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Built in 1066, by William the conqueror, the tower of London had as prurpose to keep the Londoners under control. It was a royal residence, and has been a prison, a royal mint, a treasury and also a zoo.

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During the 12th century, the population  of London was about 18 000 and the London was a threat and that is not safe for the inhabitants.
Indeed, London was threaten by many fires and the houses weren't equipped, the houses were made with wood, the roofs was made of reeds and the beds were made of straw.
The city didn't have water to stop all fires so this has caused a lot of damages.
In consequence, the laws were passed to make sure that all householders had fire-fighting equipment on their house.
Following this, in 13th century, a law was that the slate was use for news houses for roofing rather than the more risky straw, to fight fires of houses.
In addition, in London, the sanitation was not really present. For example, the plague was a constant threat and consequently people were throwing the water because it caused sanitary caused and infections.
Moreover, there were criminals in London and they were severly punished, to give an example, the thieves caught stealing were hanged.
Finally, in the city of london, curfews were imposed because the city was not safe.
To conclude, the inhabitants are not really safe bacause they are threat by fires, plague, and in the city they are not in security.

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The guilds elected the council. They were really important in the city for the safety of everybody.

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This abbey, since William The Conqueror in 1066, is the place of crowning, and many weddings took place here. It started being built in 1245 by Henry III.

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Visit us | Westminster Abbey (westminster-abbey.org)

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Roman Bridge, this bridge was to remain the only one in London until 1739 because the passage across this one bridge was narrow and clogged with the traffic.

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What about the cleanliness ? Well the streets were very dirty and there were stanches. People often threw dirty water out of windows in the general direction of the sewers and Dyers vats are particularly harmful when emptied into the street.
The roads were poor, dangerous and narrow.

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In London, the plague was a constant threat particularly because sanitation was so rudimentary. This city was subject to no less than 16 outbreaks of the plague between 1348 and the Great Plague of 1665.

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The fire was a constant fear of town dwellers. Due to closely packed wooden houses and inadequate water supply. It was very difficult to control and it produced widespread damage. And about the factors that increased the risks of fire, there were the beds who were of straw and were commonly kept close to open fire places for warmth and the roofs of reeds, rushes and straw were common. Finally it was only after 1213 that these materials were forbidden in London in favour of tile and shingles.

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Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great

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Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great

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The Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great is a medieval church, it was founded in 1123 by Rahere.

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Rahere's Garden: The Priory Church of St. Bartholomew (raheresgarden.org)

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Rahere’s Garden: The Priory Church of St. Bartholomew

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Consolabitur ergo
Dominus Sion, et consolabitur omnes ruinas ejus; et ponat desertum ejus
quasi delicias, et solitudinem ejus quasi hortum Domini.

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There was a law enforcement by the beadle or constables. They could call on citizens to form a night watch. Moreover the penalty for the criminal was much higher and thiefs found in possession of stolen goods was hanged.

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Merchant guilds controlled town governement, though they often clashed with craft guilds for power.
Merchants needed stability for trade, so they supported the king and the establishment of a strong central governement.
The power of the guilds was absolute in their domain, and to be expelled from a guild made it impossible to earn a living.

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During the 12th century, there were some guilds in London, there were merchant, craft, and religious guilds.

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Each guild had their own coat of arms and its own hall because they were also Guildhall.

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The different stages of London's independence and why ?

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The different stages of London's independence and why ?

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The differents guilds in London, their purpose, how did they operate

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The differents guilds in London, their purpose, how did they operate

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The merchant guilds ran the city and controlled the commerce and controlled town government. They regulated prices quality, measures and weights and the buisiness practices.
Each of them had a patron saint, they celebrated religious festivals together, perform religious plays, and took care their family.

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The craft guild regulated the quality, conditions of each members and working hours. There were 3 levels of craftmen: journeymen, apprentices and masters.
Some parents paid often, for their kids, to place them with a master craftsman as an apprentice.They received instruction in the craft, clothes,food and lodging.
Skilled craftsmen such as weavers, shoemakers and bakers existed.

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The palace of Westminster began being built in 1097 by William II. At the begenning, there were just the Westminster Hall and the abbey of Westminster. William wanted to create the prime royal residence.

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1rst stage of the independance of London

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1rst stage of the independance of London

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The independance of London started by the privileges granted by William to Londoners, and also by the building of the tower of London, so he can watch them.

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Furthermore, after the death of William, Henry, his brother, needed the support of the merchants, thus he finally granted to merchants the right to elect a sheriff and to levy taxes. He needed the support of merchants because he had to maintain the monarchy, he was afraid the citizens of London would rebel against him and didn't believe to the mornarchy anymore.

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To finish, London was acknowledge in 1191 to self-government by Richard I. Then, the next year in 1192, the election of the first Mayor was made.

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https://www.eiu.edu/historia/2012Payne.pdf

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fimages%2Fblogs%2Fnow-at-the-met%2F2015%2F2015_08%2Fgrace-under-pressure%2F1.jpg%3Fsc_lang%3Den&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fblogs%2Fnow-at-the-met%2F2015%2Fgrace-under-pressure&tbnid=HKdu1yTeFcFCbM&vet=10CBIQxiAoBWoXChMIiO_3gYmG_QIVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAY..i&docid=Fw5kzRYaTGMouM&w=600&h=425&itg=1&q=craft%20guilds%20in%20the%20middle%20ages&client=firefox-b-e&ved=0CBIQxiAoBWoXChMIiO_3gYmG_QIVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAY

forums.massivecraft.com

https://forums.massivecraft.com/threads/the-regalian-merchant-guild.93635/

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https://www.worldhistory.org

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In order for students around the world to be able to learn about history for free, we must provide content in many different languages. Donate today and help us translate so that we can make a truly global impact. Thank you! World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization.

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Tolls at the town gates were often paid with goods and that was causing delays and long lineups.

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After an attempt on the life of Henry IV by some nobles disguised as Christmas mummers. They imposed the Curfew Bell. Curfews were rung at 8 or 9 o'clock in the evening. Moreover it was to indicate that it was time for smiths, brewers, and taverners to cease their working. However it became the custom that anyone abroad after that had to carry a light and have a good excuse for being out and in fact the carrying of weapons was carefully regulated, especially where foreigners were concerned.

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The medieval London was invaded in 1066 by William the conqueror and his men. William became king of England after his victory during the battle of Hastings against Harold, the former king.
William was crowned, then, the construction of modern England began.
Source : the lesson

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St. Paul's Cathedral in London is the cathedral of the Diocese of London of the Church of England and it was built after the destruction of the old building during the Great Fire of London in 1666.

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The governement of the city was directed by a Lord Mayor and a council. Guilds effectively ran the city and controlled commerce.

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To conclude, judging by the medieval monuments, London was a religious city. It knew many problems for instance the plague, tolls, fires, cleanliness that's why the inhabitants weren't safe.
Moreover, London was independant of English kings and had its own laws.