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Key players; Petitioner; McCulloch
Respondent: Maryland
Decided by: Marshall Court
Key facts; The U.S. created the second bank of the United States. The state of Maryland imposed a tax on the bank. McCulloch refused to pay the taxes. The state appeals court held the second bank was unconstitutional.
Verdict; Maryland may not impose a tax on the federal bank. Congress has the power to create a bank.
Key issue; Did congress have the authority to establish a bank? Did Maryland's law unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers?
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/17us316

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Key players; Petitioner: Dred Scott, Respondent: John F.A. Sanford, Decided by: Tany Court
Key facts; Dred Scott was a slave and after he returned to Missouri Scott filed suit in Missouri court for his freedom claiming that his residence in a free territory made him a free man. He lost the case so he appealed.
Verdict; Help portions of the Missouri compromise unconstitutional in violation of the 5th amendment treating Scott as property not a person.
Key issue; Was Dred Scott free or a slave?
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/60us393

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Key players; Petitioner: homer adolph plessy, Respondent: John Ferguson, Location: Old Louisiana state capital, Decided by: Fuller court.
Key facts: Plessy's lawyers argued that Separate car act violated the 13th and 14th amendment. The judge found that Louisiana could enforce this law so far that it affected railroads within it's boundaries Plessy was convicted.
Verdict; The court held that the state law was constitutional segregation did not itself constitute unlawful discrimination.
Key issue; Does the separate car act violate the 14th amendment?
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537

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Key players; appellant: Oliver Brown, Mrs. Richard Lawton, Mrs. Sadie Emmanuel. Appellae: Board of education of Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas.
Location: Monroe School
Decided by: Warren County
Key facts; African American students had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race.
Verdict; Separate but equal educational facilities for racial minorities is inherently unequal, violating the equal protection clause in the 14th amendment.
Key issue; Does the segregation of public education based solely on race violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment?
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483

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Key players; petitioner: Miranda, Respondent: Arizona, Location: Phoenix, Arizona
Decided by; Warren Court
Key facts; Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape. She was sentenced to 20-30 years of prison. The police officers said that they had not advised Miranda of his right to have an attorney.
Verdict; The Fifth Amendment requires that police advise people of their right to remain silent and to have an attorney while in custody.
Key issue; Does the fifth amendment's protections against self-incrimination extend to the police interrogation of a suspect?
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1965/759