 21 King once again led a group of marchers out of Selma; this time, they were protected by Alabama National Guardsmen, federal marshals, and FBI agents. Marchers arrived in Montgomery on March 25, where King addressed the crowd with what would be called his "How Long, Not Long" speech. The Voting Rights Act was signed into law several months later, on August 6. It suspended literacy tests, provided for federal approval of proposed changes to voting laws or procedures, and directed the attorney general of the United States to challenge the use of poll taxes for state and local elections.

A series of violent confrontations between the city police and residents of Watts and other predominantly African American neighborhoods of Los Angeles began on August 11, 1965, after a white police officer arrested a Black man, Marquette Frye, on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. Later accounts indicated that Frye resisted arrest but were unclear whether police had used excessive force. Violence, fires, and looting broke out over the next six days. The disturbance resulted in 34 deaths, more than 1,000 injuries, and $40 million in property damage. The McCone Commission later investigated the causes of the riots and concluded that they were not the work of gangs or the Black Muslim movement, as the media had previously suggested. The violence was more directly a reaction to the great economic challenges that African Americans in urban centers faced: poor housing, schools, and job prospects that civil rights legislation had not improved.

In the wake of the assassination of Malcolm X and urban uprisings, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, to protect African American neighborhoods from police brutality. The Black Panthers launched numerous community programs that offered such services as tuberculosis testing, legal aid, transportation assistance, and free shoes to disadvantaged people. The programs confronted the economic problems of African Americans, which the party argued the civil rights reforms did not do enough to address. The Black Panthers' socialist viewpoint, however, made them a target of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's counterintelligence program ( COINTELPRO), which accused them of being a communist organization and an enemy of the U.S. government. A campaign to annihilate the group came to a head in December 1969 with a police shoot-out at the group's Southern California headquarters and the killing of Fred Hampton and another Panther during an Illinois state police raid. The Black Panther Party's operations, however, continued into the 1970s, albeit less actively.

On June 12, 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the Virginia statutes prohibiting interracial marriage unconstitutional in the case . The case was decided nine years after Richard Loving, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, a woman of mixed African American and Native American ancestry, had pleaded guilty to having violated Virginia state law prohibiting a white person and a "colored" person from leaving the state to be married and returning to live as man and wife. Their one-year prison sentence was suspended on the condition that the couple leave Virginia and not return as husband and wife for 25 years. Once settled in Washington, D.C., the couple filed suit in a Virginia state court in 1963. The case made its way to the Supreme Court, which reversed their conviction. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote for a unanimous court that the freedom to marry was a basic civil right and that to deny that freedom based on the groundless classifications outlined in Virginia state's law was "to deprive all the State's citizens of liberty without due process of law." The ruling thus invalidated laws against interracial marriage in Virginia and 15 other states.

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little rock central high school integration

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agricultural and technical college of north carolina

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alabama christian movement for human rights

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national advisory commission on civil disorders

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Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement

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Find out more about the key events that shaped the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, and the founding of the Black Panther Party.

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Greensboro Four and Sit-In movement, 1960

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Greensboro Four and Sit-In movement, 1960

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Before: Four black students from North Carolina A&T who would later be known as the Greensboro Four made purchases at a local department store and then sat at the White Only counter.
During: The four students were refused service and stayed until closing. They returned the next day with five times the amount of people.
Importance: Every day the sit-in grew in size and the diner was soon always occupied. When one of the protesters was arrested another would replace them in the diner. The protest grew to take into other cities until all facilities were forced to desegregate throughout the country.

https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-civil-rights-movement

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Ruby Bridges and New Orleans School integration, 1960

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Ruby Bridges and New Orleans School integration, 1960

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Before: A six-year-old Ruby Bridges was escorted to her first day of an all-white elementary school in New Orleans by four federal marshalls.
During: Upon arriving at the elementary school they were met by an angry mob of white people. White people removed their children from Ruby's class until she was being taught alone.
Importance: This event led to the creation of the famous Rockwell painting "The problem we all live with" painted four years later.

https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-civil-rights-movement

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Before: On May 4th, 1961 the freedom rides began. Seven African Americans and six white people took a bus from Washington D.C to New Orleans to test out the new supreme court ruling on interstate bus desegregation.
During: The two now equal groups used each other's bathrooms as their buses stopped along the route. One of the buses stopped to repair a slashed tire on the road. The parked bus was firebombed then the riders were beaten. As riders were either arrested or beaten they were replaced by fresh groups of riders to complete the trip.
Importance: After the corresponding events took place the current U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the segregation bans more strictly and harshly that took place the September of that year.

https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-civil-rights-movement

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Before: Martin Luther King Jr. and his group the SCLC launched a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. He partnered up with a local pastor named Fred Shuttlesworth and the ACMHR.
During: Marches, Sit-ins, Mass protests, and Economic boycotts took place in and around the city. King and others were arrested and placed in solitary confinement. Once King got out he organized the Children's Crusade where school kids and volunteers would skip school and marched. The commissioner of public safety ordered police and firemen to use attack dogs and high-pressure water hoses to attack the peaceful protesters.
Importance: The media was outraged by this and the protests garnered nationwide attention. The current president at the time JFK proposed a civil rights bill on June 11th. Tensions were still high in Birmingham and on September 15th a bomb went off in a baptist church killing four young African American girls and injuring 14 others.

https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-civil-rights-movement

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Before: All demonstrations and events led up to it all accumulating into one massive march on Washington D.C for freedom, civil rights, and jobs.
During: A crowd of 250,000 people gathered peacefully on the National Mall to listen to speeches given by Roy Wilkins and most importantly MLK.
Importance: This was the day the famous "I have a dream" speech was given by King and was a push in the right direction to pass the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

https://www.britannica.com/list/timeline-of-the-american-civil-rights-movement

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Before: The Civil Rights Act, which President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law, was a strengthened version of what President Kennedy had proposed the summer before he was assassinated in November 1963.
During: The law gave the federal government the power to outlaw racial discrimination in the workplace, at the polls, and when using public spaces.
Importance:  the legislation was a major victory for the civil rights movement and became the foundation of racial equality.

the legislation was a victory for the civil rights movement.

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Before: Malcolm X, a well-known black civil rights activist was killed on February 21, 1965, while giving a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, New York. Malcolm X was a powerful public speaker who called for the civil rights movement to go beyond civil rights and focus on human rights.
During: when someone in the 400-person audience yelled, "N-word! Get your hand outta my pocket!". As Malcolm and his bodyguards tried to calm the crowd after the disturbance Two men charged the stage firing semi-automatic handguns. One man shot him once in the chest with a sawed-off shotgun. At 3:30 pm, not long after arriving at the Hospital, Malcolm X was pronounced dead.
Importance: Malcolm argued that the solution to racial problems was in orthodox Islam. His speeches and ideas contributed to the development of Black nationalist ideology and the Black Power movement.